Abstract
Based on their current wide bioavailability, botanical dietary supplements have become an important component of the United States healthcare system, although most of these products have limited scientific evidence for their use. The most recent American Botanical Council Market Report estimated for 2020 a 17.3% increase in sales of these products when compared to 2019, for a total sales volume of $11,261 billion. The use of botanical dietary supplements products in the United States is guided by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) from 1994, enacted by the U.S. Congress with the aim of providing more information to consumers and to facilitate access to a larger number of botanical dietary supplements available on the market than previously. Botanical dietary supplements may be formulated for and use only using crude plant samples (e.g., plant parts such as the bark, leaves, or roots) that can be processed by grinding into a dried powder. Plant parts can also be extracted with hot water to form an “herbal tea.” Other preparations of botanical dietary supplements include capsules, essential oils, gummies, powders, tablets, and tinctures. Overall, botanical dietary supplements contain bioactive secondary metabolites with diverse chemotypes that typically are found at low concentration levels. These bioactive constituents usually occur in combination with inactive molecules that may induce synergy and potentiation of the effects observed when botanical dietary supplements are taken in their different forms. Most of the botanical dietary supplements available on the U.S. market have been used previously as herbal remedies or as part of traditional medicine systems from around the world. Their prior use in these systems also provides a certain level of assurance in regard to lower toxicity levels. This chapter will focus on the importance and diversity of the chemical features of bioactive secondary metabolites found in botanical dietary supplements that are responsible for their applications. Many of the active principles of botanical dietary substances are phenolics and isoprenoids, but glycosides and some alkaloids are also present. Biological studies on the active constituents of selected botanical dietary supplements will be discussed. Thus, the present chapter should be of interest for both members of the natural products scientific community, who may be performing development studies of the products available, as well as for healthcare professionals who are directly involved in the analysis of botanical interactions and evaluation of the suitability of botanical dietary supplements for human consumption.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
WHO Organización Mundial de la Salud (2013) Estrategia de la oms sobre medicina tradicional 2014–2023. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/95008. Accessed 17 Oct 2022
Ullah H, De Filippis A, Baldi A, Dacrema M, Esposito C, Garzarella EU, Santarcangelo C, Tantipongpiradet A, Daglia M (2021) Beneficial effects of plant extracts and bioactive food components in childhood supplementation. Nutrients 13:3157
Efferth T, Greten H (2012) Quality control for medicinal plants. Med Aromat Plants 1:7
Lordan R, Rando HM, Greene CS (2021) Dietary supplements and nutraceuticals under investigation for COVID-19 prevention and treatment. mSystems 6:e0122
Wang Y-K, Li WQ, Xia S, Guo L, Miao Y, Zhang B-K (2021) Metabolic activation of the toxic natural products from herbal and dietary supplements leading to toxicities. Front Pharmacol 12:758468
Vovk I, Glavnik V (2015) Analysis of dietary supplements. In: Poole CF (ed) Instrumental thin-layer chromatography. Elsevier, Boston, MA, p 589
van Breemen RB, Fong HHS, Farnsworth NR (2008) Ensuring the safety of botanical dietary supplements. Am J Clin Nutr 87:509s
Kunle OF, Egharevba HO, Ahmadu PO (2012) Standardization of herbal medicines—a review. Int J Biodivers Conserv 4:101
Bandaranayake WM (2006) Quality control, screening, toxicity, and regulation of herbal drugs. In: Ahmad I, Aqil F, Owais M (eds) Modern phytomedicine: turning medicinal plants into drugs. Wiley, Weinheim, p 25
Sahoo N, Manchikanti P, Dey S (2010) Herbal drugs: standards and regulation. Fitoterapia 81:462
Smillie TJ, Khan IA (2010) A comprehensive approach to identifying and authenticating botanical products. Clin Pharmacol Ther 87:175
Smith T, Majid F, Eckl V, Reynolds CM (2021) Herbal supplement sales in US increase by record-breaking 17.3% in 2020. HerbalGram 131:52
U.S. Food & Drug Administration (2021) FDA regulation of cannabis and cannabis-derived products, including cannabidiol (CBD). https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd. Accessed 13 Sept 2022
Cogan PS (2019) On healthcare by popular appeal: critical assessment of benefit and risk in cannabidiol based dietary supplements. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 12:501
Koturbash I, MacKay D (2020) Cannabidiol and other cannabinoids: from toxicology and pharmacology to the development of a regulatory pathway. J Diet Suppl 17:487
Wink M, Botschen F, Gosmann C, Schäfer H, Waterman PG (2010) Chemotaxonomy seen from a phylogenetic perspective and evolution of secondary metabolism. In: Wink M (ed) Annual plant reviews, biochemistry of plant secondary metabolism, vol 40. Wiley, Chichester, UK, p 364
Zidorn C (2019) Plant chemophenetics—a new term for plant chemosystematics/plant chemotaxonomy in the macro-molecular era. Phytochemistry 163:147
Kellogg JJ, Paine MF, McCune JS, Oberlies NH, Cech NB (2019) Selection and characterization of botanical natural products for research studies: a NaPDI center recommended approach. Nat Prod Rep 36:1196
Skiba MB, Luis PB, Alfafara C, Billheimer D, Schneider C, Funk JL (2018) Curcuminoid content and safety-related markers of quality of turmeric dietary supplements sold in an urban retail marketplace in the United States. Mol Nutr Food Res 62:1800143
Cerrato A, Citti C, Cannazza G, Capriotti AL, Cavaliere C, Grassi G, Marini F, Montone CM, Paris R, Piovesana S, Laganà A (2021) Phytocannabinomics: untargeted metabolomics as a tool for Cannabis chemovar differentiation. Talanta 230:122313
Guo Y, Yin T, Wang X, Zhang F, Pan G, Lv H, Owoicho Orgah J, Zhu Y, Wu H (2017) Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of the genus Cimicifuga: a review. J Ethnopharmacol 209:264
Gafner S (2016) Adulteration of Actaea racemosa. In: Botanical adulterants bulletin. Available via American Botanical Council. http://www.herbalgram.org/resources/botanical-adulterants-prevention-program/adulterants-bulleteins/black-cohosh-bulletin-june-2016/. Accessed 17 Oct 2022
Ali Z, Khan SI, Fronczek FR, Khan IA (2007) 9,10-seco-9,19-Cyclolanostane arabinosides from the roots of Actaea podocarpa. Phytochemistry 68:373
Qiu F, McAlpine JB, Krause EC, Chen S-N, Pauli GF (2014) Pharmacognosy of black cohosh: the phytochemical and biological profile of a major botanical dietary supplement. In: Kinghorn AD, Falk H, Kobayashi J (eds) Progress in the chemistry of organic natural products, vol 99. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, p 1
Hao DC, Gu XJ, Xiao PG, Liang ZG, Xu LJ, Yong P (2013) Recent advance in chemical and biological studies on Cimicifugeae pharmaceutical resources. Chin Herbal Med 5:81
Sun LR, Qing C, Zhang YL, Jia SY, Li ZR, Pei SJ, Qiu MH, Gross ML, Qiu SX (2007) Cimicifoetisides A and B, two cytotoxic cycloartane triterpenoid glycosides from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga foetida, inhibit proliferation of cancer cells. Beilstein J Org Chem 3:3
Geng P, Chen P, Sun J, McCoy JH, Harnly JM (2019) Authentication of black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) dietary supplements based on chemometric evaluation of hydroxycinnamic acid esters and hydroxycinnamic acid amides. Anal Bioanal Chem 411:7147
Salari S, Amiri MS, Ramezani M, Moghadam AT, Elyasi S, Sahebkar A, Emami SA (2021) Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, traditional and modern uses of Actaea racemosa L. (black cohosh): a review. In: Barreto GE, Sahebkar A (eds) Pharmacological properties of plant-derived natural products and implications for human health. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, p 403
Jöhrer K, Stuppner H, Greil R, Çiçek SS (2020) Structure-guided identification of black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) triterpenoids with in vitro activity against multiple myeloma. Molecules 25:766
Çiçek SS, Girreser U, Zidorn C (2018) Quantification of the total amount of black cohosh cycloartanoids by integration of one specific 1H NMR signal. J Pharm Biomed Anal 155:109
Alam A, Al Arif Jahan A, Bari MS, Khandokar L, Mahmud MH, Junaid M, Chowdhury MS, Khan MF, Seidel V, Haque MA (2022) Allium vegetables: traditional uses, phytoconstituents, and beneficial effects in inflammation and cancer. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 16:1
Kuete V (2017) Allium sativum. In: Kuete V (ed) Medicinal spices and vegetables from Africa: therapeutic potential against metabolic, inflammatory, infectious and systemic diseases. Academic Press, London, p 363
Shang A, Cao SY, Xu XY, Gan RY, Tang GY, Corke H, Mavumengwana V, Li HB (2019) Bioactive compounds and biological functions of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Foods 8:246
El-Saber Batiha G, Beshbishy AM, Wasef LG, Elewa YHA, Al-Sagan AA, Abd El-Hack ME, Taha AE, Abd-Elhakim YM, Devkota HP (2020) Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of garlic (Allium sativum L.): a review. Nutrients 12:872
Putnik P, Gabrić D, Roohinejad S, Barba FJ, Granato D, Mallikarjunan K, Lorenzo JM, Kovačević DB (2019) An overview of organosulfur compounds from Allium spp.: from processing and preservation to evaluation of their bioavailability, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Food Chem 276:680
Kothari D, Lee W-D, Niu K-M, Kim S-K (2019) The genus Allium as poultry feed additive: a review. Animals 9:1032
Amagase H (2006) Clarifying the real bioactive constituents of garlic. J Nutr 136:716S
Diretto G, Rubio-Moraga A, Argandoña J, Castillo P, Gómez-Gómez L, Ahrazem O (2017) Tissue-specific accumulation of sulfur compounds and saponins in different parts of garlic cloves from purple and white ecotypes. Molecules 22:1359
Lanzotti V, Scala F, Bonanomi G (2014) Compounds from Allium species with cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity. Phytochem Rev 13:769
Reynolds T (ed) (2004) Aloes: the genus Aloe. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
Kumar S, Kumar R (2019) Role of acemannan O-acetyl group in murine radioprotection. Carbohydr Polym 207:460
Sierra-García GD, Castro-Ríos R, González-Horta A, Lara-Arias J, Chávez-Montes A (2014) Acemannan, an extracted polysaccharide from Aloe vera: a literature review. Nat Prod Commun 9:1217
Ahluwalia B, Magnusson MK, Isaksson S, Larsson F, Öhman L (2016) Effects of Aloe barbadensis Mill. extract (AVH200®) on human blood T cell activity in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol 179:301
Christaki E, Florou-Paneri P (2010) Aloe vera: a plant for many uses. J Food Agric Environ 8:245
Puia A, Puia C, MoiȘ E, Graur F, Fetti A, Florea M (2021) The phytochemical constituents and therapeutic uses of genus Aloe: a review. Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj-Napoca 49:12332
Liu C, Cui Y, Pi F, Cheng Y, Guo Y, Qian H (2019) Extraction, purification, structural characteristics, biological activities and pharmacological applications of acemannan, a polysaccharide from Aloe vera: a review. Molecules 24:1554
Reynolds T, Dweck AC (1999) Aloe vera leaf gel: a review update. J Ethnopharmacol 68:3
Cock IE (2015) The genus Aloe: phytochemistry and therapeutic uses including treatments for gastrointestinal conditions and chronic inflammation. In: Rainsford KD, Powanda MC, Whitehouse MW (eds) Novel natural products: therapeutic effects in pain, arthritis and gastro-intestinal diseases. Springer, Heidelberg, p 179
Sibhat G, Kahsay G, Van Schepdael A, Adams E (2021) Fast and easily applicable LC-UV method for analysis of bioactive anthrones from aloe leaf latex. J Pharm Biomed Anal 195:113834
Cardarelli M, Rouphael Y, Pellizoni M, Colla G, Lucini L (2017) Profile of bioactive secondary metabolites and antioxidant capacity of leaf exudates from eighteen Aloe species. Ind Crops Prod 108:44
Yang F, Cao Y, Yu H, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Qian H, Yao W, Xie Y (2021) Transformation and degradation of barbaloin in aqueous solutions and aloe powder under different processing conditions. Food Biosci 43:101279
Salehi B, Albayrak S, Antolak H, Kręgiel D, Pawlikowska E, Sharifi-Rad M, Uprety Y, Tsouh Fokou PV, Yousef Z, Zakaria ZA, Varoni EM, Sharopov F, Martins N, Iriti M, Sharifi-Rad J (2018) Aloe genus plants: from farm to food applications and phytopharmacotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 19:2843
Viljoen AM, Van Wyk B (2000) The chemotaxonomic significance of the phenyl pyrone aloenin in the genus Aloe. Biochem Syst Ecol 28:1009
Hęś M, Dziedzic K, Górecka D, Jędrusek-Golińska A, Gujska E (2019) Aloe vera (L.) Webb.: natural sources of antioxidants—a review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 74:255
Nalimu F, Oloro J, Kahwa I, Ogwang PE (2021) Review on the phytochemistry and toxicological profiles of Aloe vera and Aloe ferox. Future J Pharm Sci 7:145
Dey P, Dutta S, Chowdhury A, Das AP, Chaudhuri TK (2017) Variation in phytochemical composition reveals distinct divergence of Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. from other Aloe species: rationale behind selective preference of Aloe vera in nutritional and therapeutic use. J Evid Based Complement Altern Med 22:624
Bera TK, Kar SK (2018) Phytochemical constituents of Aloe vera and their multifunctional properties: a comprehensive review. Int J Pharm Sci Res 9:1416
Banik S, Sharangi AB (2019) Phytochemistry, health benefits and toxicological profile of aloe. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 8:4499
Wang J, Su B, Jiang H, Cui N, Yu Z, Yang Y, Sun Y (2020) Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the genus Cinnamomum (Lauraceae): a review. Fitoterapia 146:104675
Oketch-Rabah HA, Marles RJ, Brinckmann JA (2018) Cinnamon and Cassia nomenclature confusion: a challenge to the applicability of clinical data. Clin Pharmacol Ther 104:435
Sharifi-Rad J, Dey A, Koirala N, Shaheen S, El Omari N, Salehi B, Goloshvili T, Cirone Silva NC, Bouyahya A, Vitalini S, Varoni EM, Martorell M, Abdolshahi A, Docea AO, Iriti M, Calina D, Les F, López V, Caruntu C (2021) Cinnamomum species: bridging phytochemistry knowledge, pharmacological properties and toxicological safety for health benefits. Front Pharmacol 12:600139
Błaszczyk N, Rosiak A, Kałużna-Czaplińska J (2021) The potential role of cinnamon in human health. Forests 12:648
Wang Y-H, Avula B, Nanayakkara NPD, Zhao J, Khan IA (2013) Cassia cinnamon as a source of coumarin in cinnamon-flavored food and food supplements in the United States. J Agric Food Chem 61:4470
Monteiro Nogueria I, dos Santos MO, Costa-Junior LM, da Silva LA, de Aguiar Andrade EH, Soares Maia JG, Mouchrek Filho VE (2017) Chemical composition and acaricide activity of an essential oil from a rare chemotype of Cinnamomum verum Presl on Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 238:54
Aungtikun J, Soonwera M (2021) Improved adulticidal activity against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) from synergy between Cinnamomum spp. essential oils. Sci Rep 11:4685
Wang Y, Harrington PDB, Chen P (2020) Metabolomic profiling and comparison of major cinnamon species using UHPLC–HRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 412:7669
Barreca D, Mandalari G, Calderaro A, Smeriglio A, Trombetta D, Felice MR, Gattuso G (2020) Citrus flavones: an update on sources, biological functions, and health promoting properties. Plants 9:288
Yi L, Ma S, Ren D (2017) Phytochemistry and bioactivity of Citrus flavonoids: a focus on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and cardiovascular protection activities. Phytochem Rev 16:479
Dugrand-Judek A, Olry A, Hehn A, Costantino G, Ollitrault P, Froelicher Y, Bourgaud F (2015) The distribution of coumarins and furanocoumarins in Citrus species closely matches Citrus phylogeny and reflects the organization of biosynthetic pathways. PLoS One 10:e0142757
Shi Y-S, Zhang Y, Li H-T, Wu C-H, El-Seedi HR, Ye W-K, Wang Z-W, Li C-B, Zhang X-F, Kai G-Y (2020) Limonoids from Citrus: chemistry, anti-tumor potential, and other bioactivities. J Funct Foods 75:104213
Liu N, Li X, Zhao P, Zhang X, Qiao O, Huang L, Guo L, Gao W (2021) A review of chemical constituents and health-promoting effects of citrus peels. Food Chem 365:130585
Stohs SJ, Shara M, Ray SD (2020) p-Synephrine, ephedrine, p-octopamine and m-synephrine: comparative mechanistic, physiological and pharmacological properties. Phytother Res 34:1838
Končić MZ (2017) Role of selected medicinal plants in sports nutrition and energy homeostasis. In: Bagchi D (ed) Sustained energy for enhanced human functions and activity. Academic Press, London, p 119
Maksoud S, Abdel-Massih RM, Rajha HN, Louka N, Chemat F, Barba FJ, Debs E (2021) Citrus aurantium L. active constituents, biological effects and extraction methods. An updated review. Molecules 26:5832
Park J, Kim HL, Jung Y, Ahn KS, Kwak HJ, Um JY (2019) Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium Linné) improves obesity by regulating adipogenesis and thermogenesis through AMPK activation. Nutrients 11:1988
Sato R (2013) Nomilin as an anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic agent. Vitam Horm 91:425
Suntar I, Khan H, Patel S, Celano R, Rastrelli L (2018) An overview on Citrus aurantium L.: its functions as food ingredient and therapeutic agent. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018:7864269
Edwards JE, Brown PN, Talent N, Dickinson TA, Shipley PR (2012) A review of the chemistry of the genus Crataegus. Phytochemistry 79:5
Djordjević S, Nikolić NĆ (2021) Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) from botanical source to phytopreparations. Lekovite Sirovine 41:63
Orhan IE (2018) Phytochemical and pharmacological activity profile of Crataegus oxycantha L. (Hawthorn)—a cardiotonic herb. Curr Med Chem 25:4854
Zorniak M, Porc MP, Krzeminski TF (2019) Hawthorn revisited: time- and dose-dependent cardioprotective action of WS-1442 special extract in the reperfusion-induced arrhythmia model in rats in vivo. J Physiol Pharmacol 70:307
Fong HHS, Bauman JL (2002) Hawthorn. J Cardiovasc Nurs 16:1
Wang J, Xiong X, Feng B (2013) Effect of Crataegus usage in cardiovascular disease prevention: an evidence-based approach. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2013:149363
Nahar L, Sarker S (2007) Phytochemistry of the genus Curcuma. In: Ravindran P, Babu KN, Sivaraman K (eds) Turmeric: the genus Curcuma. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p 71
Booker A, Frommenwiler D, Johnston D, Umealajekwu C, Reich E, Heinrich M (2014) Chemical variability along the value chains of turmeric (Curcuma longa): a comparison of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high performance thin layer chromatography. J Ethnopharmacol 152:292
Bejar E (2018) Turmeric (Curcuma longa) root and rhizome, and root and rhizome extracts. In: Botanical adulterants bulletin. Available via American Botanical Council. http://www.herbalgram.org/resources/botanical-adulterants-prevention-program/adulterants-bulletin-may-2018/. Accessed 17 Oct 2022
Tayyem RF, Heath DD, Al-Delaimy WK, Rock CL (2006) Curcumin content of turmeric and curry powders. Nutr Cancer 55:126
Kulyal P, Acharya S, Ankari AB, Kokkiripati PK, Tetali SD, Raghavendra AS (2021) Variable secondary metabolite profiles across cultivars of Curcuma longa L. and C. aromatica Salisb. Front Pharmacol 12:659546
Syu WJ, Shen CC, Don MJ, Ou JC, Lee GH, Sun CM (1998) Cytotoxicity of curcuminoids and some novel compounds from Curcuma zedoaria. J Nat Prod 61:1531
Avula B, Wang YH, Khan IA (2012) Quantitative determination of curcuminoids from the roots of Curcuma longa, Curcuma species and dietary supplements using an UPLC-UV-MS method. J Chromatogr Sep Tech 3(1):1000120
Zhang J, Jinnai S, Ikeda R, Wada M, Hayashida S, Nakashima K (2009) A simple HPLC-fluorescence method for quantitation of curcuminoids and its application to turmeric products. Anal Sci 25:385
Dosoky NS, Satyal P, Setzer WN (2019) Variations in the volatile compositions of Curcuma species. Foods 8:53
Braga ME, Leal PF, Carvalho JE, Meireles MA (2003) Comparison of yield, composition, and antioxidant activity of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extracts obtained using various techniques. J Agric Food Chem 51:6604
Jantan I, Saputri FC, Qaisar MN, Buang F (2012) Correlation between chemical composition of Curcuma domestica and Curcuma xanthorrhiza and their antioxidant effect on human low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2012:438356
Ib J, Ahmad AS, Ali NAM, Ahmad AR, Ibrahim H (1999) Chemical composition of the rhizome oils of four Curcuma species from Malaysia. J Essent Oil Res 11:719
Septama AW, Tasfiyati AN, Kristiana R, Jaisi A (2022) Chemical profiles of essential oil from Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.), evaluation of its antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against selected clinical isolates. S Afr J Bot 146:728
Amalraj A, Pius A, Gopi S, Gopi S (2016) Biological activities of curcuminoids, other biomolecules from turmeric and their derivatives—a review. J Tradit Complement Med 7:205
Zhang HA, Kitts DD (2021) Turmeric and its bioactive constituents trigger cell signaling mechanisms that protect against diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 476:3785
Kindscher K (2016) The uses of Echinacea angustifolia and other Echinacea species by Native Americans. In: Kindscher K (ed) Echinacea: herbal medicine with a wild history. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, p 9
Cao C, Kindscher K (2016) The medicinal chemistry of Echinacea species. In: Kindscher K (ed) Echinacea: herbal medicine with a wild history. Springer, Cham, Swizerland, p 127
Chang BY, Lee SK, Kim DE, Bae JH, Ho TT, Park S-Y, Lee MK, Kim SY (2020) Effect of echinalkamide identified from Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench on the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Sci Rep 10:10914
Bruni R, Brighenti V, Caesar LK, Bertelli D, Cech NB, Pellati F (2018) Analytical methods for the study of bioactive compounds from medicinally used Echinacea species. J Pharm Biomed Anal 160:443
Handy SM, Pawar RS, Ottesen AR, Ramachandran P, Sagi S, Zhang N, Hsu E, Erickson DL (2021) HPLC-UV, metabarcoding and genome skims of botanical dietary supplements: a case study in Echinacea. Planta Med 87:314
Ren L, Guo M-Y, Pang X-H (2018) Identification and classification of medicinal plants in Epimedium. Chin Herb Med 10:249
Ma H, He X, Yang Y, Li M, Hao D, Jia Z (2011) The genus Epimedium: an ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review. J Ethnopharmacol 134:519
Schulz M, Campelo Borges GdS, Valdemiro Gonzaga L, Oliveira Costa AC, Fett R (2016) Juçara fruit (Euterpe edulis Mart.): sustainable exploitation of a source of bioactive compounds. Food Res Int 89:14
Schulz M, Tischer Seraglio S, Valdemiro Gonzaga L, Oliveira Costa AC, Fett R (2021) Phenolic compounds in Euterpe fruits: composition, digestibility, and stability—a review. Food Rev Int. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.1909060
de Souza C, Pereira D, dos Santos GF, Valeriano Tonon R, Beres C, Maria Corrêa Cabral L (2022) Towards chemical characterization and possible applications of juçara fruit: an approach to remove Euterpe edulis Martius from the extinction list. J Food Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-021-05342-8
de Lima Yamaguchi KK, Ravazi Pereira LF, Lamarão CV, Silva Lima E, da Veiga-Junior VF (2015) Amazon açaí: chemistry and biological activities: a review. Food Chem 179:137
de Almeida Magalhães TSS, de Oliveira Macedo PC, Converti A, Neves de Lima ÁA (2020) The use of Euterpe oleracea Mart. as a new perspective for disease treatment and prevention. Biomolecules 10:813
Spontoni do Espirito Santo BL, Figueiredo Santana L, Kato Junior WH, de Oliveira de Araújo F, Bogo D, de Cássia Freitas K, de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães R, Aiko Hiane P, Pott A, de Oliveira Filiú WF (2020) Medicinal potential of Garcinia species and their compounds. Molecules 25:4513
The World Flora Online (2022) Garcinia L. http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000015318. Accessed 14 Sept 2022
Seethapathy GS, Tadesse M, Urumarudappa SKJ, Gunaga SV, Vasudeva R, Malterud KE, Shaanker RU, de Boer HJ, Ravikanth G, Wangensteen H (2018) Authentication of Garcinia fruits and food supplements using DNA barcoding and NMR spectroscopy. Sci Rep 8:10561
Lim TK (2012) Introduction. In: Lim TK (ed) Edible medicinal and non-medicinal plants, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht, The Nederlands, p 1
Pandey R, Chandra P, Kumar B, Srivastva M, Aravind AA, Shameer P, Rameshkumar K (2015) Simultaneous determination of multi-class bioactive constituents for quality assessment of Garcinia species using UHPLC–QqQLIT–MS/MS. Ind Crops Prod 77:861
Sripradha R, Sridhar MG, Maithilikarpagaselvi N (2016) Antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extract of Garcinia cambogia on high fat diet-fed rats. J Complement Integr Med 13:9
Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Vermaak I, Viljoen A (2015) A comprehensive scientific overview of Garcinia cambogia. Fitoterapia 102:134
Shaito A, Thi Bich Thuan D, Thi Phu H, Hie Nguyen T, Hasan H, Halabi S, Abdelhady SK, Nasrallah GH, Eid A, Pintus G (2020) Herbal medicine for cardiovascular diseases: efficacy, mechanisms, and safety. Front Pharmacol 11:422
Liu L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wang S (2020) Advances in the chemical constituents and chemical analysis of Ginkgo biloba leaf, extract, and phytopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 193:113704
Ma G-L, Xiong J, Yang G-X, Pan L-L, Hu C-L, Wang W, Fan H, Zhao Q-H, Zhang H-Y, Hu J-F (2016) Biginkgosides A-I, unexpected minor dimeric flavonol diglycosidic truxinate and truxillate esters from Ginkgo biloba leaves and their antineuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activities. J Nat Prod 79:1354
Ude C, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Wurglics M (2013) Ginkgo biloba extracts: a review of the pharmacokinetics of the active ingredients. Clin Pharmacokinet 52:727
Tang Y, Lou F, Wang J, Li Y, Zhuang S (2001) Coumaroyl flavonol glycosides from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba. Phytochemistry 58:1251
Gafner S (2018) Adulteration of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract. In: Botanical adulterants bulletin. Available via American Botanical Council. https://www.herbalgram.org/resources/botanical-adulterants-prevention-program/adulterants-bulletins/ginkgo-bulletin-january-2018/. Accessed 25 Oct 2022
Collins BJ, Kerns SP, Aillon K, Mueller G, Rider CV, DeRose EF, London RE, Harnly JM, Waidyanatha S (2020) Comparison of phytochemical composition of Ginkgo biloba extracts using a combination of non-targeted and targeted analytical approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem 412:6789
Barnes J, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD (2001) St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.): a review of its chemistry, pharmacology and clinical perspectives. J Pharm Pharmacol 53:583
Xiao C-Y, Mu Q, Gibbons S (2020) The phytochemistry and pharmacology of Hypericum. Progr Chem Org Nat Prod 112:85
Orhan N (2021) St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) laboratory guidance document. In: Laboratory guidance documents. Available via American Botanical Council. https://www.herbalgram.org/resources/botanical-adulterants-prevention-program/laboratory-guidance-documents/st-johns-wort-laboratory-guidance-document-december-2021/. Accessed 25 Oct 2022
Silva AR, Taofiq O, Ferreira IC, Barros L (2021) Hypericum genus cosmeceutical application—a decade comprehensive review on its multifunctional biological properties. Ind Crops Prod 159:113053
Raclariu AC, Paltinean R, Vlase L, Labarre A, Manzanilla V, Ichim MC, Crisan G, Brysting AK, de Boer H (2017) Comparative authentication of Hypericum perforatum herbal products using DNA metabarcoding, TLC and HPLC-MS. Sci Rep 7:1291
Zhao J, Liu W, Wang J-C (2015) Recent advances regarding constituents and bioactivities of plants from the genus Hypericum. Chem Biodivers 12:309
Hu L-H, Sim K-Y (1998) Complex caged polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivatives, sampsoniones A and B, from Hypericum sampsonii. Tetrahedron Lett 39:7999
Al-Shehbaz IA (2012) A generic and tribal synopsis of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). Taxon 61:931
Wu X, Huang H, Childs H, Wu Y, Yu L, Pehrsson PR (2021) Glucosinolates in Brassica vegetables: characterization and factors that influence distribution, content, and intake. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 12:485
Đulović A, Burčul F, Čulić VČ, Ruščić M, Brzović P, Montaut S, Rollin P, Blažević I (2021) Lepidium graminifolium L.: glucosinolate profile and antiproliferative potential of volatile isolates. Molecules 26:5183
Blažević I, Montaut S, Burčul F, Rollin P (2015) Glucosinolates: novel sources and biological potential. In: Mérillon JM, Ramawat K (eds) Glucosinolates. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, p 3
Pagnotta E, Agerbirk N, Olsen CE, Ugolini L, Cinti S, Lazzeri L (2017) Hydroxyl and methoxyl derivatives of benzylglucosinolate in Lepidium densiflorum with hydrolysis to isothiocyanates and non-isothiocyanate products: substitution governs product type and mass spectral fragmentation. J Agric Food Chem 65:3167
Kwapong AA, Stapleton P, Gibbons S (2018) A new dimeric imidazole alkaloid plasmid conjugation inhibitor from Lepidium sativum. Tetrahedron Lett 59:1952
Maier UH, Gundlach H, Zenk MH (1998) Seven imidazole alkaloids from Lepidium sativum. Phytochemistry 49:1791
Jin W, Chen X, Dai P, Yu L (2016) Lepidiline C and D: two new imidazole alkaloids from Lepidium meyenii Walpers (Brassicaceae) roots. Phytochem Lett 17:158
Le HTN, Van Roy E, Dendooven E, Peeters L, Theunis M, Foubert K, Pieters L, Tuenter E (2021) Alkaloids from Lepidium meyenii (Maca), structural revision of macaridine and UPLC-MS/MS feature-based molecular networking. Phytochemistry 190:112863
Zhou M, Zhang R-Q, Chen Y-J, Liao L-M, Sun Y-Q, Ma Z-H, Yang Q-F, Li P, Ye Y-Q, Hu Q-F (2018) Three new pyrrole alkaloids from the roots of Lepidium meyenii. Phytochem Lett 23:137
Huang Y-J, Peng X-R, Qiu M-H (2018) Progress on the chemical constituents derived from glucosinolates in maca (Lepidium meyenii). Nat Prod Bioprospect 8:405
Wang S, Zhu F (2019) Chemical composition and health effects of maca (Lepidium meyenii). Food Chem 288:422
Zhang S-Z, Yang F, Shao J-L, Pu H-M, Ruan Z-Y, Yang W-L, Li H (2020) The metabolic formation profiles of macamides accompanied by the conversion of glucosinolates in maca (Lepidium meyenii) during natural air drying. Int J Food Sci Technol 55:2428
McCollom MM, Villinski JR, McPhail KL, Craker LE, Gafner S (2005) Analysis of macamides in samples of maca (Lepidium meyenii) by HPLC-UV-MS/MS. Phytochem Anal 16:463
Meisner HO, Mscisz A, Piatkowska E, Baraniak M, Mielcarek S, Kedzia B, Holderna-Kedzia E, Pisulewski P (2016) Peruvian maca (Lepidium peruvianum): (ii) phytochemical profiles of four prime maca phenotypes grown in two geographically-distant locations. Int J Biomed Sci 12:9
Geng P, Sun J, Chen P, Brand E, Frame J, Meissner H, Stewart J, Gafner S, Clark S, Miller J, Harnly J (2020) Characterization of maca (Lepidium meyenii/Lepidium peruvianum) using a mass spectral fingerprinting, metabolomic analysis, and genetic sequencing approach. Planta Med 86:674
Cullis C (2011) Linum. In: Kole C (ed) Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources: oilseeds. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, p 177
Westcott ND, Muir AD (2003) Chemical studies on the constituents of Linum spp. In: Muir AD, Westcott ND (eds), Flax: the genus Linum. CRC Press, London, p 67
Bernacchia R, Preti R, Vinci G (2014) Chemical composition and health benefits of flaxseed. Austin J Nutr Food Sci 2:1045
Ansari R, Zarshenas MM, Dadbakhsh AH (2019) A review on pharmacological and clinical aspects of Linum usitatissimum L. Curr Drug Discov Technol 16:148
Akter Y, Junaid M, Afrose SS, Nahrin A, Alam SM, Sharmin T, Akter R, Hosen ZSM (2021) A comprehensive review on Linum usitatissimum medicinal plant: its phytochemistry, pharmacology, and ethnomedicinal uses. Mini Rev Med Chem 21:2801
Engels G, Brinckmann J (2017) Lycium (goji berry). HerbalGram 113:8
Qian D, Zhao Y, Yang G, Huang L (2017) Systematic review of chemical constituents in the genus Lycium (Solanaceae). Molecules 22:911
Tian X, Liang T, Liu Y, Ding G, Zhang F, Ma Z (2019) Extraction, structural characterization, and biological functions of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides: a review. Biomolecules 9:389
Cheng J, Zhou Z-W, Sheng H-P, He L-J, Fan X-W, He Z-X, Sun T, Zhang X, Zhao RJ, Gu L, Cao C, Zhou S-F (2015) An evidence-based update on the pharmacological activities and possible molecular targets of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. Drug Des Devel Ther 9:33
Kwok SS, Bu Y, Cheuk-Yin Lo A, Chung-Yan Chan T, So KF, Shiu-Ming Lai J, Co Shih K (2019) A systematic review of potential therapeutic use of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in disease. BioMed Res Int 2019:4615745
Talebi SM, Sheidai M, Arianejad F, Mahdieh M (2022) Biosystematics relationships among Marrubium L. (Lamiaceae) species in Iran. Genet Resour Crop Evol 69:2833
Argyropoulou C, Karioti A, Skaltsa H (2009) Labdane diterpenes from Marrubium thessalum. Phytochemistry 70:635
Popoola OK, Elbagory AM, Ameer F, Hussein AA (2013) Marrubiin. Molecules 18:9049
Aćimović M, Jeremić K, Salaj N, Gavarić N, Kiprovski B, Sikora V, Zeremski T (2020) Marrubium vulgare L.: a phytochemical and pharmacological overview. Molecules 25:2898
Villanueva JR, Esteban JM, Villanueva LR (2017) A reassessment of the Marrubium vulgare L. herb's potential role in diabetes mellitus type 2: first results guide the investigation toward new horizons. Medicines 4:57
Brouillet L (2022) Matricaria. Flora of North America. http://floranorthamerica.org/Matricaria. Accessed 22 Jun 2022
Kolanos R, Stice SA (2021) German chamomile. In: Gupta RC, Lall R, Srivastava A (eds) Nutraceuticals: efficacy, safety, and toxicity, 2nd edn. Academic Press, London, p 757
Ghizlane H, Aziz B (2016) Pharmacological properties of some medicinal plants, its components and using fields. In: Watson RR, Preedy VR (eds) Fruits, vegetables, and herbs: bioactive foods in health promotion. Academic Press, London, San Diego, Cambridge, Oxford, p 41
El Mihyaoui A, Esteves da Silva JCG, Charfi S, Candela Castillo ME, Lamarti A, Arnao MB (2022) Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): a review of ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry and pharmacological uses. Life 12:479
Höferl M, Wanner J, Tabanca N, Ali A, Gochev V, Schmidt E, Kaul VK, Singh V, Jirovetz L (2020) Biological activity of Matricaria chamomilla essential oils of various chemotypes. Planta Med Int Open 7:e114
Tsivelika N, Sarrou E, Gusheva K, Pankou C, Koutsos T, Chatzopoulou P, Mavromatis A (2018) Phenotypic variation of wild chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) populations and their evaluation for medicinally important essential oil. Biochem Syst Ecol 80:21
Sharifi-Rad M, Nazaruk J, Polito L, Morais-Braga MFB, Rocha JE, Coutinho HDM, Salehi B, Tabanelli G, Montanari C, del Mar CM (2018) Matricaria genus as a source of antimicrobial agents: from farm to pharmacy and food applications. Microbiol Res 215:76
Kapalka GM (2010) Anxiety disorders. In: Kapalka GM (ed) Nutritional and herbal therapies for children and adolescents: a handbook for mental health clinicians. Academic Press, London, p 219
Petruľová-Poracká V, Repčák M, Vilková M, Imrich J (2013) Coumarins of Matricaria chamomilla L.: aglycones and glycosides. Food Chem 141:54
Bharathi LK, John KJ (2013) Introduction. In: Momordica genus in Asia—an overview. Springer, New Delhi, p 1
Nagarani G, Abirami A, Siddhuraju P (2014) Food prospects and nutraceutical attributes of Momordica species: a potential tropical bioresources—a review. Food Sci Hum Wellness 3:117
Laczkó-Zöld E, Bacsadi B, Horváth A, Csupor D (2021) Development and validation of a RP-HPLC-DAD method for quantification of charantin in Momordica charantia products. J Food Compos Anal 104:104161
Ramalhete C, Gonçalves BM, Barbosa F, Duarte N, Ferreira M-JU (2022) Momordica balsamina: phytochemistry and pharmacological potential of a gifted species. Phytochem Rev 21:617
Jia S, Shen M, Zhang F, Xie J (2017) Recent advances in Momordica charantia: functional components and biological activities. Int J Mol Sci 18:2555
Zhang F, Lin L, Xie J (2016) A mini-review of chemical and biological properties of polysaccharides from Momordica charantia. Int J Biol Macromol 92:246
Hsiao P-C, Liaw C-C, Hwang S-Y, Cheng H-L, Zhang L-J, Shen C-C, Hsu F-L, Kuo Y-H (2013) Antiproliferative and hypoglycemic cucurbitane-type glycosides from the fruits of Momordica charantia. J Agric Food Chem 61:2979
Badalamenti N, Modica A, Bazan G, Marino P, Bruno M (2022) The ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and biological properties of Nigella damascene—a review. Phytochemistry 198:113165
Salehi B, Quispe C, Imran M, Ul-Haq I, Živković J, Abu-Reidah IM, Sen S, Taheri Y, Acharya K, Azadi H (2021) Nigella plants—traditional uses, bioactive phytoconstituents, preclinical and clinical studies. Front Pharmacol 12:625386
Ahmad MF, Ahmad FA, Ashraf SA, Saad HH, Wahab S, Khan MI, Ali M, Mohan S, Hakeem KR, Athar MT (2021) An updated knowledge of black seed (Nigella sativa Linn.): review of phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties. J Herb Med 25:100404
Biswas SK, Kim D-E, Keum Y-S, Saini RK (2018) Metabolite profiling and antioxidant activities of white, red, and black rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains. J Food Meas Charact 12:2484
Pang Y, Ahmed S, Xu Y, Beta T, Zhu Z, Shao Y, Bao J (2018) Bound phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of whole grain and bran of white, red and black rice. Food Chem 240:212
Samyor D, Das AB, Deka SC (2017) Pigmented rice a potential source of bioactive compounds: a review. Int J Food Sci Technol 52:1073
Rungratanawanich W, Memo M, Uberti D (2018) Redox homeostasis and natural dietary compounds: focusing on antioxidants of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Nutrients 10:1605
Ito VC, Lacerda LG (2019) Black rice (Oryza sativa L.): a review of its historical aspects, chemical composition, nutritional and functional properties, and applications and processing technologies. Food Chem 301:125304
Goufo P, Trindade H (2014) Rice antioxidants: phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, tocopherols, tocotrienols, γ-oryzanol, and phytic acid. Food Sci Nutr 2:75
Song J, Luo J, Ma Z, Sun Q, Wu C, Li X (2019) Quality and authenticity control of functional red yeast rice—a review. Molecules 24:1944
Zhu B, Qi F, Wu J, Yin G, Hua J, Zhang Q, Qin L (2019) Red yeast rice: a systematic review of the traditional uses, chemistry, pharmacology, and quality control of an important Chinese folk medicine. Front Pharmacol 10:1449
Avula B, Cohen PA, Wang Y-H, Sagi S, Feng W, Wang M, Zweigenbaum J, Shuangcheng M, Khan IA (2014) Chemical profiling and quantification of monacolins and citrinin in red yeast rice commercial raw materials and dietary supplements using liquid chromatography-accurate QToF mass spectrometry: chemometrics application. J Pharm Biomed Anal 100:243
Zuo Y-J, Wen J, Zhou S-L (2017) Intercontinental and intracontinental biogeography of the eastern Asian–eastern North American disjunct Panax (the ginseng genus, Araliaceae), emphasizing its diversification processes in eastern Asia. Mol Phylogenet Evol 117:60
Jovanovski E, Lea-Duvnjak-Smircic KA, Au-Yeung F, Zurbau A, Jenkins AL, Sung M-K, Josse R, Vuksan V (2020) Vascular effects of combined enriched Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) administration in individuals with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 49:102338
Chen W, Balan P, Popovich DG (2019) Comparison of the ginsenoside composition of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) and their transformation pathways. In: Atta-ur-Rahman (ed) Studies in natural products chemistry, vol 63. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 161
Park SK, Hyun SH, In G, Park C-K, Kwak Y-S, Jang Y-J, Kim B, Kim J-H, Han C-K (2021) The antioxidant activities of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) and ginsenosides: a systemic review through in vivo and clinical trials. J Ginseng Res 45:41
Ichim MC, de Boer HJ (2021) A review of authenticity and authentication of commercial ginseng herbal medicines and food supplements. Front Pharmacol 11:612071
Yang Y, Ju Z, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Yang L, Wang Z (2021) Phytochemical analysis of Panax species: a review. J Ginseng Res 45:1
Ru W, Wang D, Xu Y, He X, Sun Y-E, Qian L, Zhou X, Qin Y (2015) Chemical constituents and bioactivities of Panax ginseng (C. A. Mey.). Drug Discov Ther 9:23
Huang X, Li N, Pu Y, Zhang T, Wang B (2019) Neuroprotective effects of ginseng phytochemicals: recent perspectives. Molecules 24:2939
Raman V, Avula B, Galal AM, Wang Y-H, Khan IA (2013) Microscopic and UPLC-UV-MS analyses of authentic and commercial yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe) bark samples. J Nat Med 67:42
Tam SW, Worcel M, Wyllie M (2001) Yohimbine: a clinical review. Pharmacol Ther 91:215
Lucas D, Neal-Kababick J, Zweigenbaum J (2015) Characterization and quantitation of yohimbine and its analogs in botanicals and dietary supplements using LC/QTOF-MS and LC/QQQ-MS for determination of the presence of bark extract and yohimbine adulteration. J AOAC Int 98:330
Cohen PA, Wang YH, Maller G, DeSouza R, Khan IA (2016) Pharmaceutical quantities of yohimbine found in dietary supplements in the USA. Drug Test Anal 8:357
Liu Y, Yu H-Y, Xu H-Z, Liu J-J, Meng X-G, Zhou M, Ruan H-L (2018) Alkaloids with immunosuppressive activity from the bark of Pausinystalia yohimbe. J Nat Prod 81:1841
Applequist WL (2015) A brief review of recent controversies in the taxonomy and nomenclature of Sambucus nigra sensu lato. Acta Hortic 1061:25
Thomas AL, Byers PL, Avery JD Jr, Kaps M, Gu S, Johnson HY, Millican M (2015) ‘Marge’: a European elderberry for North American producers. Acta Hortic 1061:191
Sidor A, Gramza-Michałowska A (2015) Advanced research on the antioxidant and health benefit of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) in food—a review. J Funct Foods 18:941
Przybylska-Balcerek A, Szablewski T, Szwajkowska-Michałek L, Świerk D, Cegielska-Radziejewska R, Krejpcio Z, Suchowilska E, Tomczyk Ł, Stuper-Szablewska K (2021) Sambucus nigra extracts—natural antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds. Molecules 26:2910
Mikulic-Petkovsek M, Schmitzer V, Slatnar A, Todorovic B, Veberic R, Stampar F, Ivancic A (2014) Investigation of anthocyanin profile of four elderberry species and interspecific hybrids. J Agric Food Chem 62:5573
Vlachojannis C, Zimmermann BF, Chrubasik-Hausmann S (2015) Quantification of anthocyanins in elderberry and chokeberry dietary supplements. Phytother Res 29:561
Lee J, Finn CE (2007) Anthocyanins and other polyphenolics in American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) and European elderberry (S. nigra) cultivars. J Sci Food Agric 87:2665
Tasinov O, Dincheva I, Badjakov I, Kiselova-Kaneva Y, Galunska B, Nogueiras R, Ivanova D (2021) Phytochemical composition, anti-inflammatory and ER stress-reducing potential of Sambucus ebulus L. fruit extract. Plants 10:2446
Mikulic-Petkovsek M, Ivancic A, Todorovic B, Veberic R, Stampar F (2015) Fruit phenolic composition of different elderberry species and hybrids. J Food Sci 80:C2180
Christensen LP, Kaack K, Fretté XC (2008) Selection of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) genotypes best suited for the preparation of elderflower extracts rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids. Eur Food Res Technol 227:293
Kaltsa O, Lakka A, Grigorakis S, Karageorgou I, Batra G, Bozinou E, Lalas S, Makris DP (2020) A green extraction process for polyphenols from elderberry (Sambucus nigra) flowers using deep eutectic solvent and ultrasound-assisted pretreatment. Molecules 25:921
Uzlasir T, Kadiroglu P, Selli S, Kelebek H (2021) LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS characterization of elderberry flower (Sambucus nigra) phenolic compounds in ethanol, methanol, and aqueous extracts. J Food Process Preserv 45:e14478
Buhrmester RA, Ebinger JE, Seigler DS (2000) Sambunigrin and cyanogenic variability in populations of Sambucus canadensis L. (Caprifoliaceae). Biochem Syst Ecol 28:689
Senica M, Stampar F, Mikulic-Petkovsek M (2019) Harmful (cyanogenic glycoside) and beneficial (phenolic) compounds in different Sambucus species. J Berry Res 9:395
Jiménez P, Cabrero P, Basterrechea JE, Tejero J, Cordoba-Diaz D, Cordoba-Diaz M, Girbes T (2014) Effects of short-term heating on total polyphenols, anthocyanins, antioxidant activity and lectins of different parts of dwarf elder (Sambucus ebulus L.). Plant Foods Hum Nutr 69:168
Jiménez P, Cabrero P, Cordoba-Diaz D, Cordoba-Diaz M, Garrosa M, Girbés T (2017) Lectin digestibility and stability of elderberry antioxidants to heat treatment in vitro. Molecules 22:95
Senica M, Stampar F, Veberic R, Mikulic-Petkovsek M (2016) Processed elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) products: a beneficial or harmful food alternative? Food Sci Technol 72:182
Waswa EN, Li J, Mkala EM, Wanga VO, Mutinda ES, Nanjala C, Odago WO, Katumo DM, Gichua MK, Gituru RW, Hu G-W, Wang Q-F (2022) Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of the genus Sambucus L. (Viburnaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 292:115102
Schmitzer V, Veberic R, Stampar F (2012) European elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) and American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis L.): botanical, chemical and health properties of flowers, berries and their products. In: Tuberoso CIG (ed) Berries: properties, consumption and nutrition. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, NY, p 127
Ferreira SS, Silva AM, Nunes FM (2020) Sambucus nigra L. fruits and flowers: chemical composition and related bioactivities. Food Rev Int 38:1237
The World Flora Online (2022) Serenoa Hook.f. http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000035109. Accessed 14 Sept 2022
Kwon Y (2019) Use of saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) extract for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Food Sci Biotechnol 28:1599
Saw palmetto (2000) USP 24-NF 19. United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD
Agbabiaka TB, Pittler MH, Wider B, Ernst E (2009) Serenoa repens (saw palmetto): a systematic review of adverse events. Drug Saf 32:637
Gresta F, Avola G, Guarnaccia P (2007) Agronomic characterization of some spontaneous genotypes of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) in Mediterranean environment. J Herbs Spices Med Plants 12:51
Marceddu R, Dinolfo L, Carrubba A, Sarno M, Di Miceli G (2022) Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) as a novel multipurpose crop for agriculture in marginal environments: a review. Agronomy 12:729
McCutcheon A (2020) Adulteration of milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Available via American Botanical Council. https://www.herbalgram.org/resources/botanical-adulterants-prevention-program/adulterants-bulletins/milk-thistle-bulletin-october-2020/ Accessed 19 Oct 2022
Křen V, Valentová K (2022) Silybin and its congeners: from traditional medicine to molecular effects. Nat Prod Rep 39:1264
Basu SK, Zandi P, Cetzal-Ix W (2019) Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.): distribution, genetic diversity, and potential to serve as an industrial crop for the global pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and functional food industries. In: Singh RB, Watson RR, Takahashi T (eds) The role of functional food security in global health. Academic Press, London, p 471
The World Flora Online (2022) Trigonella L. http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000039145. Accessed 14 Sept 2022
Mandal S, DebMandal M (2016) Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) oils. In: Preedy VR (ed) Essential oils in food preservation, flavor and safety. Academic Press, London, p 421
Nagulapalli Venkata KC, Swaroop A, Bagchi D, Bishayee A (2017) A small plant with big benefits: fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.) for disease prevention and health promotion. Mol Nutr Food Res 61:1600950
Dini I (2018) Spices and herbs as therapeutic foods. In: Holban AM, Grumezescu AM (eds) Food quality: balancing health and disease. Academic Press, London, p 433
Pal D, Mukherjee S (2020) Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum) seeds in health and nutrition. In: Preedy VR, Watson RR (eds) Nuts and seeds in health and disease prevention, 2nd edn. Academic Press, London, p 161
Gupta RC, Doss RB, Garg RC, Srivastava A, Lall R, Sinha A (2021) Fenugreek: multiple health benefits. In: Gupta RC, Lall R, Srivastava A (eds) Nutraceuticals, 2nd edn. Academic Press, London, p 585
Shawky E, Sobhy AA, Ghareeb DA, Eldin SMS, Selim DA (2022) Comparative metabolomics analysis of bioactive constituents of the leaves of different Trigonella species: correlation study to α-amylase and α-glycosidase inhibitory effects. Ind Crops Prod 182:114947
Song G-Q, Hancock JF (2011) Vaccinium. In: Kole C (ed) Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources: temperate fruits. Springer, Berlin, p 197
Brendler T, Howell A (2020) American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) and the maintenance of urinary tract health. In: Máthé Á (ed) Medicinal and aromatic plants of North America. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, p 81
Hurkova K, Uttl L, Rubert J, Navratilova K, Kocourek V, Stranska-Zachariasova M, Paprstein F, Hajslova J (2019) Cranberries versus lingonberries: a challenging authentication of similar Vaccinium fruit. Food Chem 284:162
Cesonienė L, Daubaras R, Jasutienė I, Venclovienė J, Miliauskienė I (2011) Evaluation of the biochemical components and chromatic properties of the juice of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton and Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 66:238
Brown PN, Turi CE, Shipley PR, Murch SJ (2012) Comparisons of large (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) and small (Vaccinium oxycoccos L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) cranberry in British Columbia by phytochemical determination, antioxidant potential, and metabolomic profiling with chemometric analysis. Planta Med 78:630
Lee J, Finn CE (2012) Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) grown in the Pacific Northwest of North America: anthocyanin and free amino acid composition. J Funct Foods 4:213
Krueger CG, Reed JD, Feliciano RP, Howell AB (2013) Quantifying and characterizing proanthocyanidins in cranberries in relation to urinary tract health. Anal Bioanal Chem 405:4385
Jungfer E, Zimmermann BF, Ruttkat A, Galensa R (2012) Comparing procyanidins in selected Vaccinium species by UHPLC-MS2 with regard to authenticity and health effects. J Agric Food Chem 60:9688
Nemzer BV, Al-Taher F, Yashin A, Revelsky I, Yashin Y (2022) Cranberry: chemical composition, antioxidant activity and impact on human health: overview. Molecules 27:1503
Blumberg JB, Camesano TA, Cassidy A, Kris-Etherton P, Howell A, Manach C, Ostertag LM, Sies H, Skulas-Ray A, Vita JA (2013) Cranberries and their bioactive constituents in human health. Adv Nutr 4:618
Houghton PJ (1988) The biological activity of Valerian and related plants. J Ethnopharmacol 22:121
Houghton PJ (1997) The chemistry of Valeriana. In: Houghton PJ (ed) Valerian: the genus Valeriana. CRC Press, London, p 21
Bos R, Hendriks H, Scheffer JJC, Woerdenbag HJ (1998) Cytotoxic potential of valerian constituents and valerian tinctures. Phytomedicine 5:219
Hobbs C (1989) Valerian (Valeriana officinalis): a literature review. HerbalGram 21:19
Estrada-Soto S, Rivera-Leyva J, Ramírez-Espinosa JJ, Castillo-España P, Aguirre-Crespo F, Hernández-Abreu O (2010) Vasorelaxant effect of Valeriana edulis ssp. procera (Valerianaceae) and its mode of action as calcium channel blocker. J Pharm Pharmacol 62:1167
Gehlot A, Chaudhary N, Devi J, Joshi R, Kumar D, Bhushan S (2022) Induction and submerged cultivation of Valeriana jatamansi adventitious root cultures for production of valerenic acids and its derivatives. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 148:347
Singh N, Gupta AP, Singh B, Kaul VK (2006) Quantification of valerenic acid in Valeriana jatamansi and Valeriana officinalis by HPTLC. Chromatographia 63:209
Raal A, Arak E, Orav A, Kailas T, Müürisepp M (2007) Variation in the composition of the essential oil of commercial Valeriana officinalis L. roots from different countries. J Essent Oil Res 20:524
Bhatt ID, Dauthal P, Rawat S, Gaira KS, Jugran A, Rawal RS, Dhar U (2012) Characterization of essential oil composition, phenolic content, and antioxidant properties in wild and planted individuals of Valeriana jatamansi Jones. Sci Hortic 136:61
Alfaro-Romero A, Balderas-López JL, Duarte-Lisci G, Navarrete A (2016) Root scent composition in Valeriana officinalis and Valeriana edulis ssp. procera analyzed by HS-SPME-GC-MS. J Essent Oil-Bear Plants 19:1821
Navarrete A, Avula B, Choi Y-W, Khan IA (2006) Chemical fingerprinting of Valeriana species: simultaneous determination of valerenic acids, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J AOAC Int 89:8
Patočka J, Jakl J (2010) Biomedically relevant chemical constituents of Valeriana officinalis. J Appl Biomed 8:11
Atta-ur-Rahman, Dur-e-Shahwar, Naz A, Choudhary MI (2003) Withanolides from Withania coagulans. Phytochemistry 63:387
Girme A, Saste G, Pawar S, Balasubramaniam AK, Musande K, Darji B, Satti NK, Verma MK, Anand R, Singh R, Vishwakarma RA, Hingorani L (2020) Investigating 11 withanosides and withanolides by UHPLC-PDA and mass fragmentation studies from ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). ACS Omega 5:27933
White PT, Subramanian C, Motiwala HF, Cohen MS (2016) Natural withanolides in the treatment of chronic diseases. In: Gupta SC, Prasad S, Aggarwal BB (eds) Anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals and chronic diseases. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, p 329
Xia G-Y, Cao S-J, Chen L-X, Qiu F (2022) Natural withanolides, an update. Nat Prod Rep 39:784
Mirjalili MH, Moyano E, Bonfill M, Cusido RM, Palazón J (2009) Steroidal lactones from Withania somnifera, an ancient plant for novel medicine. Molecules 14:2373
Dhanani T, Shah S, Gajbhiye NA, Kumar S (2017) Effect of extraction methods on yield, phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Withania somnifera. Arab J Chem 10:S1193
Jain R, Kachhwaha S, Kothari SL (2012) Phytochemistry, pharmacology, and biotechnology of Withania somnifera and Withania coagulans: a review. J Med Plant Res. 6:5388
Dutta R, Khalil R, Green R, Mohapatra SS, Mohapatra S (2019) Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) and withaferin A: potential in integrative oncology. Int J Mol Sci 20:5310
Ali A, Maher S, Khan SA, Chaudhary MI, Musharraf SG (2015) Sensitive quantification of six steroidal lactones in Withania coagulans extract by UHPLC electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Steroids 104:176
Modi SJ, Tiwari A, Ghule C, Pawar S, Saste G, Jagtap S, Singh R, Deshmukh A, Girme A, Hingorani L (2022) Pharmacokinetic study of withanosides and withanolides from Withania somnifera using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Molecules 27:1476
Subbaraju GV, Vanisree M, Rao CV, Sivaramakrishna C, Sridhar P, Jayaprakasam B, Nair MG (2006) Ashwagandhanolide, a bioactive dimeric thiowithanolide isolated from the roots of Withania somnifera. J Nat Prod 69:1790
Khan MI, Maqsood M, Saeed RA, Alam A, Sahar A, Kieliszek M, Miecznikowski A, Muzammil HS, Aadil RM (2021) Phytochemistry, food application, and therapeutic potential of the medicinal plant Withania coagulans: a review. Molecules 26:6881
Alam N, Hossain M, Khalil MI, Moniruzzaman M, Sulaiman SA, Gan SH (2011) High catechin concentrations detected in Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. BMC Complement Altern Med 11:65
Filipiak-Szok A, Kurzawa M, Szłyk E, Twarużek M, Błajet-Kosicka A, Grajewski J (2017) Determination of mycotoxins, alkaloids, phytochemicals, antioxidants and cytotoxicity in Asiatic ginseng (Ashwagandha, Dong quai, Panax ginseng). Chem Zvesti 71:1073
Maqsood M, Qureshi R, Ikram M, Ahmad MS, Jabeen B, Asi MR, Khan JA, Ali S, Lilge L (2018) In vitro anticancer activities of Withania coagulans against HeLa, MCF-7, RD, RG2, and INS-1 cancer cells and phytochemical analysis. Integr Med Res 7:184
Mundkinajeddu D, Sawant LP, Koshy R, Akunuri P, Singh VK, Mayachari A, Sharaf MH, Balasubramanian M, Agarwal A (2014) Development and validation of high performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous estimation of flavonoid glycosides in Withania somnifera aerial parts. Int Sch Res Notices 2014:351547
Singh P, Guleri R, Singh V, Kaur G, Kataria H, Singh B, Kaur G, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R, Pati PK (2015) Biotechnological interventions in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 31:1
Shukla K, Dikshit P, Shukla R, Gambhir JK (2012) The aqueous extract of Withania coagulans fruit partially reverses nicotinamide/streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. J Med Food 15:718
Jayaprakasam B, Strasburg GA, Nair MG (2004) Potent lipid peroxidation inhibitors from Withania somnifera fruits. Tetrahedron 60:3109
Patil S, Shinde RD, Leong-Škorničková J, Chaudhari R (2021) Fixing stray traditions in gingers: the identity and nomenclatural history of Zingiber neesanum and other entwined names. Taxon 70:1339
Khan S, Pandotra P, Qazi AK, Lone SA, Muzafar M, Gupta AP, Gupta S (2016) Medicinal and nutritional qualities of Zingiber officinale. In: Watson RR, Preedy VR (eds) Fruits, vegetables, and herbs. Academic Press, London, p 525
Mbaveng AT, Kuete V (2017) Zingiber officinale. In: Kuete V (ed) Medicinal spices and vegetables from Africa. Academic Press, London, p 627
Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Combrinck S, Viljoen AM (2015) Gingerols and shogaols: Important nutraceutical principles from ginger. Phytochemistry 117:554
Mao Q-Q, Xu X-Y, Cao S-Y, Gan R-Y, Corke H, Beta T, Li H-B (2019) Bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Foods 8:185
Baliga MS, Shivashankara AR, Haniadka R, Palatty PL, Arora R, Fayad R (2013) Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): an ancient remedy and modern drug in gastrointestinal disorders. In: Watson RR, Preedy VR (eds) Bioactive food as dietary interventions for liver and gastrointestinal disease. Academic Press, San Diego, p 187
Wuttke W, Jarry H, Haunschild J, Stecher G, Schuh M, Seidlova-Wuttke D (2014) The non-estrogenic alternative for the treatment of climacteric complaints: black cohosh (Cimicifuga or Actaea racemosa). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 139:302
Einbond LS, Shimizu M, Xiao D, Nuntanakorn P, Lim JTE, Suzui M, Seter C, Pertel T, Kennelly EJ, Kronenberg F, Weinstein IB (2004) Growth inhibitory activity of extracts and purified components of black cohosh on human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 83:221
Yue GG-L, Xie S, Lee JK-M, Kwok H-F, Gao S, Nian Y, Wu X-X, Wong C-K, Qiu M-H, Lau CB-S (2016) New potential beneficial effects of actein, a triterpene glycoside isolated from Cimicifuga species, in breast cancer treatment. Sci Rep 6:35263
Düker E-M, Kopanski L, Jarry H, Wuttke W (1991) Effects of extracts from Cimicifuga racemosa on gonadotropin release in menopausal women and ovariectomized rats. Planta Med 57:420
Mathew B, Biju RS (2008) Neuroprotective effects of garlic: a review. Libyan J Med 3:23
Gull I, Saeed M, Shaukat H, Aslam SM, Samra ZQ, Athar AM (2012) Inhibitory effect of Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale extracts on clinically important drug resistant pathogenic bacteria. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 11:8
Matsuura H, Ushiroguchi T, Itakura Y, Hayashi N, Fuwa T (1988) A furostanol glycoside from garlic, bulbs of Allium sativum L. Chem Pharm Bull 36:3659
Lanzotti V, Barile E, Antignani V, Bonanomi G, Scala F (2012) Antifungal saponins from bulbs of garlic, Allium sativum L. var. voghiera. Phytochemistry 78:126
Gebhardt R, Beck H (1996) Differential inhibitory effects of garlic-derived organosulfur compounds on cholesterol biosynthesis in primary rat hepatocyte cultures. Lipids 31:1269
Sobenin IA, Nedosugova LV, Filatova LV, Balabolkin MI, Gorchakova TV, Orekhov AN (2008) Metabolic effects of time-released garlic powder tablets in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the results of double-blinded placebo-controlled study. Acta Diabetol 45:1
Sobenin IA, Pryanishnikov VV, Kunnova LM, Rabinovich YA, Martirosyan DM, Orekhov AN (2010) The effects of time-released garlic powder tablets on multifunctional cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary artery disease. Lipids Health Dis 9:119
Țigu AB, Moldovan CS, Toma V-A, Farcaș AD, Moț AC, Jurj A, Fischer-Fodor E, Mircea C, Pârvu M (2021) Phytochemical analysis and in vitro effects of Allium fistulosum L. and Allium sativum L. extracts on human normal and tumor cell lines: a comparative study. Molecules 26:574
Jung Y, Park H, Zhao HY, Jeon R, Ryu JH, Kim WY (2014) Systemic approaches identify a garlic-derived chemical, Z-ajoene, as a glioblastoma multiforme cancer stem cell-specific targeting agent. Mol Cells 37:547
Womble D, Helderman JH (1988) Enhancement of allo-resposiveness of human lymphocytes by acemannan (CarrisynTM). Int J Immunopharmacol 10:967
Im S-A, Oh S-T, Song S, Kim M-R, Kim D-S, Woo S-S, Jo TH, Park YI, Lee C-K (2005) Identification of optimal molecular size of modified Aloe polysaccharides with maximum immunomodulatory activity. Int Immunopharmacol 5:271
Quezada MP, Salinas C, Gotteland M, Cardemil L (2017) Acemannan and fructans from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) plants as novel prebiotics. J Agric Food Chem 65:10029
Purwar R (2019) Antimicrobial textiles. In: Shahid-ul I, Butola BS (eds) The impact and prospects of green chemistry for textile technology. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, MA, p 281
Salah F, Ghoul YE, Mahdhi A, Majdoub H, Jarroux N, Sakli F (2017) Effect of the deacetylation degree on the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of acemannan from Aloe vera. Ind Crops Prod 103:13
Ali SW, Purwar R, Joshi M, Rajendran S (2014) Antibacterial properties of Aloe vera gel-finished cotton fabric. Cellulose 21:2063
Yates KM, Rosenberg LJ, Harris CK, Bronstad DC, King GK, Biehle GA, Walker B, Ford CR, Hall JE, Tizard IR (1992) Pilot study of the effect of acemannan in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 35:177
Huseini HF, Kianbakht S, Hajiaghaee R, Dabaghian FH (2012) Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hypercholesterolemic effects of Aloe vera leaf gel in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Planta Med 78:311
Bunyapraphatsara N, Yongchaiyudha S, Rungpitarangsi V, Chokechaijaroenporn O (1996) Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera L. juice II. Clinical trial in diabetes mellitus patients in combination with glibenclamide. Phytomedicine 3:245
Mesripour A, Moghimi F, Rafieian-Kopaie M (2016) The effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark water extract on memory performance in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Res Pharm Sci 11:318
Wariyapperuma WANM, Kannangara S, Wijayasinghe YS, Subramanium S, Jayawardena B (2020) In vitro anti-diabetic effects and phytochemical profiling of novel varieties of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (L.) extracts. PeerJ 8:e10070
Witkamp R (2010) Biologically active compounds in food products and their effects on obesity and diabetes. In: Liu HW, Mander L (eds) Comprehensive natural products II: chemistry and biology. Elsevier Science, London, p 509
Ono E, Inoue J, Hashidume T, Shimizu M, Sato R (2011) Anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic effects of the dietary citrus limonoid nomilin in mice fed a high-fat diet. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 410:677
Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Keith SC, Keith PL, Miller H, Kaats GR (2011) Effects of p-synephrine alone and in combination with selected bioflavonoids on resting metabolism, blood pressure, heart rate and self-reported mood changes. Int J Med Sci 8:295
Haller C, Duan M, Jacob P, Benowitz N (2008) Human pharmacology of a performance-enhancing dietary supplement under resting and exercise conditions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 65:833
Ruiz-Moreno C, Del Coso J, Giráldez-Costas V, González-García J, Gutiérrez-Hellín J (2021) Effects of p-synephrine during exercise: a brief narrative review. Nutrients 13:233
Deshmukh N, Stohs S, Magar C, Kale A, Sowmya B (2017) Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.) extract subchronic 90-day safety study in rats. Toxicol Rep 4:598
Shara M, Stohs SJ, Smadi MM (2018) Safety evaluation of p-synephrine following 15 days of oral administration to healthy subjects: a clinical study. Phytother Res 32:125
Zorniak M, Szydlo B, Krzeminski TF (2017) Crataegus special extract WS 1442: up-to-date review of experimental and clinical experiences. J Physiol Pharmacol 68:521
Tassell MC, Kingston R, Gilroy D, Lehane M, Furey A (2010) Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Pharmacogn Rev 4:32
Al Makdessi S, Sweidan H, Dietz K, Jacob R (1999) Protective effect of Crataegus oxyacantha against reperfusion arrhythmias after global no-flow ischemia in the rat heart. Basic Res Cardiol 94:71
Brixius K, Willms S, Napp A, Tossios P, Ladage D, Bloch W, Mehlhorn U, Schwinger RHG (2006) Crataegus special extract WS®1442 induces an endothelium-dependent, no-mediated vasorelaxation via enos-phosphorylation at serine 1177. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 20:177
Mackenzie GG, Carrasquedo F, Delfino JM, Keen CL, Fraga CG, Oteiza PI (2003) Epicatechin, catechin, and dimeric procyanidins inhibit PMA-induced NF-kappaB activation at multiple steps in Jurkat T cells. FASEB J 18:167
Jayanarayanan S, Smijin S, Peeyush KT, Anju TR, Paulose CS (2013) NMDA and AMPA receptor mediated excitotoxicity in cerebral cortex of streptozotocin induced diabetic rat: ameliorating effects of curcumin. Chem Biol Interact 201:39
Kuroda M, Mimaki Y, Nishiyama T, Mae T, Kishida H, Tsukagawa M, Takahashi K, Kawada T, Nakagawa K, Kitahara M (2005) Hypoglycemic effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa L. rhizomes) on genetically diabetic KK-Ay mice. Biol Pharm Bull 28:937
Holubarsch CJ, Colucci WS, Meinertz T, Gaus W, Tendera M (2008) The efficacy and safety of Crataegus extract WS® 1442 in patients with heart failure: the SPICE trial. Eur J Heart Fail 10:1255
Zhang Z, Ho WKK, Huang Y, James AE, Wang Lam L, Chen Z-Y (2002) Hawthorn fruit is hypolipidemic in rabbits fed a high cholesterol diet. J Nutr 132:5
Yee WL, Wang Q, Agdinaoay T, Ko D, Chang H, Grandinetti A, Franke AA, Theriault A (2002) Green tea catechins decrease apolipoprotein B-100 secretion from HepG2 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 229:85
Montagut G, Baiges I, Valls J, Terra X, del Bas JM, Vitrac X, Richard T, Mérillon J-M, Arola L, Blay M, Bladé C, Fernández-Larrea J, Pujadas G, Salvadó J, Ardévol A (2009) A trimer plus a dimer-gallate reproduce the bioactivity described for an extract of grape seed procyanidins. Food Chem 116:265
Kim J, Lee I, Seo J, Jung M, Kim Y, Yim N, Bae K (2010) Vitexin, orientin and other flavonoids from Spirodela polyrhiza inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Phytother Res 24:1543
Elango C, Devaraj SN (2010) Immunomodulatory effect of hawthorn extract in an experimental stroke model. J Neuroinflammation 7:97
Borghi SM, Carvalho TT, Staurengo-Ferrari L, Hohmann MS, Pinge-Filho P, Casagrande R, Verri WA Jr (2013) Vitexin inhibits inflammatory pain in mice by targeting TRPV1, oxidative stress, and cytokines. J Nat Prod 76:1141
Zhang LJ, Wu CF, Meng XL, Yuan D, Cai XD, Wang QL, Yang JY (2008) Comparison of inhibitory potency of three different curcuminoid pigments on nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor production of rat primary microglia induced by lipopolysaccharide. Neurosci Lett 447:48
Chen F, Wang H, Xiang X, Yuan J, Chu W, Xue X, Zhu H, Ge H, Zou M, Feng H, Lin J (2014) Curcumin increased the differentiation rate of neurons in neural stem cells via wnt signaling in vitro study. J Surg Res 192:298
Zingg J-M, Hasan ST, Cowan D, Ricciarelli R, Azzi A, Meydani M (2012) Regulatory effects of curcumin on lipid accumulation in monocytes/macrophages. J Cell Biochem 113:833
Zhao J-F, Ching L-C, Huang Y-C, Chen C-Y, Chiang A-N, Kou YR, Shyue S-K, Lee T-S (2012) Molecular mechanism of curcumin on the suppression of cholesterol accumulation in macrophage foam cells and atherosclerosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 56:691
Kim YS, Kwon JS, Cho YK, Jeong MH, Cho JG, Park JC, Kang JC, Ahn Y (2012) Curcumin reduces the cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury: involvement of the toll-like receptor 2 in cardiomyocytes. J Nutr Biochem 23:1514
Yodkeeree S, Chaiwangyen W, Garbisa S, Limtrakul P (2009) Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin differentially inhibit cancer cell invasion through the down-regulation of MMPs and uPA. J Nutr Biochem 20:87
Simon A, Allais DP, Duroux JP, Basly JP, Durand-Fontanier S, Delage C (1998) Inhibitory effect of curcuminoids on MCF-7 cell proliferation and structure-activity relationships. Cancer Lett 129:111
Lin H-Y, Lin J-N, Ma J-W, Yang N-S, Ho C-T, Kuo S-C, Way T-D (2015) Demethoxycurcumin induces autophagic and apoptotic responses on breast cancer cells in photodynamic therapy. J Funct Foods 12:439
Prasad CP, Rath G, Mathur S, Bhatnagar D, Ralhan R (2010) Expression analysis of maspin in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast and modulation of its expression by curcumin in breast cancer cell lines. Chem Biol Interact 183:455
Nelson KM, Dahlin JL, Bisson J, Graham J, Pauli GF, Walters MA (2017) The essential medicinal chemistry of curcumin. J Med Chem 60:1620
Aucoin M, Cooley K, Saunders PR, Carè J, Anheyer D, Medina DN, Cardozo V, Remy D, Hannan N, Garber A (2020) The effect of Echinacea spp. on the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 and other respiratory tract infections in humans: a rapid review. Adv Integr Med 7:203
Woelkart K, Bauer R (2007) The role of alkamides as an active principle of Echinacea. Planta Med 73:615
Sharifi-Rad M, Mnayer D, Morais-Braga MFB, Carneiro JNP, Bezerra CF, Coutinho HDM, Salehi B, Martorell M, Del Mar CM, Soltani-Nejad A, Uribe YAH, Yousaf Z, Iriti M, Sharifi-Rad J (2018) Echinacea plants as antioxidant and antibacterial agents: from traditional medicine to biotechnological applications. Phytother Res 32:1653
Fu R, Zhang P, Deng Z, Jin G, Guo Y, Zhang Y (2021) Diversity of antioxidant ingredients among Echinacea species. Ind Crops Prod 170:113699
Kim H, Calderón AI (2022) Rational and safe use of the top two botanical dietary supplements to enhance the immune system. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 25:1129
Manayi A, Vazirian M, Saeidnia S (2015) Echinacea purpurea: pharmacology, phytochemistry and analysis methods. Pharmacogn Rev 9:63
Woelkart K, Xu W, Pei Y, Makriyannis A, Picone RP, Bauer R (2005) The endocannabinoid system as a target for alkamides from Echinacea angustifolia roots. Planta Med 71:701
Raduner S, Majewska A, Chen JZ, Xie XQ, Hamon J, Faller B, Altmann KH, Gertsch J (2006) Alkylamides from Echinacea are a new class of cannabinomimetics. Cannabinoid type 2 receptor-dependent and -independent immunomodulatory effects. J Biol Chem 281:14192
Chen H, Jing FC, Li CL, Tu PF, Zheng QS, Wang ZH (2007) Echinacoside prevents the striatal extracellular levels of monoamine neurotransmitters from diminution in 6-hydroxydopamine lesion rats. J Ethnopharmacol 114:285
Burlou-Nagy C, Bănică F, Jurca T, Vicaș LG, Marian E, Muresan ME, Bácskay I, Kiss R, Fehér P, Pallag A (2022) Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench: biological and pharmacological properties. A review. Plants 11:1244
Li F, Yang Y, Zhu P, Chen W, Qi D, Shi X, Zhang C, Yang Z, Li P (2012) Echinacoside promotes bone regeneration by increasing OPG/RANKL ratio in MC3T3-E1 cells. Fitoterapia 83:1443
Wang W, Luo J, Liang Y, Li X (2016) Echinacoside suppresses pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell growth by inducing apoptosis via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Mol Med Rep 13:2613
Zhu D, Zhang N, Zhou X, Zhang M, Liu Z, Liu X (2017) Cichoric acid regulates the hepatic glucose homeostasis via AMPK pathway and activates the antioxidant response in high glucose-induced hepatocyte injury. RSC Adv 7:1363
McDougall B, King PJ, Wu BW, Hostomsky Z, Reinecke MG, Robinson WE (1998) Dicaffeoylquinic and dicaffeoyltartaric acids are selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:140
Wang Z, Wang D, Yang D, Zhen W, Zhang J, Peng S (2018) The effect of icariin on bone metabolism and its potential clinical application. Osteoporos Int 29:535
Gao J, Xiang S, Wei X, Yadav RI, Han M, Zheng W, Zhao L, Shi Y, Cao Y (2021) Icariin promotes the osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through regulating sclerostin and activating the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Biomed Res Int 2021:6666836
Li C, Li Q, Mei Q, Lu T (2015) Pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetic properties of icariin, the major bioactive component in Herba Epimedii. Life Sci 126:57
Jin J, Wang H, Hua X, Chen D, Huang C, Chen Z (2019) An outline for the pharmacological effect of icariin in the nervous system. Eur J Pharmacol 842:20
Bi Z, Zhang W, Yan X (2022) Anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects of icariin and icaritin. Biomed Pharmacother 151:113180
Wang Y, Zhu T, Wang M, Zhang F, Zhang G, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Wu E, Li X (2019) Icariin attenuates M1 activation of microglia and Aβ plaque accumulation in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex by up-regulating PPARγ in restraint/isolation-stressed APP/PS1 mice. Front Neurosci 13:291
Zhang X, Kang Z, Li Q, Zhang J, Cheng S, Chang H, Wang S, Cao S, Li T, Li J, Wang Y, Song Y, Yu H (2018) Antigen-adjuvant effects of icariin in enhancing tumor-specific immunity in mastocytoma-bearing DBA/2J mice. Biomed Pharmacother 99:810
de Oliveira PRB, da Costa CA, de Bem GF, Cordeiro VS, Santos IB, de Carvalho LC, da Conceição EP, Lisboa PC, Ognibene DT, Sousa PJ, Martins GR, da Silva AJ, de Moura RS, Resende AC (2015) Euterpe oleracea Mart.-derived polyphenols protect mice from diet-induced obesity and fatty liver by regulating hepatic lipogenesis and cholesterol excretion. PLoS One 10:e0143721
Gordon A, Cruz APG, Cabral LMC, de Freitas SC, Taxi CMAD, Donangelo CM, de Andrade Mattietto R, Friedrich M, da Matta VM, Marx F (2012) Chemical characterization and evaluation of antioxidant properties of açaí fruits (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) during ripening. Food Chem 133:256
Sadowska-Krępa E, Kłapcińska B, Podgórski T, Szade B, Tyl K, Hadzik A (2015) Effects of supplementation with açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) berry-based juice blend on the blood antioxidant defence capacity and lipid profile in junior hurdlers. A pilot study. Biol Sport 32:161
Martino HSD, dos Santos Dias MM, Noratto G, Talcott S, Mertens-Talcott SU (2016) Anti-lipidaemic and anti-inflammatory effect of açaí (Euterpe oleracea Martius) polyphenols on 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Funct Foods 23:432
Oliveira de Souza M, Souza E Silva L, Lopes de Brito Magalhães C, Baroos de Figueiredo B, Costa DC, Silva ME, Pedrosa ML (2012) The hypocholesterolemic activity of açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) is mediated by the enhanced expression of the ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G transporters 5 and 8 and low-density lipoprotein receptor genes in the rat. Nutr Res 32:976
Tsuda T, Ueno Y, Yoshikawa T, Kojo H, Osawa T (2006) Microarray profiling of gene expression in human adipocytes in response to anthocyanins. Biochem Pharmacol 71:1184
Thilavech T, Adisakwattana S (2019) Cyanidin-3-rutinoside acts as a natural inhibitor of intestinal lipid digestion and absorption. BMC Complement Altern Med 19:242
Choppa T, Selvaraj CI, Zachariah A (2015) Evaluation and characterization of Malabar tamarind [Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr.] seed oil. J Food Sci Technol 52:5906
Roy S, Rink C, Khanna S, Phillips C, Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Sen CK (2004) Body weight and abdominal fat gene expression profile in response to a novel hydroxycitric acid-based dietary supplement. Gene Expr 11:251
Mazzio EA, Soliman KF (2009) In vitro screening for the tumoricidal properties of international medicinal herbs. Phytother Res 23:385
Pan MH, Chang WL, Lin-Shiau SY, Ho CT, Lin JK (2001) Induction of apoptosis by garcinol and curcumin through cytochrome c release and activation of caspases in human leukemia HL-60 cells. J Agric Food Chem 49:1464
Di Micco S, Masullo M, Bandak AF, Berger JM, Riccio R, Piacente S, Bifulco G (2019) Garcinol and related polyisoprenylated benzophenones as topoisomerase II inhibitors: biochemical and molecular modeling studies. J Nat Prod 82:2768
Venkateswara Rao G, Karunakara AC, Santhosh Babu RR, Ranjit D, Chandrasekara Reddy G (2010) Hydroxycitric acid lactone and its salts: preparation and appetite suppression studies. Food Chem 120:235
Anton SD, Shuster J, Leeuwenburgh C (2011) Investigations of botanicals on food intake, satiety, weight loss and oxidative stress: study protocol of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Chin J Integr Med 9:1190
Xu SL, Choi RCY, Zhu KY, Leung K-W, Guo AJ, Bi D, Xu H, Lau DTW, Dong TTX, Tsim KWK (2012) Isorhamnetin, a flavonol aglycone from Ginkgo biloba L., induces neuronal differentiation of cultured PC12 cells: potentiating the effect of nerve growth factor. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2012:278273
Chen T-R, Wei L-H, Guan X-Q, Huang C, Liu Z-Y, Wang F-J, Hou J, Jin Q, Liu Y-F, Wen P-H, Zhang S-J, Ge G-B, Guo W-Z (2019) Biflavones from Ginkgo biloba as inhibitors of human thrombin. Bioorg Chem 92:103199
Cho Y-L, Park J-G, Kang HJ, Kim W, Cho MJ, Jang J-H, Kwon M-G, Kim S, Lee S-H, Lee J, Kim Y-G, Park Y-J, Kim WK, Bae K-H, Kwon B-M, Chung SJ, Min J-K (2019) Ginkgetin, a biflavone from Ginkgo biloba leaves, prevents adipogenesis through STAT5-mediated PPARγ and C/EBPα regulation. Pharmacol Res 139:325
Liu P-K, Weng Z-M, Ge G-B, Li H-L, Ding L-L, Dai Z-R, Hou X-D, Leng Y-H, Yu Y, Hou J (2018) Biflavones from Ginkgo biloba as novel pancreatic lipase inhibitors: inhibition potentials and mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 118:2216
Song Y-Q, He R-J, Pu D, Guan X-Q, Shi J-H, Li Y-G, Hou J, Jia S-N, Qin W-W, Fang S-Q, Ge G-B (2021) Discovery and characterization of the biflavones from Ginkgo biloba as highly specific and potent inhihibitors against human carboxylesterase 2. Front Pharmacol 12:655659
Bate C, Tayebi M, Williams A (2008) Ginkgolides protect against amyloid-β1-42-mediated synapse damage in vitro. Mol Neurodegener 3:1
Wang T, Bai S, Wang W, Chen Z, Chen J, Liang Z, Qi X, Shen H, Xie P (2020) Diterpene ginkgolides exert an antidepressant effect through the NT3-TrkA and Ras-MAPK pathways. Drug Des Devel Ther 14:1279
Chatterjee SS, Kondratskaya EL, Krishtal OA (2003) Structure-activity studies with Ginkgo biloba extract constituents as receptor-gated chloride channel blockers and modulators. Pharmacopsychiatry 36:68
Chandrasekran K, Mehrabian Z, Spinnewyn B, Chinopoulos C, Drieu K, Fiskum G (2002) Bilobalide, a component of the Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), protects against neuronal death in global brain ischemia and in glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Cell Mol Biol 48:663
Brüggemann P, Sória MG, Brandes-Schramm J, Mazurek B (2021) The influence of depression, anxiety, and cognition on the treatment effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® in patients with tinnitus and dementia: a mediation analysis. J Clin Med 10:3151
Lemon JA, Boreham DR, Rollo CD (2003) A dietary supplement abolishes age-related cognitive decline in transgenic mice expressing elevated free radical processes. Exp Biol Med 228:800
Christen Y (2004) Ginkgo biloba and neurogenerative disorders. Front Biosci 9:3091
Rai GS, Shovlin C, Wesnes KA (1991) A double-blind, placebo controlled study of Ginkgo biloba extract (‘Tanakan’) in elderly outpatients with mild to moderate memory impairment. Curr Med Res Opin 12:350
Laakmann G, Dienel A, Kieser M (1998) Clinical significance of hyperforin for the efficacy of Hypericum extracts on depressive disorders of different severities. Phytomedicine 5:435
Tanaka N, Takaishi Y, Shikishima Y, Nakanishi Y, Bastow K, Lee K-H, Honda G, Ito M, Takeda Y, Kodzhimatov OK, Ashurmetov O (2004) Prenylated benzophenones and xanthones from Hypericum scabrum. J Nat Prod 67:1870
Winkelmann K, Heilmann J, Zerbe O, Rali T, Sticher O (2001) Further prenylated bi- and tricyclic phloroglucinol derivatives from Hypericum papuanum. Helv Chim Acta 84:3380
Hashida W, Tanaka N, Kashiwada Y, Sekiya M, Ikeshiro Y, Takaishi Y (2008) Tomoenones A-H, cytotoxic phloroglucinol derivatives from Hypericum ascyron. Phytochemistry 69:2225
Chen X-Q, Li Y, Li K-Z, Peng L-Y, He J, Wang K, Pan Z-H, Cheng X, Li M-M, Zhao Q-S, Xu G (2011) Spirocyclic acylphloroglucinol derivatives from Hypericum beanii. Chem Pharm Bull 59:1250
Winkelmann K, San M, Kypriotakis Z, Skaltsa H, Bosilij B, Heilmann J (2003) Antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of prenylated bicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivatives from Hypericum amblycalyx. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci 58:527
Winkelmann K, Heilmann J, Zerbe O, Rali T, Sticher O (2000) New phloroglucinol derviatives from Hypericum papuanum. J Nat Prod 63:104
Rocha L, Marston A, Potterat O, Kaplan MAC, Hostettmann K (1996) More phloroglucinols from Hypericum brasiliense. Phytochemistry 42:185
Mamemura T, Tanaka N, Shibazaki A, Gonoi T, Kobayashi J (2011) Yojironins A-D meroterpenoids and prenylated acylphloroglucinols from Hypericum yojiroanum. Tetrahedron Lett 52:3575
Athanasas K, Magiatis P, Fokialakis N, Skaltsounis A-L, Pratsinis H, Kletsas D (2004) Hyperjovinols A and B: two new phloroglucinol derivatives from Hypericum jovis with antioxidant activity in cell cultures. J Nat Prod 67:973
Bernardi APM, Ferraz ABF, Albring DV, Bordignon SAL, Schripsema J, Bridi R, Dutra-Filho CS, Henriques AT, Lino von Poser G (2005) Benzophenones from Hypericum carinatum. J Nat Prod 68:784
Philipp M, Linde K, Kohnen R, Hiller K-O, Berner M (1999) Hypericum extract versus imipramine or placebo in patients with moderate depression: randomised multicentre study of treatment for eight weeks. Br Med J 319:1534
Shim YY, Gui B, Arnison PG, Wang Y, Reaney MJT (2014) Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) bioactive compounds and peptide nomenclature: a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 38:5
Wu H, Kelley CJ, Pino-Figueroa A, Vu HD, Maher TJ (2013) Macamides and their synthetic analogs: evalutation of in vitro FAAH inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 21:5188
Hajdu Z, Nicolussi S, Rau M, Lorántfy L, Forgo P, Hohmann J, Csupor D, Gertsch J (2014) Identification of endocannabinoid system-modulating N-alkylamides from Heliopsis helianthoides var. scabra and Lepidium meyenii. J Nat Prod 77:1663
Zhou M, Ma H-Y, Liu Z-H, Yang G-Y, Du G, Ye Y-Q, Li G-P, Hu Q-F (2017) (+)-Meyeniins A-C, novel hexahydroimidazo[1,5-c]thiazole derivatives from the tubers of Lepidium meyenii: complete structural elucidation by biomimetic synthesis and racemic crystallization. J Agric Food Chem 65:1887
Cui B, Zheng BL, He K, Zheng QY (2003) Imidazole alkaloids from Lepidium meyenii. J Nat Prod 66:1101
Gonzales GF, Vasquez V, Rodriguez D, Maldonado C, Mormontoy J, Portella J, Pajuelo M, Villegas L, Gasco M (2007) Effect of two different extracts of red maca in male rats with testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia. Asian J Androl 9:245
Pino-Figeroa A, Nguyen D, Maher TJ (2010) Neuroprotective effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca). Ann NY Acad Sci 1199:77
Imran M, Ahmad N, Anjum FM, Khan MK, Mushtaq Z, Nadeem M, Hussain S (2015) Potential protective properties of flax lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Nutr J 14:71
Rom S, Zuluaga-Ramirez V, Reichenbach NL, Erickson MA, Winfield M, Gajghate S, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Jordan-Sciutto KL, Persidsky Y (2018) Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside is a blood-brain barrier protective and anti-inflammatory agent: implications for neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 15:25
Kaithwas G, Majumdar DK (2010) Evaluation of antiulcer and antisecretory potential of Linum usitatissimum fixed oil and possible mechanism of action. Inflammopharmacology 18:137
Kezimana P, Dmitriev AA, Kudryavtseva AV, Romanova EV, Melnikova NV (2018) Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside of flaxseed and its metabolites: biosynthesis and potential for nutraceuticals. Front Genet 9:641
Fabian CJ, Kimler BF, Zalles CM, Klemp JR, Petroff BK, Khan QJ, Sharma P, Setchell KDR, Zhao X, Phillips TA, Metheny T, Hughes JR, Yeh H-W, Johnson KA (2010) Reduction in Ki-67 in benign breast tissue of high-risk women with the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglycoside. Cancer Prev Res 3:1342
Zhang W, Wang X, Liu Y, Tian H, Flickinger B, Empie MW, Sun SZ (2008) Dietary flaxseed lignan extract lowers plasma cholesterol and glucose concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Br J Nutr 99:1301
Li X-M (2007) Protective effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress in rats. Int J Biol Macromol 40:461
Niu A-J, Wu J-M, Yu D-H, Wang R (2008) Protective effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on oxidative damage in skeletal muscle of exhaustive exercise rats. Int J Biol Macromol 42:447
Zhang XR, Zhou WX, Zhang YX, Qi CH, Yan H, Wang ZF, Wang B (2011) Macrophages, rather than T and B cells are principal immunostimulatory target cells of Lycium barbarum L. polysaccharide LBPF4-OL. J Ethnopharmacol 136:465
Zhang X-R, Qi C-H, Cheng J-P, Liu G, Huang L-J, Wang Z-F, Zhou W-X, Zhang Y-X (2014) Lycium barbarum polysaccharide LBPF4-OL may be a new toll-like receptor 4/MD2-MAPK signaling pathway activator and inducer. Int Immunopharmacol 19:132
Shen L, Du G (2012) Lycium barbarum polysaccharide stimulates proliferation of MCF-7 cells by the ERK pathway. Life Sci 91:353
Zhu C-P, Zhang S-H (2012) Lycium barbarum polysaccharide inhibits the proliferation of HeLa cells by inducing apoptosis. J Sci Food Agric 93:149
Luo Q, Li Z, Yan J, Zhu F, Xu R-J, Cai Y-Z (2009) Lycium barbarum polysaccharides induce apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells and inhibits prostate cancer growth in a xenograft mouse model of human prostate cancer. J Med Food 12:695
Chen W, Cheng X, Chen J, Yi X, Nie D, Sun X, Qin J, Tian M, Jin G, Zhang X (2014) Lycium barbarum polysaccharides prevent memory and neurogenesis impairments in scopolamine-treated rats. PLoS One 9:e88076
Paula de Oliviera A, Santin JR, Lemos M, Klein Júnior LC, García Couto A, Meyre da Silva Bittencourt C, Cechinel Filho V, Faloni de Andrade S (2011) Gastroprotective activity of methanol extract and marrubiin obtained from leaves of Marrubium vulgare L. (Lamiaceae). J Pharm Pharmacol 63:1230
Rhallab Said Chakir A, Elbadaoui K, Imolek Alaoui T (2015) Antidiabetic activities of methanolic extracts of Marrubium vulgare leaves in rats. Int J Pharm Phytopharmacol Res 4:258
Elmhdwi MF (2014) Hypoglycemic effects of Marrubium vulgare (Rubia) in experimentally induced autoimmune diabetes mellitus. Int Res J Biochem Bioinform 4:42
Singh O, Khanam Z, Misra N, Srivastava MK (2011) Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): an overview. Pharmacogn Rev 5:82
Hajjaj G, Bounihi A, Tajani M, Cherrah Y, Zellou A (2014) In vivo analgesic activity of essential oil and aqueous extract of Matricaria chamomilla L. (Asteraceae). World J Pharm Pharm Sci 3:1
Della Loggia R, Carle R, Sosa S, Tubaro A (1990) Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of chamomile preparations. Planta Med 56:657
Rocha NFM, Rios ERV, Carvalho AMR, Cerqueira GS, Lopes ADA, Leal LKAM, Dias ML, Pergentino de Sousa D, Florenço de Sousa FC (2011) Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of (−)-α-bisabolol in rodents. Naunyn-Schmeideberg’s Arch Pharmacol 384:525
Flemming M, Kraus B, Rascle A, Jürgenliemk G, Fuchs S, Fürst R, Heilmann J (2015) Revisited anti-inflammatory activity of matricine in vitro: comparison with chamazulene. Fitoterapia 106:122
Maschi O, Cero ED, Galli GV, Caruso D, Bosisio E, Dell’Agli M (2008) Inhibition of human cAMP-phosphodiesterase as a mechanism of the spasmolytic effect of Matricaria recutita L. J Agric Food Chem 56:5015
Amsterdam JD, Shults J, Soeller I, Mao JJ, Rockwell K, Newberg AB (2012) Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) may provide antidepressant activity in anxious, depressed humans: an exploratory study. Altern Ther Health Med 18:44
Han XH, Hong SS, Hwang JS, Lee MK, Hwang BY, Ro JS (2007) Monoamine oxidase inhibitory components from Cayratia japonica. Arch Pharm Res 30:13
Li J, Wang YQ, Jin H, Xu XF, Xiang CP (2010) Characterization of antioxidant polysaccarides in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) cultivars. J Food Agric Environ 8:117
Gong J, Sun F, Li Y, Zhou X, Duan Z, Duan F, Zhao L, Chen H, Qi S, Shen J (2015) Momordica charantia polysaccharides could protect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibiting oxidative stress mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 signaling pathway. Neuropharmacology 91:123
Chen HM, Li HX, Kan GS, Ren DM (2012) Correlation study between antioxidant activity and lowering blood glucose of momordica polysaccharide. Sci Technol Food Ind 18:349
Mishra A, Gautam S, Pal S, Mishra A, Rawat A, Maurya R, Srivastava AK (2015) Effect of Momordica charantia fruits on streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 7:356
Wu LW, Ke LJ, Huang XN, Liu ST, Chen H, Rao PF (2006) Separation and characterization of the active ingredients of Momordica charantia L. and their protective and repairing effect on HIT-T15 cells damaged by alloxan in vitro. J Chin Inst Food Sci Technol 6:24
Li ZT, Zhang J, Xie J, Sun RG (2013) The inhibition effect of two different Momordica charantia polysaccharides on the proliferation of human leukemia cell in vitro. J Shaanxi Normal Univ 41:76
Guan L (2012) Synthesis and anti-tumor activities of sulphated polysaccharide obtained from Momordica charantia. Nat Prod Res 26:1303
Deng Y-Y, Yi Y, Zhang L-F, Zhang R-F, Zhang Y, Wei Z-C, Tang X-J, Zhang M-W (2014) Immunomodulatory activity and partial characterisation of polysaccharides from Momordica charantia. Molecules 19:13432
Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H (2014) A review of the effects of Nigella sativa L. and its constituent, thymoquinone, in metabolic syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 37:1031
Haq A, Abdullatif M, Lobo PI, Khabar KSA, Sheth KV, Al-Sedairy ST (1995) Nigella sativa: effect on human lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytic activity. Immunopharmacology 30:147
Haq A, Lobo PI, Al-Tufail M, Rama NR, Al-Sedairy ST (1999) Immunomodulatory effect of Nigella sativa proteins fractionated by ion exchange chromatography. Int J Immunopharmacol 21:283
Mansour MA, Nagi MN, El-Khatib AS, Al-Bekairi AM (2002) Effects of thymoquinone on antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, and DT-diaphorase in different tissues of mice: a possible mechanism of action. Cell Biochem Funct 20:143
Awad AS, Kamel R, Sherief M-AE (2011) Effect of thymoquinone on hepatorenal dysfunction and alteration of CYP3A1 and spermidine/spermine N-1-acetyl-transferase gene expression induced by renal ischemia-reperfusion in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 63:1037
Bamosa AO, Kaatabi H, Lebda FM, Al Elq A-M, Al-Sultan A (2010) Effect of Nigella sativa seeds on the glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 54:344
Abdelmeguid NE, Fakhoury R, Kamal SM, Al Wafai RJ (2010) Effects of Nigella sativa and thymoquinone on biochemical and subcellular changes in pancreatic β-cells of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes 2:256
Ahmad S, Beg ZH (2013) Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of thymoquinone and limonene in atherogenic suspension fed rats. Food Chem 138:1116
El Tahir KEH, Al-Ajmi MF, Al-Bekairi AM (2003) Some cardiovascular effects of the dethymoquinonated Nigella sativa volatile oil and its major components α-pinene and p-cymene in rats. Saudi Pharm J 11:104
Ghatak SB, Panchal SS (2012) Anti-diabetic activity of oryzanol and its relationship with the antioxidant property. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 32:185
Min S-W, Ryu S-N, Kim D-H (2010) Anti-inflammatory effects of black rice, cyanidin-3-O-β-d-glycoside, and its metabolites, cyanidin, and protocatechuic acid. Int Immunopharmacol 10:959
Wunjuntuk K, Kettawan A, Rungruang T, Charoenkiatkul S (2016) Anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects of parboiled germinated brown rice (Oryza sativa ‘KDML 105’) in rats with induced liver fibrosis. J Funct Foods 26:363
Accinni R, Rosina M, Bamonti F, Noce CD, Tonini A, Bernacchi F, Campolo J, Caruso R, Novembrino C, Ghersi L, Lonati S, Grossi S, Ippolito S, Lorenzano E, Ciani A, Gorini M (2006) Effects of combined dietary supplementation of oxidative and inflammatory status in dyslipidemic subjects. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 16:121
Ismail N, Ismail M, Imam MU, Szmi NH, Fathy SF, Foo JB, Bakar MFA (2014) Mechanistic basis for protection of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells by oryzanol-rich fraction against hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity. BMC Complement Altern Med 14:467
Chotimarkon C, Ushio H (2008) The effect of trans-ferulic acid and gamma-oryzanol on ethanol-induced liver injury in C57BL mouse. Phytomedicine 15:951
Stefanutti C, Mazza F, Mesce D, Morozzi C, Di Giacomo S, Vitale M, Pergolini M (2017) Monascus purpureus for statin and ezetimibe intolerant heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia patients: a clinical study. Atheroscler Suppl 30:86
Hong MY, Seeram NP, Zhang Y, Heber D (2008) Anticancer effects of Chinese red yeast rice versus monacolin K alone on colon cancer cells. J Nutr Biochem 19:448
Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Chen D, Chen H, Lin L, Zheng C, Guo Y (2016) Monascus pigment rubropunctatin: a potential dual agent for cancer chemotherapy and phototherapy. J Agric Food Chem 64:2541
Lee C-L, Wen J-Y, Hsu Y-W, Pan T-M (2018) The blood lipid regulation of Monascus-produced monascin and ankaflavin via the suppression of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol assembly and stimulation of apolipoprotein A1 expression in the liver. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 51:27
Shi Y-C, Pan T-M, Liao VH-C (2016) Monascin from Monascus-fermented products reduces oxidative stress and amyloid-β toxicity via DAF-16/FOXO in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Agric Food Chem 64:7114
Wang J, Wang G, Yi J, Xu Y, Duan S, Li T, Sun X-G, Dong L (2017) The effect of monascin on hematoma clearance and edema after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Brain Res Bull 134:24
Yokozawa T, Kobayashi T, Oura H, Kawashima Y (1985) Hyperlipidemia-improving effects of ginsenoside Rb2 in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Chem Pharm Bull 33:3893
Lee K-T, Jung TW, Lee H-J, Kim S-G, Shin Y-S, Whang W-K (2011) The antidiabetic effect of ginsenoside Rb2 via activation of AMPK. Arch Pharm Res 34:1201
Li X, Chu S, Lin M, Gao Y, Liu Y, Yang S, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Wang H, Chen N (2020) Anticancer property of ginsenoside Rh2 from ginseng. Eur J Med Chem 203:112627
Liu Z, Liu T, Li W, Li J, Wang C, Zhang K (2021) Insights into the antitumor mechanism of ginsenosides Rg3. Mol Biol Rep 48:2639
Zhou T-T, Zu G, Wang X, Zhang X-G, Li S, Liang Z-H, Zhao J (2015) Immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 in the MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)-induced mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Int Immunopharmacol 29:334
Brunetti P, Lo Faro AF (2020) Pharmacology of herbal sexual enhancers: a review of psychiatric and neurological adverse effects. Pharmaceuticals 13:309
Reid K, Surridge DH, Morales A, Condra M, Harris C, Owen J, Fenemore J (1987) Double-blind trial of yohimbine in treatment of psychogenic impotence. Lancet 330:421
Teloken C, Rhoden EL, Sogari P, Dambros M, Souto CAV (1998) Therapeutic effects of high dose yohimbine hydrochloride on organic erectile dysfunction. J Urol 159:122
Charlebois D (2007) Elderberry as a medicinal plant. In: Janick J, Whipkey A (eds) Issues in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA, p 284
Młynarczyk K, Walkowiak-Tomczak D, Łysiak GP (2018) Bioactive properties of Sambucus nigra L. as a functional ingredient for food and pharmaceutical industry. J Funct Foods 40:377
Abdramanov A, Massanyi P, Sarsembayeva N, Altay U, Alimov J, Tvrdá E (2017) The in vitro effect of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) extract on the activity and oxidative profile of bovine spermatozoa. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci 6:1319
Santin JR, Benvenutti L, Broering MF, Nunes R, Goldoni FC, Patel YBK, de Souza JA, Kopp MAT, de Souza P, da Silva RCV, Pastor MVD, de Souza AB, Testoni LD, Couto AG, Bresolin TMB, Quintão NLM (2022) Sambucus nigra: a traditional medicine effective in reducing inflammation in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 283:114736
Castillo-Maldonado I, Moreno-Altamirano MMB, Serrano-Gallardo LB (2017) Anti-dengue serotype-2 activity effect of Sambucus nigra leaves- and flowers-derived compounds. Virol Res Rev 1:1
Roschek B, Fink RC, McMichael MD, Li D, Alberte RS (2009) Elderberry flavonoids bind to and prevent H1N1 infection in vitro. Phytochemistry 70:1255
Boroduske A, Jekabsons K, Riekstina U, Muceniece R, Rostoks N, Nakurte I (2021) Wild Sambucus nigra L. From north-east edge of the species range: a valuable germplasm with inhibitory capacity against SARS-CoV2 S-protein RBD and hACE2 binding in vitro. Ind Crops Prod 165:113438
Harnett J, Oakes K, Carè J, Leach M, Brown D, Cramer H, Pinder T-A, Steel A, Anheyer D (2020) The effects of Sambucus nigra berry on acute respiratory viral infections: a rapid review of clinical studies. Adv Integr Med 7:240
Silveira D, Prieto-Garcia JM, Boylan F, Estrada O, Fonseca-Bazzo YM, Jamal CM, Magalhães PO, Pereira EO, Tomczyk M, Heinrich M (2020) COVID-19: is there evidence for the use of herbal medicines as adjuvant symptomatic therapy? Front Pharmacol 11:581840
da Silva RFR, Barreira JCM, Heleno SA, Barros L, Calhelha RC, Ferreira ICFR (2019) Anthocyanin profile of elderberry juice: a natural-based bioactive colouring ingredient with potential food application. Molecules 24:2359
Anderson ML (2005) A preliminary investigation of the enzymatic inhibition of 5-alpha-reductase and growth of prostatic carcinoma cell line LNCap-FGC by natural astaxanthin and saw palmetto lipid extract in vitro. J Herb Pharmacother 5:17
Raynaud J-P, Cousse H, Martin P-M (2002) Inhibition of type 1 and type 2 5α-reductase activity by free fatty acids, active ingredients of Permixon®. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 82:233
Abe M, Ito Y, Oyunzul L, Oki-Fujino T, Yamada S (2009) Pharmacologically relevant receptor binding characteristics and 5α-reductase inhibitory activity of free fatty acids contained in saw palmetto extract. Biol Pharm Bull 32:646
Silvestri I, Cattarino S, Agilanó A, Nicolazzo C, Scarpa S, Salciccia S, Frati L, Gentile V, Sciarra A (2013) Effect of Serenoa repens (Permixon®) on the expression of inflammation-related genes: analysis in primary cell cultures of human prostate carcinoma. J Inflamm 10:11
Latil A, Pétrissans M-T, Rouquet J, Robert G, de la Tialle A (2015) Effects of hexanic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon®160 mg) on inflammation biomarkers in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 75:1857
Vela-Navarrete R, Escribano-Burgos M, Farré AL, García-Cardoso J, Manzarbeitia F, Carrasco C (2005) Serenoa repens treatment modifies Bax/Bcl-2 index expression and caspase-3 activity in prostatic tissue from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 173:507
Klippel KF, Hiltl DM, Schipp B (1997) A multicentric, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of β-sitosterol (phytosterol) for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br J Urol 80:427
Berges RR, Windeler J, Trampisch HJ, Senge T (1995) Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of β-sitosterol in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Lancet 345:1529
Carbin BE, Larsson B, Lindahl O (1990) Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with phytosterols. Br J Urol 66:639
Federico A, Dallio M, Loguercio C (2017) Silymarin/silybin and chronic liver disease: a marriage of many years. Molecules 22:191
Marmouzi I, Bouyahya A, Ezzat SM, Jemli ME, Kharbach M (2021) The food plant Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.: phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology and clinical evidence. J Ethnopharmacol 265:113303
Ghaffari AR, Noshad H, Ostadi A, Ghojazadeh M, Asadi P (2011) The effects of milk thistle on hepatic fibrosis due to methotrexate in rat. Hepat Mon 11:464
Raškovic A, Stilinović N, Kolarović J, Vasović V, Vukmirović S, Mikov M (2011) The protective effects of silymarin against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats. Molecules 16:8601
Vessal G, Akmali M, Najafi P, Moien MR, Sagheb MM (2010) Silymarin and milk thistle extract may prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Ren Fail 32:733
Wang X, Zhang Z, Wu S-C (2020) Health benefits of Silybum marianum: phytochemistry, pharmacology, and applications. J Agric Food Chem 68:11644
Mina PR, Kumar Y, Verma AK, Khan F, Tandon S, Pal A, Darokar MP (2020) Silymarin, a polyphenolic flavanoid impede Plasmodium falciparum growth through interaction with heme. Nat Prod Res 34:2647
Camini FC, da Silva TF, da Silva Caetano CC, Almeida LT, Ferraz AC, Vitoreti VMA, de Mello SB, de Queiroz SS, de Magalhães JC, de Brito Magalhães CL (2018) Antiviral activity of silymarin against Mayaro virus and protective effect in virus-induced oxidative stress. Antiviral Res 158:8
Bosch-Barrera J, Queralt B, Menendez JA (2017) Targeting STAT3 with silibinin to improve cancer therapeutics. Cancer Treat Rev 58:61
Loguercio C, Festi D (2011) Silybin and the liver: from basic research to clinical practice. World J Gastroenterol 17:2288
Dastpeyman M, Motamed N, Azadmanesh K, Mostafavi E, Kia V, Jahanian-Najafabadi A, Shokrgozar MA (2012) Inhibition of silibinin on migration and adhesion capacity of human highly metastatic breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, by evaluation of β1-integrin and downstream molecules, Cdc42, Raf-1 and D4GDI. Med Oncol 29:2512
Song X, Liu B, Cui L, Zhou B, Liu W, Xu F, Hayashi T, Hattori S, Ushiki-Kaku Y, Tashiro S-I, Ikejima T (2017) Silibinin ameliorates anxiety/depression-like behaviors in amyloid β-treated rats by upregulating BDNF/TrkB pathway and attenuating autophagy in hippocampus. Physiol Behav 179:487
Shenoy A, Buttar HS, Dicholkar P, Kaur G, Chintamaneni M (2022) Role of nutraceuticals, functional foods, and spices in the management of metabolic syndrome and related disorders. In: Singh RB, Watanabe S, Isaza AA (eds) Functional foods and nutraceuticals in metabolic and non-communicable diseases. Academic Press, London, p 583
Stefanowicz-Hajduk J, Król-Kogus B, Sparzak-Stefanowska B, Kimel K, Ochocka JR, Krauze-Baranowska M (2021) Cytotoxic activity of standardized extracts, a fraction, and individual secondary metabolites from fenugreek seeds against SKOV-3, HeLa and MOLT-4 cell lines. Pharm Biol 59:424
Hibasami H, Moteki H, Ishikawa K, Katsuzaki H, Imai K, Yoshioka K, Ishii Y, Komiya T (2003) Protodioscin isolated from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) induces cell death and morphological change indicative of apoptosis in leukemic cell line H-60, but not in gastric cancer cell line KATO III. Int J Mol Med 11:23
Bachran C, Bachran S, Sutherland M, Bachran D, Fuchs H (2014) Preclinical studies of saponins for tumor therapy. In: Atta-ur-Rahman, Choudhary MI, Perry G (eds) Recent advances in medicinal chemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 272
Jesus M, Martins APJ, Gallardo E, Silvestre S (2016) Diosgenin: recent highlights on pharmacology and analytical methodology. J Anal Methods Chem 2016:4156293
Haeri MR, Limaki HK, White CJB, White KN (2012) Non-insulin dependent anti-diabetic activity of (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) in streptozotocin-induced type I diabetic rats. Phytomedicine 19:571
Ahmadiani A, Javan M, Semnanian S, Barat E, Kamalinejad M (2001) Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum leaves extract in the rat. J Ethnopharmacol 75:283
Kaur G, Mukundan S, Wani V, Kumar MS (2015) Nutraceuticals in the management and prevention of metabolic syndrome. Austin J Pharmacol Ther 3:1063
Trask LE, Chaidarun SS, Platt D, Parkin CG (2014) Treatment with novel galactomannan derivative reduces 2-hour postprandial glucose excursions in individuals with type 2 diabetes treated with oral medications and/or insulin. J Diabetes Sci Technol 8:1018
Reeder C, Legrand A, O’Connor-Von SK (2013) The effect of fenugreek on milk production and prolactin levels in mothers of preterm infants. Clin Lact 4:159
Dao CA, Patel KD, Neto CC (2012) Phytochemicals from the fruit and foliage of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)—potential benefits for human health. In: Patil BS, Jayaprakasha GK, Murthy KNC, Seram NP (eds), Emerging trends in dietary components for preventing and combating disease. American Chemical Society Books, Washington, DC. Symposium series, vol 1093, p 79
He X, Liu RH (2006) Cranberry phytochemicals: isolation, structure elucidation, and their antiproliferative and antioxidant activities. J Agric Food Chem 54:7069
Xie L, Xie J, Xu Y, Chen W (2020) Discovery of anthocyanins from cranberry extract as pancreatic lipase inhibitors using a combined approach of ultrafiltration, molecular simulation and spectroscopy. Food Funct 11:8527
Howell AB, Reed JD, Krueger CG, Winterbottom R, Cunningham DG, Leahy M (2005) A-type cranberry proanthocyanidins and uropathogenic bacterial anti-adhesion activity. Phytochemistry 66:2281
Lavigne JP, Bourg G, Combescure C, Botto H, Sotto A (2008) In-vitro and in-vivo evidence of dose-dependent decrease of uropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence after consumption of commercial Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) capsules. Clin Microbiol Infect 14:350
Neto CC (2007) Cranberry and its phytochemicals: a review of in vitro anticancer studies. J Nutr 137:186S
Déziel B, MacPhee J, Patel K, Catalli A, Kulka M, Neto C, Gottschall-Pass K, Hurta R (2012) American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) extract affects human prostate cancer cell growth via cell cycle arrest by modulating expression of cell cycle regulators. Food Funct 3:556
Skemiene K, Pampuscenko K, Rekuviene E, Borutaite V (2020) Protective effects of anthocyanins against brain ischemic damage. J Bioenerg Biomembr 52:71
Liang Z, Liang H, Guo Y, Yang D (2021) Cyanidin 3-O-galactoside: a natural compound with multiple health benefits. Int J Mol Sci 22:2261
Wen H, Cui H, Tian H, Zhang X, Ma L, Ramassamy C, Li J (2020) Isolation of neuroprotective anthocyanins from black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) against amyloid-β-induced cognitive impairment. Foods 10:63
Chen H-W, Wei B-J, He X-H, Liu Y, Wang J (2015) Chemical components and cardiovascular activities of Valeriana spp. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2015:947619
Lunz K, Stappen I (2021) Back to the roots-an overview of the chemical composition and bioactivity of selected root-essential oils. Molecules 26:3155
Taavoni S, Ekbatani N, Kashaniyan M, Haghani H (2011) Effect of valerian on sleep quality in postmenopausal women: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Menopause 18:951
Ahmadi M, Khalil H, Abbasian L, Ghaeli P (2017) Effect of valerian in preventing neuropsychiatric adverse effects of efavirenz in HIV-positive patients: a pilot randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Pharmacother 51:457
Andreatini R, Sartori VA, Seabra MLV, Leite JR (2002) Effect of valepotriates (valerian extract) in generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. Phytother Res 16:650
Maurmann N, Reolon GK, Rech SB, Fett-Neto AG, Roesler R (2011) A valepotriate fraction of Valeriana glechomifolia shows sedative and anxiolytic properties and impairs recognition but not aversive memory in mice. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2011:720853
Sah SP, Mathela CS, Chopra K (2011) Antidepressant effect of Valeriana wallichii patchouli alcohol chemotype in mice: behavioural and biochemical evidence. J Ethnopharmacol 135:197
Zhou X-Z, Kang L, Kang Y, Li L, Xiong S-H (2009) Effect of Valeriana officinalis var. latifolia Miq. on heart rat and arterial blood perssure of rabbit. J Liaoning Univ Tradit Chin Med 11:188
Fields AM, Richards TA, Felton JA, Felton SK, Bayer EZ, Ibrahim IN, Kaye AD (2003) Analysis of responses to valerian root extract in the feline pulmonary vascular bed. J Altern Complement Med 9:909
Yang S-H, Chen F, Ma H-M, Wang T (2012) Protection of Valeriana officinalis L. extract preconditioning on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat hearts in vitro. Med J Wuhan Univ 33:639
Khom S, Baburin I, Timin E, Hohaus A, Trauner G, Kopp B, Hering S (2007) Valerenic acid potentiates and inhibits GABAA receptors: molecular mechanism and subunit specificity. Neuropharmacology 53:178
Shi S-N, Shi J-L, Liu Y, Wang Y-L, Wang C-G, Hou W-H, Guo J-Y (2014) The anxiolytic effects of valtrate in rats involves changes of corticosterone levels. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014:325948
Fernández S, Wasowski C, Paladini AC, Marder M (2004) Sedative and sleep-enhancing properties of linarin, a flavonoid-isolated from Valeriana officinalis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 77:399
Zhang X, Li X, Liu N, Zheng P, Ma L, Guo F, Sun T, Zhou R, Yu J (2019) The anticonvulsant effects of baldrinal on pilocarpine-induced convulsion in adult male mice. Molecules 24:1617
Wang Q, Wang C, Zuo Y, Wang Z, Yang B, Kuang H (2012) Compounds from the roots and rhizomes of Valeriana amurensis protect against neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Molecules 17:15013
Begum VH, Sadique J (1987) Effect of Withania somnifera on glycosaminoglycan synthesis in carrageenin-induced air pouch granuloma. Biochem Med Metab Biol 38:272
Maitra R, Porter MA, Huang S, Gilmour BP (2009) Inhibition of NFκB by the natural product withaferin A in cellular models of cystic fibrosis inflammation. J Inflamm 6:15
Dhuley JN (1998) Effect of ashwagandha on lipid peroxidation in stress-induced animals. J Ethnopharmacol 60:173
Wube AA, Wenzig E-M, Gibbons S, Asres K, Bauer R, Bucar F (2008) Constituents of the stem bark of Discopodium penninervium and their LTB4 and COX-1 and -2 inhibitory activities. Phytochemistry 69:982
Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Sairam K, Ghosal S (2000) Anxiolytic-antidepressant activity of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides: an experimental study. Phytomedicine 7:463
Dhuley JN (2001) Nootropic-like effect of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) in mice. Phytother Res 15:524
Ghosal S, Lal J, Srivastava R, Bhattacharya SK, Upadhyay SN, Jaiswal AK, Chattopadhyay U (1989) Immunomodulatory and CNS effects of sitoindosides IX and X, two new glycowithanolides from Withania somnifera. Phytother Res 3:201
Bhattacharya SK, Goel RK, Kaur R, Ghosal S (1987) Anti-stress activity of sitoindosides VII and VIII, new acylsterylglucosides from Withania somnifera. Phytother Res 1:32
Kumar S, Harris RJ, Seal CJ, Okello EJ (2012) An aqueous extract of Withania somnifera root inhibits amyloid β fibril formation in vitro. Phytother Res 26:113
Kuboyama T, Tohda C, Komatsu K (2006) Withanoside IV and its active metabolite, sominone, attenuate Aβ (25–35)-induced neurodegeneration. Eur J Neurosci 23:1417
Zhao J, Nakamura N, Hattori M, Kuboyama T, Tohda C, Komatsu K (2002) Withanolide derivatives from the roots of Withania somnifera and their neurite outgrowth activities. Chem Pharm Bull 50:760
Pandey A, Bani S, Dutt P, Satti NK, Suri KA, Qazi GN (2018) Multifunctional neuroprotective effect of withanone, a compound from Withania somnifera roots in alleviating cognitive dysfunction. Cytokine 102:211
Singh N, Singh SP, Nath R, Singh DR, Gupta ML, Kohli RP, Bhargava KP (1986) Prevention of urethane-induced lung adenomas by Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal in albino mice. Int J Crude Drug Res 24:90
Mohan R, Hammers H, Bargagna-Mohan P, Zhan X, Herbstritt C, Ruiz A, Zhang L, Hanson A, Conner B, Rougas J (2004) Withaferin A is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 7:115
Jayaprakasam B, Zhang Y, Seeram NP, Nair MG (2003) Growth inhibition of human tumor cell lines by withanolides from Withania somnifera leaves. Life Sci 74:125
Cordero CP, Morantes SJ, Páez A, Rincón J, Aristizábal FA (2009) Cytotoxicity of withanolides isolated from Acnistus arborescens. Fitoterapia 80:364
Ortega AMM, Campos MRS (2019) Medicinal plants and their bioactive metabolites in cancer prevention and treatment. In: Campos MRS (ed) Bioactive compounds. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, MA, p 85
Jin Z, Lee G, Kim S, Park C-S, Park YS, Jin Y-H (2014) Ginger and its pungent constituents non-competitively inhibit serotonin currents on visceral afferent neurons. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 18:149
Zhang F, Thakur K, Hu F, Zhang J-G, Wei Z-J (2017) Cross-talk between 10-gingerol and its anti-cancerous potential: a recent update. Food Funct 8:2635
Akimoto M, Iizuka M, Kanematsu R, Yoshida M, Takenaga K (2015) Anticancer effect of ginger extract against pancreatic cancer cells mainly through reactive oxygen species-mediated autotic cell death. PLoS One 10:e0126605
Qi LW, Zhang Z, Zhang CF, Anderson S, Liu Q, Yuan CS, Wang CZ (2015) Anti-colon cancer effects of 6-shogaol through G2/M cell cycle arrest by p53/p21-cdc2/cdc25A crosstalk. Am J Chin Med 43:743
Sang S, Hong J, Wu H, Liu J, Yang CS, Pan MH, Badmaev V, Ho CT (2009) Increased growth inhibitory effects on human cancer cells and anti-inflammatory potency of shogaols from Zingiber officinale relative to gingerols. J Agric Food Chem 57:10645
Lee SH, Cekanova M, Baek SJ (2008) Multiple mechanisms are involved in 6-gingerol-induced cell growth arrest and apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 47:197
El-Naggar MH, Mira A, Abdel Bar FM, Shimizu K, Amer MM, Badria FA (2017) Synthesis, docking, cytotoxicity, and LTA4H inhibitory activity of new gingerol derivatives as potential colorectal cancer therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 25:1277
Zhang F, Thakur K, Hu F, Zhang J-G, Wei Z-J (2017) 10-Gingerol, a phytochemical derivative from “tongling white ginger”, inhibits cervical cancer: insights into the molecular mechanism and inhibitory targets. J Agric Food Chem 65:2089
Sakulnarmrat K, Srzednicki G, Konczak I (2015) Antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and antiproliferative activity of polyphenolic-rich fraction of commercial dry ginger powder. Int J Food Sci Technol 50:2229
Lantz RC, Chen GJ, Sarihan M, Sólyom AM, Jolad SD, Timmermann BN (2007) The effect of extracts from ginger rhizome on inflammatory mediator production. Phytomedicine 14:123
Young HY, Luo YL, Cheng HY, Hsieh WC, Liao JC, Peng WH (2005) Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of [6]-gingerol. J Ethnopharmacol 96:207
Nurtjahja-Tjendraputra E, Ammit AJ, Roufogalis BD, Tran VH, Duke CC (2003) Effective anti-platelet and COX-1 enzyme inhibitors from pungent constituents of ginger. Thromb Res 111:259
Thiese MS, Arnold ZC, Walker SD (2015) The misuse and abuse of statistics in biomedical research. Biochem Med 25:5
Khan IA, Smillie T (2012) Implementing a “quality by design” approach to assure the safety and integrity of botanical dietary supplements. J Nat Prod 75:1665
Carcache de Blanco EJ, Kinghorn AD (2020) Botanical dietary products. In: Adejare A (ed) Remington: the science and practice of pharmacy, 23rd edn. Academic, San Diego, p 45
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Salinas-Arellano, E.D., Castro-Dionicio, I.Y., Jeyaraj, J.G., Mirtallo Ezzone, N.P., Carcache de Blanco, E.J. (2023). Phytochemical Profiles and Biological Studies of Selected Botanical Dietary Supplements Used in the United States. In: Kinghorn, A.D., Falk, H., Gibbons, S., Asakawa, Y., Liu, JK., Dirsch, V.M. (eds) Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 122. Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, vol 122. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26768-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26768-0_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-26767-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-26768-0
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)