Abstract
Chapter 4 ended with the remark that the formation of an auditory unit can be strongly affected by sound components that precede and follow that auditory unit. This chapter describes the process in which successive auditory units are linked to each other to form auditory streams. An auditory stream is a sequence of auditory units that are perceived as coming from one and the same sound source. Examples are the successive syllables of a speech utterance, or the sequence of tones that together form a melody. The result of this complex process of auditory-stream formation is an auditory scene consisting of more or less well-defined auditory streams only one of which can be attended to effortlessly. Moreover, when the number of sound sources is more than three to four, listeners generally underestimate the number of sound sources in an auditory scene. The most important characteristic of an auditory stream is that the successive auditory units are temporally coherent, i.e., that they are well ordered in time and their beats form a well-defined rhythm. Establishing temporal coherence between successive auditory units is a complex process depending on many factors. These factors can be relatively simple, such as the pitch and the timbre of successive auditory units, or more complex factors such as the familiarity of the sounds. The result appears to be a very flexible and adaptive system that also operates well in very noisy circumstances such as bustling restaurants or cocktail parties. When segments of an auditory stream are masked by other sounds, the auditory system is highly capable of restoring this information in such a way that the listener is not aware of this restoration. Besides having a well-defined rhythm, auditory streams have well-defined loudness contours and, if at least the constituent auditory units have pitch, well-defined pitch contours, but these contours are not perceived independently of each other. In addition, the consonant and dissonant relations between the parallel streams of musical scenes are described. This chapter ends with the description of three different approaches to computational modelling of the auditory-stream-formation process.
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Hermes, D.J. (2023). Auditory-Stream Formation. In: The Perceptual Structure of Sound. Current Research in Systematic Musicology, vol 11. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25566-3_10
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