Abstract
This chapter focuses on the conditions of possibility that enabled the rise of the ‘hybrid warfare’ (HW) discourse in Czechia after 2014. We show that it emerged following a series of crises happening between 2008 and 2013, which produced a sense of social unease and created discursive space that could be filled by new political projects, of which HW was just one contingent possibility. We bring in the concepts of liminality and ontological security to theorise this process. Liminality is a condition of dwelling in an insecure ‘in-between zone’, not belonging fully to categories through which social life is ordered, while ontological security denotes the maintenance of a stable sense of identity through narratives and routines. We suggest that the HW discourse emerged as an attempt to seek ontological security by utilising two more general discursive strategies that aim at ‘resolving’ Czechia’s dual liminality (between East and West, and war and peace): geopoliticisation and warification. In these strategies, ontological security is sought by identifying with ‘the West’ and rejecting anything ‘Eastern’ (geopoliticisation) and/or conceptualising increasing number of social issues as part of ongoing ‘war’ rather than ‘peacetime’ matters (warification). These two strategies then constituted the key pillars of the HW discourse.
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Notes
- 1.
The fundamental threat anxiety poses to subjective coherence also makes it different from fear (while the line between the two is rarely clear and is backgrounded in our framework). In this classical distinction that builds on Freud, fear is understood as an already ‘rationalised’ emotion related to a particular object—a spider, a violent partner, etc. Anxiety, in contrast, is a much deeper and much more ambiguous affective state that cannot necessarily be linked to a particular object and, therefore, it is much more difficult to deal with it, hence its paralysing character (Giddens, 1991, p. 44; Kinnvall & Mitzen, 2020).
- 2.
Ontological security studies is a broad church with complexities and internal controversies that cannot be dealt in this book (for recent overviews see Croft & Vaughan-Williams, 2017; Gustafsson & Krickel-Choi, 2020; Kinnvall & Mitzen, 2020; Klose, 2020). We do not aspire to provide a theoretical contribution to this literature, as we have already done so elsewhere (Eberle, 2019; Eberle & Daniel, 2022; Eberle & Handl, 2020). Instead, we downplay the differences and use the key elements of the ontological security framework as building blocks for our examination of the HW discourse. This having said, our approach is closer to the psychoanalytically and post-structurally flavoured end of the spectrum, which questions the very possibility of achieving a durable state of ontological security, considers insecurity as the norm and focuses instead on the processes of ontological security-seeking, including their pathologies and failures (e.g. Kinnvall & Svensson, 2022; Mälksoo, 2019; Rossdale, 2015; Vieira, 2018).
- 3.
As the quote from Zarycki shows, there is also a strong temporal aspect to this way of using civilisational geopolitics, as ‘the West’ is understood as a desirable future, whilst ‘the East’—often labelled as ‘communist’—stands for the unattractive past (Cadier, 2019; Zarycki, 2014). Thereby, movement towards ‘the West’ becomes portrayed also as a movement forward in time (Krastev & Holmes, 2019, p. 26).
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Eberle, J., Daniel, J. (2023). Liminal Insecurities: Crises, Geopolitics and the Logic of War. In: Politics of Hybrid Warfare. Central and Eastern European Perspectives on International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32703-2_2
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