Abstract
The opening of scalp, muscle, bone, and dura is described for four representative frontal approaches: supraorbital, unilateral frontal, bilateral frontal, and transfrontal-subcranial. Each approach has its own technical details, set of plastic neurosurgical concerns, and risks for each type of tissue. Most complications result from the opening and restoration of fragments of bone. Complications related to the injudicious opening and restoration of skin and dura are less common. Frontotemporal approaches are described as a group, with respect to the making of durotomies and restoration of tissues. The special features of osteotomies for orbitozygomatic, orbitopterional, and orbitozygomatic approaches are described separately.
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Youssef, A.S., Winston, K.R. (2023). Frontal, Frontotemporal, and Related Approaches. In: Winston, K.R., Ketch, L.L. (eds) Plastic Neurosurgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27872-3_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27872-3_11
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