Abstract
Rituals, stereotypies, and other restricted interests are one of the behavioral characteristics that may lead to a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Often, these behaviors are not inherently problematic, similar to anyone who repetitively taps their toes or cracks their knuckles. However, stereotypies can occur at such high and persistent levels that these behaviors compete with participation in educational activities (e.g., if children do not attend to teachers or if behaviors are disruptive to others education) or if such behaviors lead to social ostracization (e.g., peers may be less accepting when individuals engage in loud or otherwise overt forms of stereotyped behavior). For those cases in which the occurrence of stereotypies and rituals creates a problem for those who engage in these behaviors, this chapter describes (a) what we understand about the development of these behaviors, (b) how we assess the role of environmental influences on the occurrence of these behaviors, and (c) how we approach intervention design to help individuals choose when it is and is not appropriate to engage in stereotypic or ritualistic behavior.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Self-injurious behavior being a notable exception.
References
Aiken, J. M., & Salzberg, C. L. (1984). The effects of a sensory extinction procedure on stereotypic sounds of two autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 14, 291–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02409580
Akram, B., Batool, M., Rafi, Z., & Akram, A. (2017). Prevalence and predictors of non-suicidal self-injury among children with autism spectrum disorder. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 33(5), 1225–1229. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.335.12931
Baghdadli, A., Pascal, C., Grisi, S., & Aussilloux, C. (2003). Risk factors for self-injurious behaviors among 222 young children with autistic disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(8), 622–627. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00507.x
Bartak, L., & Rutter, M. (1976). Differences between mentally retarded and normally intelligent autistic children. Journal of Autism and Child Schizophrenia, 6, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01538054
Baumeister, A. A., & Forehand, R. (1972). Effects of contingent shock and verbal command on body rocking of retardates. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 586–590. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(197210)28:4<586::AID-JCLP2270280442>3.0.CO;2-8
Beavers, G. A., Iwata, B. A., & Lerman, D. C. (2013). Thirty years of research on the functional analysis of problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 46(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.30
Bell, M. C., & Fahmie, T. A. (2018). Functional analysis screening for multiple topographies of problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 51(3), 528–537. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.462
Berkson, G., & Mason, W. A. (1963). Stereotyped movements of mental defectives: III. Situation effects. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 68, 409–412.
Berkson, G., & Mason, W. A. (1965). Stereotyped movements of mental defectives. IV. The effects of toys and the character of the acts. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 70, 511–524.
Borrero, J. C., Vollmer, T. R., Wright, C. S., Lerman, D. C., & Kelley, M. E. (2002). Further evaluation of the role of protective equipment in the functional analysis of self-injurious behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35(1), 69–72. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2002.35-69
Campbell, M., Locascio, J. J., Choroco, M. C., Spencer, E. K., Malone, R. P., Kafantaris, V., et al. (1990). Stereotypies and Tardive Dyskinesia: Abnormal movements in autistic children. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 26, 260–266.
Carr, J. E., Coriarty, S., Wilder, D. A., Gaunt, B. T., Dozier, C. L., Britton, L. N., et al. (2000). A review of “noncontingent” reinforcement as treatment for aberrant behavior of individuals with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 21(5), 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-4222(00)00050-0
Charlop, M. H., Kurtz, P. F., & Casey, F. G. (1990). Using aberrant behaviors as reinforcers for autistic children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23(2), 163–181. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1990.23-163
Clarke, J. C., & Thomason, S. (1983). The use of an aversive smell to eliminate autistic self-stimulatory behavior. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 5(3), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1300/J019v05n03_04
Cote, C. A., Thompson, R. H., Hanley, G. P., & McKerchar, P. M. (2007). Teacher report and direct assessment of preferences for identifying reinforcers for young children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40(1), 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2007.177-05
Cowdery, G. E., Iwata, B. A., & Pace, G. M. (1990). Effects and side effects of DRO as treatment for self-injurious behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23(4), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1990.23-497
Davenport, R. K., & Berkson, G. (1963). Stereotyped movements of mental defectives: II. Effects of novel objects. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 67, 879–882.
DeLeon, I. G., & Iwata, B. A. (1996). Evaluation of a multiple-stimulus presentation format for assessing reinforcer preferences. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29(4), 519–533. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1996.29-519
Doke, L. A., & Epstein, L. H. (1975). Oral overcorrection: Side effects and extended applications. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 20, 496–511.
Dorsey, M. F., Iwata, B. A., Reid, D. H., & Davis, P. A. (1982). Protective equipment: Continuous and contingent application in the treatment of self-injurious behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15(2), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1982.15-217
Dunlap, G., Dyer, K., & Koegel, R. L. (1983). Autistic self-stimulation and intertrial interval duration. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 88, 914–202.
Epstein, L. H., Doke, L. A., Sajwaj, T. E., Sorrell, S., & Rimmer, B. (1974). Generality and the side effects of overcorrection. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 7(3), 385–390. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1974.7-385
Falcomata, T. S., Roane, H. S., Hovanetz, A. N., Kettering, T. L., & Kenney, K. M. (2004). An evaluation of response cost in the treatment of inappropriate vocalizations maintained by automatic reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 37(1), 83–87. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2004.37-83
Falcomata, T. S., Roane, H. S., & Pabico, R. R. (2007). Unintentional stimulus control during the treatment of pica displayed by a young man with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 1(4), 350–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2006.12.004
Favell, J. E., McGimsey, J. F., & Schell, R. M. (1982). Treatment of self-injury by providing alternate sensory activities. Analysis and Interventions in Developmental Disabilities, 2(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/0270-4684(82)90007-6
Fellner, D. J., LaRoche, M., & Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (1984). The effects of adding interruption to differential reinforcement on targeted and novel self-stimulatory behaviors. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 15(4), 315–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(84)90095-8
Fisher, W., Piazza, C. C., Bowman, L. G., Hagopian, L. P., Owens, J. C., & Slevin, I. (1992). A comparison of two approaches for identifying reinforcers for persons with severe and profound disabilities. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 25(2), 491–498. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1992.25-491
Fisher, W. W., Piazza, C. C., Cataldo, M., Harrell, R., Jefferson, G., & Conner, R. (1993). Functional communication training with and without extinction and punishment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1993.26-23
Fisher, W. W., Piazza, C. C., Bowman, L. G., Hagopian, L. P., & Langdon, N. A. (1994a). Empirically derived consequences: A data-based method for prescribing treatments for destructive behavior. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 15(2), 133–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-4222(94)90018-3
Fisher, W. W., Piazza, C. C., Bowman, L. G., Kurtz, P. F., Sherer, M. R., & Lachman, S. R. (1994b). A preliminary evaluation of empirically derived consequences for the treatment of pica. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(3), 447–457. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1994.27-447
Fisher, W. W., Piazza, C. C., Bowman, L. G., & Amari, A. (1996). Integrating caregiver report with a systematic choice assessment to enhance reinforcer identification. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 101, 15–25.
Fisher, W. W., Piazza, C. C., Bowman, L. G., Hanley, G. P., & Adelinis, J. D. (1997). Direct and collateral effects of restraints and restraint fading. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 30(1), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1997.30-105
Fisher, W. W., Lindauer, S. E., Alterson, C. J., & Thompson, R. H. (1998). Assessment and treatment of destructive behavior maintained by stereotypic object manipulation. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31(4), 513–527. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1998.31-513
Fisher, W. W., O’Conner, J. T., Kurtz, P. F., DeLeon, I. G., & Gotjen, D. L. (2000). The effects of noncontingent delivery of high- and low-preference stimuli on attention-maintained destructive behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(1), 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2000.33-79
Fisher, W. W., DeLeon, I. G., Rodriguez-Catter, V., & Keeney, K. M. (2004). Enhancing the effects of extinction of attention-maintained behavior through noncontingent delivery of attention or stimuli identified via a competing items assessment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 37(2), 171–184. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2004.37-171
Fisher, W. W., Rodriguez, N. M., Luczynski, K. C., & Kelley, M. E. (2013). The use of protective equipment in the management of severe behavior disorders. In D. Reed, F. DiGennaro Reed, & J. Luiselli (Eds.), Handbook of crisis intervention and development disabilities. Issues in clinical child psychology. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6531-7_6
Foxx, R. M., & Azrin, N. H. (1973). The elimination of autistic self-stimulatory behavior by overcorrection. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1973.6-1
Friman, P. C., Cook, J. W., & Finney, J. W. (1984). Effects of punishment procedures on the self-stimulatory behavior of an autistic child. Analysis and Interventions in Developmental Disabilities, 4(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0270-4684(84)90017-X
Goh, H., Iwata, B. A., Shore, B. A., DeLeon, I. G., Lerman, D. C., Ulrich, S. M., et al. (1995). An analysis of the reinforcing properties of hand mouthing. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 28(3), 269–283. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1995.28-269
Green, C. W., Reid, D. H., White, L. K., Halford, R. C., Brittain, D. P., & Gardner, S. M. (1988). Identifying reinforcers for persons with profound handicaps: Staff opinion versus systematic assessment of preferences. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 21(1), 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1988.21-31
Groskreutz, M. P., Groskreutz, N. C., & Higbee, T. S. (2011). Response competition and stimulus preference in the treatment of automatically reinforced behavior: A comparison. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 44(1), 211–215. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2011.44-211
Hagopian, L. P., Fisher, W. W., Thibault Sullivan, M., Acquisto, J., & LeBlanc, L. A. (1998). Effectiveness of functional communication training with and without extinction and punishment: A summary of 21 inpatient cases. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31(2), 211–235. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1998.31-211
Hagopian, L. P., Rooker, G. W., & Zarcone, J. R. (2015). Delineating subtypes of self-injurious behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 48(3), 523–543. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.236
Hagopian, L. P., Rooker, G. W., Zarcone, J. R., Bonner, A. C., & Arevalo, A. R. (2017). Further analysis of subtypes of automatically reinforced SIB: A replication and quantitative analysis of published data sets. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 50(1), 48–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.368
Hagopian, L. P., Rooker, G. W., & Yenokyan, G. (2018). Identifying predictive behavioral markers: A demonstration using automatically reinforced self-injurious behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 51(3), 443–465. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.477
Hagopian, L. P., Frank-Crawford, M. A., Javed, N., Fisher, A. B., Dillion, C. M., Zarcone, J. R., & Rooker, G. W. (2020). Initial outcomes of an augmented competing stimulus assessment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 53(4), 2172–2185. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.725
Hanley, G. P. (2010). Toward effective and preferred programming: A case for the objective measurement of social validity with recipients of behavior change-programs. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 3, 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03391754
Hanley, G. P., Piazza, C. C., Keeney, K. M., Blakely-Smith, A., & Worsdell, A. S. (1998). Effects of wrist weights on self-injurious and adaptive behaviors. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31(2), 307–310. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1998.31-307
Hanley, G. P., Iwata, B. A., Thompson, R. H., & Lindberg, J. S. (2000). A component analysis of “stereotypy as reinforcement” for alternative behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(3), 285–297. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2000.33-285
Hanley, G. P., Iwata, B. A., & McCord, B. E. (2003). Functional analysis of problem behavior: A review. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36(2), 147–185. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2003.36-147
Harris, S. L., & Wolchik, S. A. (1979). Suppression of self-stimulation: Three alternative strategies. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 12(2), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1979.12-185
Horner, R. D. (1980). The effects of an environmental “enrichment” program on the behavior of institutionalized profoundly retarded children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13(3), 473–491. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1980.13-473
Hung, D. W. (1978). Using self-stimulation as reinforcement for autistic children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 355–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01539637
Iwata, B. A., Vollmer, T. R., & Zarcone, J. R. (1990). The experimental (functional) analysis of behavior disorders: Methodology, applications, and limitations. In A. C. Repp & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Perspectives on the use of nonaversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 301–330). Sycamore Publishing Company.
Iwata, B. A., Dorsey, M. F., Slifer, K. J., Bauman, K. E., & Richman, G. S. (1994a). Toward a functional analysis of self-injury. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(2), 197–209. Reprinted from Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 2, 3–20, 1982. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1994.27-197
Iwata, B. A., Pace, G. M., Cowdery, G. E., & Miltenberger, R. G. (1994b). What makes extinction work: An analysis of procedural form and function. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(1), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1994.27-131
Iwata, B. A., Pace, G. M., Dorsey, M. F., Zarcone, J. R., Vollmer, T. R., Smith, R. G., et al. (1994c). The functions of self-injurious behavior: An experimental-epidemiological analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(2), 215–240. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1994.27-215
Jennett, H., Jann, K., & Hagopian, L. P. (2011). Evaluation of response blocking and representation in a competing stimulus assessment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 44(4), 925–929. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2011.44-925
Kennedy, C. H., Meyer, K. A., Knowles, T., & Shukla, S. (2000). Analyzing the multiple functions of stereotypical behavior for students with autism: Implications for assessment and treatment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(4), 559–571. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2000.33-559
Kliebert, M. L., Tiger, J. H., & Toussaint, K. A. (2011). An approach to identify the conditions under which response interruption will reduce automatically reinforced problem behavior. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 4(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03391771
Koegel, R. L., & Covert, A. (1972). The relationship of self-stimulation to learning in autistic children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 5(4), 381–387. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1972.5-381
Koegel, R. L., Firestone, P. B., Kramme, K. W., & Dunlap, G. (1974). Increasing spontaneous play by suppressing self-stimulation in autistic children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 7(4), 521–528. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1974.7-521
Leif, E. S., Roscoe, E. M., Ahearn, W. H., Rogalski, J. P., & Morrison, H. (2020). Increasing item engagement and decreasing automatically reinforced problem behavior with a modified competing stimulus assessment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 53(3), 1638–1659. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.695
Lerman, D. C., & Iwata, B. A. (1996). A methodology for distinguishing between extinction and punishment effects associated with response blocking. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29(2), 231–233. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1996.29-231
Lerman, D. C., & Vorndran, C. M. (2002). On the status of knowledge for using punishment: Implications for treating behavior disorders. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35(4), 431–464. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2002.35-431
Lerman, D. C., Kelley, M. E., Vorndran, C. M., & Van Camp, C. M. (2003). Collateral effects of response blocking during the treatment of stereotypic behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36(1), 119–123. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2003.36-119
Lewis, M., & Kim, S. J. (2009). The pathophysiology of restricted repetitive behavior. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 1, 114–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11689-009-9019-6
Lindberg, J. S., Iwata, B. A., Roscoe, E. M., Worsdell, A. S., & Hanley, G. P. (2003). Treatment efficacy of noncontingent reinforcement during brief and extended application. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2003.36-1
Lovaas, O. I., Litrownik, A., & Mann, R. (1971). Response latencies to auditory stimuli in autistic children engaged in self-stimulatory behavior. Behavior Research and Therapy, 9(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(71)90035-0
Maag, J. W., Rutherford, R. B., Wolchik, S. A., & Parks, B. T. (1986). Brief report: Comparison of two short overcorrection procedures on the stereotypic behavior of autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 16, 83–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01531581
Mazaleski, J. L., Iwata, B. A., Vollmer, T. R., Zarcone, J. R., & Smith, R. A. (1993). Analysis of the reinforcement and extinction components in DRO contingencies with self-injury. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1993.26-143
Mazaleski, J. L., Iwata, B. A., Rodgers, T. A., Vollmer, T. R., & Zarcone, J. R. (1994). Protective equipment as treatment for stereotypic hand mouthing: Sensory extinction or punishment effects? Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(2), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1994.27-345
McCord, B. E., Grosser, J. W., Iwata, B. A., & Powers, L. A. (2005). An analysis of response-blocking parameters in the prevention of pica. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 38(3), 391–394. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2005.92-04
McDougle, C. J., Kresch, L., Goodman, W. K., Naylor, S. T., Volkmar, F. R., Cohen, D. J., et al. (1995). A case-controlled study of repetitive thoughts and behavior in adults with autistic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(5), 772–777. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.5.772
McKenzie, S. D., Smith, R. G., Simmons, J. N., & Soderlund, M. J. (2008). Using a stimulus correlated with reprimands to suppress automatically maintained eye poking. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 41(2), 255–259. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2008.41-255
Morrison, K., & Rosales-Ruiz, J. (1997). The effect of object preferences on task performance and stereotypy in a child with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 18(2), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-4222(96)00046-7
Ollendick, T. H., Matson, J. L., & Martin, J. E. (1978). Effectiveness of hand overcorrection for topographically similar and dissimilar self-stimulatory behavior. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 25(3), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(78)90063-2
Pace, G. M., Ivancic, M. T., Edwards, G. L., Iwata, B. A., & Page, T. J. (1985). Assessment of stimulus preference assessment and reinforcer value with profoundly retarded individuals. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18(3), 249–255. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1985.18-249
Pendergrass, V. E. (1972). Timeout from positive reinforcement following persistent, high-rate behavior in retardates. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 5(1), 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1972.5-85
Piazza, C. C., Hanley, G. P., & Fisher, W. W. (1996). Functional analysis and treatment of cigarette pica. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29(4), 437–450. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1996.29-437
Piazza, C. C., Fisher, W. W., Hanley, G. P., LeBlanc, L. A., Worsdell, A. S., Lindauer, S. E., et al. (1998). Treatment of pica through multiple analyses of its reinforcing functions. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31(2), 165–189. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1998.31-165
Piazza, C. C., Adelinis, J. D., Hanley, G. P., Goh, H., & Delia, M. D. (2000a). An evaluation of the effects of matched stimuli on behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(1), 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2000.33-13
Piazza, C. C., Hanley, G. P., Blakely-Smith, A., & Kinsman, A. M. (2000b). Effects of search skills training on the pica of a blind boy. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 12, 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009404226669
Potter, J. N., Hanley, G. P., Augustine, M., Clay, C. J., & Phelps, M. C. (2013). Treatment of stereotypy in adolescents with autism by refining the tactic of “using stereotypy as reinforcement”. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 46(2), 407–423. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.52
Querim, A. C., Iwata, B. A., Roscoe, E. M., Schlichenmeyer, K. J., Virues Ortega, J., & Hurl, K. E. (2013). Functional analysis screening for problem behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 46(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.26
Rapp, J. T. (2006). Toward an empirical method for identifying matched stimulation for automatically reinforced behavior: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 39(1), 137–140. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2006.37-05
Rapp, J. T. (2007). Further evaluation of methods to identify matched stimulation. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40(1), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2007.142-05
Rapp, J. T., & Vollmer, T. R. (2005). Stereotypy I: A review of behavioral assessment and treatment. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26(6), 527–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2004.11.005
Rapp, J. T., Vollmer, T. R., St. Peter, C., Dozier, C. L., & Cotnoir, N. M. (2004). Analysis of response allocation in individuals with multiple forms of stereotyped behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 37(4), 481–501. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2004.37-481
Reid, D. H., Parsons, M. B., Phillips, J. F., & Green, C. W. (1993). Reduction of self-injurious hand mouthing using response blocking. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26(1), 139–140. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1993.26-139
Repp, A. C., Deitz, S. M., & Speir, N. C. (1974). Reducing stereotypic responding of retarded persons by the differential reinforcement of other behavior. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 79, 279–284.
Repp, A. C., Deitz, S. M., & Deitz, D. E. D. (1976). Reducing inappropriate behaviors in a classroom and in individual sessions through DRO schedules of reinforcement. Mental Retardation, 14, 11–15.
Richler, J., Bishop, S. L., Kleinke, J. R., & Lord, C. (2007). Restricted and repetitive behavior disorders in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0332-6
Rincover, A., Cook, R., Peoples, A., & Packard, D. (1979). Sensory extinction and sensory reinforcement principles for programming multiple adaptive behavior change. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 12(2), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1979.12-221
Ringdahl, J. E., Vollmer, T. R., Marcus, B. A., & Roane, H. S. (1997). An analogue evaluation of environmental enrichment: The role of stimulus preference. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 30(2), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1997.30-203
Risley, T. R. (1968). The effects and side effects of punishing the autistic behaviors of a deviant child. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1968.1-21
Roane, H. S., Kelly, M. L., & Fisher, W. W. (2003). The effects of noncontingent access to food on the rate of object mouthing across three settings. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36(4), 579–582. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2003.36-579
Rollings, J. P., & Baumeister, A. A. (1981). Stimulus control of stereotypic responding: Effects on target and collateral behavior. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 86, 67–77.
Rooker, G. W., Bonner, A. C., Dillon, C. M., & Zarcone, J. R. (2018). Behavioral treatment of automatically reinforced SIB: 1982–2015. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 51(4), 974–997. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.492
Saini, V., Greer, B. D., Fisher, W. W., Lichtblau, K. R., DeSouza, A. A., & Mitteer, D. R. (2016). Individual and combined effects of noncontingent reinforcement and response blocking on automatically reinforced problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 49(3), 693–698. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.306
Schmidt, J. D., Falligant, J. M., Goetzel, A., Hardisty, S., & Hagopian, L. P. (2021). Decreasing motor stereotypy with competing stimulus and tasks: Analysis of prompted engagement and response blocking. Behavioral Interventions, 36(3), 583–594. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.1786
Schroeder, A., Schroeder, C., Smith, B., & Dalldorf, J. (1978). Prevalence of self-injurious behavior in a large state facility for the retarded. Journal of Autism and Child Schizophrenia, 8, 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01539629
Shore, B. A., Iwata, B. A., DeLeon, I. G., Kahng, S. W., & Smith, R. G. (1997). An analysis of reinforcer substitutability using object manipulation and self-injury as competing responses. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 30(1), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1997.30-21
Sidener, T. M., Carr, J. E., & Firth, A. M. (2005). Superimposition and withholding of edible consequences as treatment for automatically reinforced stereotypy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 38(1), 121–124. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2005.58-04
Smith, E. A., & Van Houten, R. (1996). A comparison of the characteristics of self-stimulatory behaviors in “Normal”: Children and children with developmental delays. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 17(4), 253–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-4222(96)00007-8
Smith, R. G., Russo, L., & Le, L. D. (1999). Distinguishing between extinction and punishment effects of response blocking: A replication. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 32(3), 367–370. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1999.32-367
Soke, G. N., Rosenberg, S. A., Hamman, R. F., Fingerlin, T., Robinson, C., Carpenter, L., Giarelli, E., Lee, L., Wiggins, L. D., Durkin, M. S., & DiGuiseppi, C. (2016). Brief report: Prevalence of self-injurious behaviors among children with autism spectrum disorder – A population-based study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46, 3607–3614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2879-1
Taylor, B. A., Hoch, H., & Weissman, M. (2005). The analysis and treatment of vocal stereotypy in a child with autism. Behavioral Interventions, 20(4), 239–253. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.200
Tiger, J. H., Hanley, G. P., & Bruzek, J. (2008). Functional communication training: A review and practical guide. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 1, 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03391716
Tiger, J. H., Wierzba, B. C., Fisher, W. W., & Benitez, B. (2017). Developing and demonstrating inhibitory stimulus control over repetitive behavior. Behavioral Interventions, 32(2), 160–174. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.1472
Toussaint, K. A., & Tiger, J. H. (2012). Reducing covert self-injurious behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement through a variable momentary DRO procedure. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 45(1), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2012.45-179
Van Houten, R., Axelrod, S., Bailey, J. S., Favell, J. E., Foxx, R. M., Iwata, B. A., & Lovaas, O. I. (1988). The right to effective behavioral treatment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 21(4), 381–384. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1988.21-381
Verriden, A. L., & Roscoe, E. M. (2019). An evaluation of a punisher assessment for decreasing automatically maintained problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 52(1), 205–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.509
Virues-Ortega, J., Clayton, K., Pèrez-Bustamante, A., Gaerlan, B. F. S., & Fahmie, T. A. (2022). Functional analysis patterns of automatic reinforcement: A review and component analysis of treatment effects. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 55(2), 481–512. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.900
Vollmer, T. R. (1994). The concept of automatic reinforcement: Implications for behavioral research in developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 15(3), 187–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-4222(94)90011-6
Vollmer, T. R., & Iwata, B. A. (1992). Differential reinforcement as treatment for behavior disorders: Procedural and functional variations. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 13(4), 393–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-4222(92)90013-V
Vollmer, T. R., Iwata, B. A., Zarcone, J. R., Smith, R. G., & Mazaleski, J. L. (1993). The role of attention in the treatment of attention-maintained self-injurious behavior: Noncontingent reinforcement and differential reinforcement of other behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1993.26-9
Vollmer, T. R., Marcus, B. A., & LeBlanc, L. A. (1994). Treatment of self-injury and hand mouthing following inconclusive functional analyses. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(2), 331–344. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1994.27-331
Watkins, N., & Rapp, J. T. (2014). Environmental enrichment and response cost: Immediate and subsequent effects on stereotypy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 47(1), 186–191. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.97
Wolery, M., Kirk, K., & Gast, D. L. (1985). Stereotypic behavior as a reinforcer: Effects and side effects. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 15, 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01531601
Zarcone, J. R., Iwata, B. A., Mazaleski, J. L., & Smith, R. G. (1994). Momentum and extinction effects on self-injurious escape behavior and noncompliance. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(4), 649–658. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1994.27-649
Zhou, L., Goff, G. A., & Iwata, B. A. (2000). Effects of increased response effort on self-injury and object manipulation as competing responses. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2000.33-29
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tiger, J.H., Kastner, K.M. (2023). Rituals and Stereotypies. In: Matson, J.L. (eds) Handbook of Applied Behavior Analysis for Children with Autism. Autism and Child Psychopathology Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27587-6_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27587-6_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-27586-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-27587-6
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)