Skip to main content

Manipulated Face Detection and Localization Based on Semantic Segmentation

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Digital Forensics and Watermarking (IWDW 2022)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCS,volume 13825))

Included in the following conference series:

  • 391 Accesses

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a novel manipulated face detection and localization approach, which simultaneously detect manipulated face images and videos and locate the manipulated regions at semantic-level. To do this, we design a multi-branch autoencoder composed of four types of modules, including feature encoder, shared decoder, semantic decoder, and classification network. The feature encoder extracts latent feature from the input face image. The shared decoder obtains structure feature from the latent feature. The four semantic decoders decode structure feature into four different semantic prediction masks, respectively. The classification network outputs the semantic prediction labels based on the latent feature. Finally, the manipulation prediction label and manipulation prediction mask of the input face image can be generated with the semantic prediction labels and semantic prediction masks. Extensive experiments show that our approach can effectively detect and locate manipulated face images and videos at semantic-level, even under cross-manipulation, cross-dataset, and cross-compression scenarios.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Dang, H., Liu, F., Stehouwer, J., Liu, X., Jain, A.K.: On the detection of digital face manipulation. In: 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 5780–5789 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR42600.2020.00582

  2. Verdoliva, L.: Media Forensics and DeepFakes: an overview. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process. 14(5), 910–932 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTSP.2020.3002101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Thies, J., Zollhöfer, M., Nießner, M.: Deferred neural rendering: image synthesis using neural textures. ACM Trans. Graph. 38(4), 1–12 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3306346.3323035. Article 66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Thies, J., Zollhöfer, M., Stamminger, M., Theobalt, C., Nießner, M.: Face2Face: real-time face capture and reenactment of RGB videos. In: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 2387–2395 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2016.262

  5. Rössler, A., Cozzolino, D., Verdoliva, L., Riess, C., Thies, J., Niessner, M.: FaceForensics++: learning to detect manipulated facial images. In: 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp. 1–11 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2019.00009

  6. Li, Y., Yang, X., Sun, P., Qi, H., Lyu, S.: Celeb-DF: a large-scale challenging dataset for DeepFake forensics. In: 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 3204–3213 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR42600.2020.00327

  7. Dolhansky, B., et al.: The deepfake detection challenge (DFDC) dataset. arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.07397 (2020)

  8. Li, L., Bao, J., Yang, H., Chen, D., Wen, F.: Advancing high fidelity identity swapping for forgery detection. In: 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 5073–5082 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR42600.2020.00512

  9. Afchar, D., Nozick, V., Yamagishi, J., Echizen, I.: MesoNet: a compact facial video forgery detection network. In: 2018 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS), pp. 1–7 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/WIFS.2018.8630761

  10. Güera, D., Delp, E.J.: Deepfake video detection using recurrent neural networks. In: 2018 15th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS), pp. 1–6 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/AVSS.2018.8639163

  11. Joseph, Z., Nyirenda, C.: Deepfake detection using a two-stream capsule network. In: 2021 IST-Africa Conference (IST-Africa), pp. 1–8 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Li, Y., Chang, M., Lyu, S.: In Ictu Oculi: exposing AI created fake videos by detecting eye blinking. In: 2008 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS), pp. 1–7 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/WIFS.2018.8630787

  13. Matern, F., Riess, C., Stamminger, M.: Exploiting visual artifacts to expose deepfakes and face manipulations. In: 2019 IEEE Winter Applications of Computer Vision Workshops (WACVW), pp. 83–92 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/WACVW.2019.00020

  14. Pan, X., Zhang, X., Lyu, S.: Exposing image splicing with inconsistent local noise variances. In: 2012 IEEE International Conference on Computational Photography (ICCP), pp. 1–10 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCPhot.2012.6215223

  15. Bappy, J.H., Simons, C., Nataraj, L., Manjunath, B.S., Roy-Chowdhury, A.K.: Hybrid LSTM and encoder-decoder architecture for detection of image forgeries. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 28(7), 3286–3300 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2019.2895466

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhou, P., Han, X., Morariu, V.I., Davis, L.S.: Learning rich features for image manipulation detection. In: 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1053–1061 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2018.00116

  17. Nguyen, H.H., Fang, F., Yamagishi, J., Echizen, I.: Multi-task learning for detecting and segmenting manipulated facial images and videos. In: 2019 IEEE 10th International Conference on Biometrics Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS), pp. 1–8 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/BTAS46853.2019.9185974

  18. Li, L., et al.: Face X-ray for more general face forgery detection. In: 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 5000–5009 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR42600.2020.00505

  19. Huang, Y., Juefei-Xu, F., Guo, Q., Liu, Y., Pu, G.: FakeLocator: robust localization of GAN-based face manipulations. In: IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2022.3141262

  20. Songsri-in, K., Zafeiriou, S.: Complement face forensic detection and localization with faciallandmarks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.05455 (2019)

  21. Karras, T., et al.: Progressive growing of GANs for improved quality, stability, and variation. In: International Conference on Learning Representations (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Karras, T., Laine, S., Aila, T.: A style-based generator architecture for generative adversarial networks. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 43(12), 4217–4228 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2020.2970919

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Zhu, J., Park, T., Isola, P., Efros, A.A.: Unpaired image-to-image translation using cycle-consistent adversarial networks. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp. 2242–2251 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2017.244

  24. Perarnau, G., et al.: Invertible conditional gans for image editing. arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.06355 (2016)

  25. Choi, Y., Choi, M., Kim, M., Ha, J.-W., Kim, S., Choo, J.: StarGAN: unified Generative Adversarial Networks for Multi-domain Image-to-Image Translation. In: 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 8789–8797 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2018.00916

  26. He, Z., Zuo, W., Kan, M., Shan, S., Chen, X.: AttGAN: facial attribute editing by only changing what you want. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 28(11), 5464–5478 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2019.2916751

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  27. Nirkin, Y., Keller, Y., Hassner, T.: FSGAN: subject agnostic face swapping and reenactment. In: 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp. 7183–7192 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2019.00728

  28. Li, L., et al.: FaceShifter: towards high fidelity and occlusion aware face swapping. arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.13457 (2019)

  29. Yang, X., Li, Y., Lyu, S.: Exposing deep fakes using inconsistent head poses. In: ICASSP 2019–2019 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 8261–8265 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2019.8683164

  30. Li, G., Cao, Y., Zhao, X.: Exploiting facial symmetry to expose deepfakes. In: 2021 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp. 3587–3591 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIP42928.2021.9506272

  31. Li, Y., Lyu, S.: Exposing deepfake videos by detecting face warping artifacts. arXiv preprint arXiv:1811.00656 (2018)

  32. Guarnera, L., Giudice, O., Battiato, S.: Deepfake detection by analyzing convolutional traces. In: 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), pp. 2841–2850 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPRW50498.2020.00341

  33. Zhao, H., Wei, T., Zhou, W., Zhang, W., Chen, D., Yu, N.: Multi-attentional deepfake detection. In: 2021 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 2185–2194 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR46437.2021.00222

  34. Amerini, I., Galteri, L., Caldelli, R., Del Bimbo, A.: Deepfake video detection through optical flow based CNN. In: 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision Workshop (ICCVW), pp. 1205–1207 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCVW.2019.00152

  35. Wu, X., Xie, Z., Gao, Y., Xiao, Y.: SSTNet: detecting manipulated faces through spatial, steganalysis and temporal features. In: ICASSP 2020–2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 2952–2956 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP40776.2020.9053969

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Key Technology Research and Development Program under 2020AAA0140000.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xianfeng Zhao .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Li, G., Zhao, X., Cao, Y., Hu, C. (2023). Manipulated Face Detection and Localization Based on Semantic Segmentation. In: Zhao, X., Tang, Z., Comesaña-Alfaro, P., Piva, A. (eds) Digital Forensics and Watermarking. IWDW 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13825. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25115-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25115-3_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-25114-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-25115-3

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics