Abstract
Herein we present the modern issue of new health technologies that emerge in Medicine and Therapeutics, with regard to their development, regulatory framework, approval, and post-approval monitoring. The European law and legislation distinguish the various subcategories of health technologies in medicinal products, medical devices, biotechnological products, advanced therapy medicinal products, and nanomedicinal products. Each of these categories presents its own distinctive characteristics, based on principles that regard the development technology and intended therapeutic use, and, as a result, is defined by a unique regulatory framework inside the European legislation environment. New health technologies are a key of twenty-first-century knowledge, science, and economy and a part of society growth and economic development, while at the same time they present significant challenges, mainly through matters that regard their safety, efficacy, and value for the public. In this environment, the concept of complexity of living and artificial systems arises, as part of their nature, but also as a perspective that will give answers regarding their dynamic behavior, evolution, and overall quality.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Rushefsky ME, Patel K (2002) Health care policy in an age of new technologies. Taylor & Francis Group, Oxfordshire
Webster A (2006) New technologies in health care: challenge, change and innovation. Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Rizzo AS, Bouchard S (2019) Virtual reality for psychological and neurocognitive interventions. Springer, New York
Flear ML, Farrell AM, Hervey TK, Murphy T (2013) European law and new health technologies. Oxford University Press, Oxford
OECD (2017) New health technologies: managing access, value and sustainability. OECD Publishing, Paris
EMA. Advanced therapy medicinal products: overview. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/overview/advanced-therapy-medicinal-products-overview#committee-for-advanced-therapies-section. Accessed 12 June 2020
EMA. Innovation in medicines. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/research-development/innovation-medicines. Accessed 12 June 2020
Directive 2011/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2011 on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare, OJ L 88, 4.4.2011, pp 45–65
Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use, OJ L 311, 28.11.2001, pp 67–128
Council Directive 93/42/EEC of 14 June 1993 concerning medical devices, OJ L 169, 12.7.1993, pp 1–43
EMA. ICH S6 preclinical safety evaluation of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/ich-s6-r1-preclinical-safety-evaluation-biotechnology-derived-pharmaceuticals. Accessed 4 June 2020
Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 laying down Community procedures for the authorization and supervision of medicinal products for human and veterinary use and establishing a European Medicines Agency (Text with EEA relevance), OJ L 136, 30.4.2004, pp 1–33
EMA. Multidisciplinary: nanomedicines. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/research-development/scientific-guidelines/multidisciplinary/multidisciplinary-nanomedicines. Accessed 12 June 2020
Directive 2004/10/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 on the harmonization of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the application of the principles of good laboratory practice and the verification of their applications for tests on chemical substances (codified version) (Text with EEA relevance), OJ L 50, 20.2.2004, pp 44–59
Directive 2004/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 on the inspection and verification of good laboratory practice (GLP) (Codified version) (Text with EEA relevance), OJ L 50, 20.2.2004, pp 28–43
Directive 2001/20/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 April 2001 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the implementation of good clinical practice in the conduct of clinical trials on medicinal products for human use, OJ L 121, 1.5.2001, pp 34–44
Commission Directive 2005/28/EC of 8 April 2005 laying down principles and detailed guidelines for good clinical practice as regards investigational medicinal products for human use, as well as the requirements for authorization of the manufacturing or importation of such products (Text with EEA relevance), OJ L 91, 9.4.2005, pp 13–19
EMA. Non-clinical guidelines. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/research-development/scientific-guidelines/non-clinical-guidelines. Accessed 31 May 2020
Kosta E, Bowman DM (2011) Treating or tracking? Regulatory challenges of nano-enabled ICT implants. Law Policy 33:256–260
Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, OJ L 281, 23.11.1995, pp 31–50
European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Art 8
OECD. OECD guidelines on the protection of privacy and transborder flows of personal data (OECD, 23 September 1980). www.oecd.org/document/18/0,2340,en_2649_34255_1815186_1_1_1_1,00.html. Accessed 31 May 2020
EMA. Authorisation of medicines. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/about-us/what-we-do/authorisation-medicines. Accessed 31 May 2020
Council Directive 90/385/EEC of 20 June 1990 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to active implantable medical devices, OJ L 189, 20.7.1990, pp 17–36
Directive 98/79/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 1998 on in vitro diagnostic medical devices, OJ L 331, 7.12.1998, pp 1–37
Regulation (EU) No 1235/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2010 amending, as regards pharmacovigilance of medicinal products for human use, Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 laying down Community procedures for the authorisation and supervision of medicinal products for human and veterinary use and establishing a European Medicines Agency, and Regulation (EC) No 1394/2007 on advanced therapy medicinal products Text with EEA relevance, OJ L 348, 31.12.2010, pp 1–16
Directive 2010/84/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2010 amending, as regards pharmacovigilance, Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use Text with EEA relevance, OJ L 348, 31.12.2010, pp 74–99
Regulation (EC) No 1394/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 November 2007 on advanced therapy medicinal products and amending Directive 2001/83/EC and Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 (Text with EEA relevance), OJ L 324, 10.12.2007, pp 121–137
Decision No 1982/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (2007–2013) Statements by the Commission, OJ L 412, 30.12.2006, pp 1–43
Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, OJ L 213, 30.7.1998, pp 13–21
Directive 2004/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on setting standards of quality and safety for the donation, procurement, testing, processing, preservation, storage and distribution of human tissues and cells, OJ L 102, 7.4.2004, pp 48–58
EMA. Procedure for European Union guidelines and related documents within the pharmaceutical legislative framework, EMEA/P/24143/2004 Rev. 1 corr, 18 March 2009
EMA. ICH guideline M3(R2) on non-clinical safety studies for the conduct of human clinical trials and marketing authorisation for pharmaceuticals, EMA/CPMP/ICH/286/1995, December 2009
EMA. Guideline for good clinical practice E6(R2) Step 5, EMA/CHMP/ICH/135/1995, 1 December 2016
Wong AYT, Mahalatchimy A (2018) Human stem cells patents-emerging issues and challenges in Europe, United States, China, and Japan. J World Intellect Prop 21:1–30
Liddicoat J, Liddell K, McCarthy AH et al (2019) Continental drift? Do European clinical genetic testing laboratories have a patent problem? Eur J Hum Genet 27:997–1007
EC. Advanced therapies. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/overview/advanced-therapy-medicinal-products-overview Accessed 8 June 2020
Commission Directive 2009/120/EC of 14 September 2009 amending Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use as regards advanced therapy medicinal products (Text with EEA relevance), OJ L 242, 15.9.2009, pp 3–12
EC. Guidelines on good manufacturing practice specific to advanced therapy medicinal products, C(2017) 7694 final, 22.11.2017
EC. Good clinical practice specific to advanced therapy medicinal products, C(2019) 7140 final, 10.10.2019
EMA. Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT). https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/committees/committee-advanced-therapies-cat#comment-38087. Accessed 7 June 2020
EMA. Advanced therapy classification. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/marketing-authorisation/advanced-therapies/advanced-therapy-classification. Accessed 8 June 2020
EMA. Reflection paper on classification of advanced therapy medicinal products, EMA/CAT/600280/2010 Rev.1, 20 June 2014
Iglesias-López C, Agustí A, Obach M, Vallano A (2019) Regulatory framework for advanced therapy medicinal products in Europe and United States. Front Pharmacol 10:921
EMA. Reflection paper on stem cell-based medicinal products, EMA/CAT/571134/2009, 16 March 2010
Yu TTL, Gupta P, Ronfard V, Vertès AA, Bayon Y (2018) Recent progress in European advanced therapy medicinal products and beyond. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 6:130
Abou-El-Enein M, Elsanhoury A, Reinke P (2016) Overcoming challenges facing advanced therapies in the EU market. Cell Stem Cell 19:293–297
Ten Ham RMT, Hoekman J, Hövels AM, Broekmans AW, Leufkens HGM, Klungel OH (2018) Challenges in advanced therapy medicinal product development: a survey among companies in Europe. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 11:121–130
EMA. Support for advanced-therapy developers. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/research-development/advanced-therapies/support-advanced-therapy-developers. Accessed 13 June 2020
Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/781 of 29 May 2018 amending Regulation (EC) No 847/2000 as regards the definition of the concept ‘similar medicinal product’ (Text with EEA relevance), C/2018/3193, OJ L 132, 30.5.2018, pp 1–4
EMA. Nanotechnology. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/overview/advanced-therapy-medicinal-products-overview. Accessed 10 June 2020
Commission Recommendation of 18 October 2011 on the definition of nanomaterial Text with EEA relevance, OJ L 275, 20.10.2011, pp 38–40
Li Z, Tan S, Li S, Shen Q, Wang K (2017) Cancer drug delivery in the nano era: an overview and perspectives (Review). Oncol Rep 38:611–624
EMA. Ad hoc CHMP Expert Group Meeting on ‘Nanomedicines’. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/events/ad-hoc-chmp-expert-group-meeting-nanomedicines. Accessed 11 June 2020
Farjadian F, Ghasemi A, Gohari O, Roointan A, Karimi M, Hamblin MR (2019) Nanopharmaceuticals and nanomedicines currently on the market: challenges and opportunities. Nanomedicine (London) 14:93–126
Demetzos C, Pippa N (2014) Advanced drug delivery nanosystems (aDDnSs): a mini-review. Drug Deliv 21:250–257
Naziris N, Pippa N, Pispas S, Demetzos C (2016) Stimuli-responsive drug delivery nanosystems: from bench to clinic. Curr Nanomed 6:1–20
Soares S, Sousa J, Pais A, Vitorino C (2018) Nanomedicine: principles, properties, and regulatory issues. Front Chem 6:360
European Parliament. Parliamentary questions, Question for written answer E-000731-19 to the Commission, Rule 130. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-8-2019-000731_EN.html. Accessed 10 June 2020
Ehmann F, Sakai-Kato K, Duncan R, Pérez H, de la Ossa D, Pita R, Vidal JM, Kohli A, Tothfalusi L, Sanh A, Tinton S, Robert JL, Silva LB, Amati MP (2013) Next-generation nanomedicines and nanosimilars: EU regulators’ initiatives relating to the development and evaluation of nanomedicines. Nanomedicine (London) 8:849–856
EMA. Reflection paper on the data requirements for intravenous liposomal products developed with reference to an innovator liposomal product, EMA/CHMP/806058/2009/Rev. 02, 21 February 2013
EMA. Reflection paper on surface coatings: general issues for consideration regarding parenteral administration of coated nanomedicine products, EMA/325027/2013, 22 May 2013
EMA. Joint MHLW/EMA reflection paper on the development of block copolymer micelle medicinal products, EMA/CHMP/13099/2013, 19 December 2013
EMA. Reflection paper on the data requirements for intravenous iron-based nano-colloidal products developed with reference to an innovator medicinal product, EMA/CHMP/SWP/620008/2012, 26 March 2015
Demetzos C (2015) Biophysics and thermodynamics: the scientific building blocks of bio-inspired drug delivery nano systems. AAPS PharmSciTech 16:491–495
Naziris N, Pippa N, Pispas S, Demetzos C (2017) Thermal analysis of liposomal formulation as element to evaluate their effectiveness as drug and vaccine delivery systems. In: Pearson BR (ed) Liposomes: historical, clinical, and molecular perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp 265–318
Demetzos C, Pippa N (2015) Fractal geometry as a new approach for proving nanosimilarity: a reflection note. Int J Pharm 483:1–5
Naziris N, Chountoulesi M, Stavrinides S, Hanias M, Demetzos C (2022) Chaotic dynamics and stability of liposomal nanosystems. Curr Nanosci 18:375–390
Naziris N, Pippa N, Pispas S, Demetzos C (2017) The role of the information/entropy balance in self-assembly. The structural hierarchy of chimeric drug delivery nanosystems. Pharmakeftiki 29:77–82
Demetzos C (2021) Nanoplatforms as information carriers and thermodynamic epitopes, in neurodegenerative and immune diseases. In: Vlamos P et al (eds) Handbook of computational neurodegeneration. Springer Nature, Cham, pp 1–13
Shannon CE (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Techn J 27:379–423
Demetzos C, Vlamos P, Vlachakis D (2022) Perspectives to fight viruses. The example of SARS-CoV-2. Proc Eur Acad Sci Arts 1:1–6
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Naziris, N., Demetzos, C. (2023). The Regulatory Landscape of New Health Technologies and Nanotechnologies: The Role of Complexity of Nanosystems. In: Vlamos, P. (eds) GeNeDis 2022. GeNeDis 2022. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1425. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31986-0_56
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31986-0_56
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-31985-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-31986-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)