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The Final Seconds: How Fish-Birds Catch Prey

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The Aquatic World of Penguins

Part of the book series: Fascinating Life Sciences ((FLS))

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Abstract

Chapter 3 details how penguins catch all their food underwater where they are hard or impossible to see directly. However, penguin-mounted technology has given us great insights into how these birds catch prey once it has been encountered, both in terms of visuals (via cameras) and performance (speed, acceleration sensors). Most penguins encounter their food in highly productive, open waters, so there is no element of surprise. Even so, birds near solid surfaces, such as the seabed, ice or aqueous “surfaces,” such as a strong thermocline, may use that surface to constrain the prey escape options. Penguins can swim much faster than their typical prey, but the speeds and athleticism they use depend on the prey type. Swarming crustaceans swim so slowly that penguins feeding on them slow down, cruising through the aggregations and snapping up animals using extensions of their neck, like “barnyard fowl picking up corn.” Penguins’ fish prey may swim up to 2 m/s though, and school fish may also adopt highly coordinated escape tactics, so penguins have to accelerate beyond their cruising speeds (of around 2 m/s) to either run their prey down or engage in high-speed corralling behavior. Here, birds swim around the school (often in a flock) compressing it until the inter-fish distance is so small that the coordination is lost and prey can be picked off easily. Many penguin species feeding on aggregating prey take them from the underneath, where the prey are backlit against the surface and bird buoyancy can be used to accelerate the penguins through the aggregation with little effort.

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  1. HT Harvey and Associates Ecological Consultants, Los Gatos, CA, USA

    David G Ainley

  2. Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK

    Rory P Wilson

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Ainley, D.G., Wilson, R.P. (2023). The Final Seconds: How Fish-Birds Catch Prey. In: The Aquatic World of Penguins. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33990-5_11

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