Abstract
Wood is an available and sustainable substrate which has the potential for large-scale nanotechnology functionalization. Most materials used in optical lighting applications must create a homogeneous illumination and have high mechanical and hydrophobic requirements. But they are rarely environmentally beneficial. The large heat loss/gain through windows contributes to high energy consumption in buildings. Furthermore, the traditional glass fabrication method causes numerous environmental issues. Transparent wood-based composites are gaining importance in smart window applications. To save energy, a novel material called optically transparent wood is being developed for light-transmitting structures in buildings. This material combines optical and mechanical performance. Buildings that are eco-friendly and energy efficient are desirable from a sustainability standpoint, especially considering the current global energy and environmental crisis. Therefore, this chapter highlights the recent progress and applications of transparent wood in the field of smart windows.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
M. Vermeer, S. Rahmstorf, Global sea level linked to global temperature. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106(51), 21527–21532 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907765106
J.E. Hansen, R. Ruedy, M. Sato, K. Lo, Global surface temperature change. Rev. Geophys. 48(4) (2010). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010RG000345
K.H. Jung, S.J. Yun, T. Slusar, H.-T. Kim, T.M. Roh, Highly transparent ultrathin vanadium dioxide films with temperature-dependent infrared reflectance for smart windows. Appl. Surf. Sci. 589, 152962 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.152962
A. Mesloub, G. Aritra, M. Touahmia, G.A. Albaqawy, B.M. Alsolami, A. Ahriz, Assessment of the overall energy performance of an SPD smart window in a hot desert climate. Energy v. 252, 124073−2022 v.252 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.124073
A. Ghosh, B. Norton, T.K. Mallick, Influence of atmospheric clearness on PDLC switchable glazing transmission. Energy Build. 172, 257–264 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.05.008
A. Ghosh, B. Norton, Optimization of PV powered SPD switchable glazing to minimise probability of loss of power supply. Renew. Energy 131, 993–1001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.115
E. Vasileva, Y. Li, I. Sytjugov, L. Berglund, S. Popov, Transparent wood as a novel material for non-cavity laser. in Asia Communications and Photonics Conference 2016 (2016), pp. ATh3F.4. https://doi.org/10.1364/ACPC.2016.ATh3F.4
C. Jia et al., Clear wood toward high-performance building materials. ACS Nano 13(9), 9993–10001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b00089
W.C.H. Choy, W.K. Chan, Y. Yuan, Recent advances in transition metal complexes and light-management engineering in organic optoelectronic devices. Adv. Mater. 26(31), 5368–5399 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201306133
Y. Li, Q. Fu, S. Yu, M. Yan, L. Berglund, Optically transparent wood from a nanoporous cellulosic template: combining functional and structural performance. Biomacromol 17(4), 1358–1364 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00145
M. Zhu et al., Highly anisotropic, highly transparent wood composites. Adv. Mater. 28(26), 5181–5187 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201600427
S. Fink, Transparent wood—a new approach in the functional study of wood structure. Holzforschung—Int. J. Biol. Chem. Phys. Technol. Wood 46(403) (1992). https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1992.46.5.403
Y. Li, Q. Fu, R. Rojas, M. Yan, M. Lawoko, L. Berglund, Lignin-retaining transparent wood. Chemsuschem 10(17), 3445–3451 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201701089
Y. Wu, Y. Wang, F. Yang, J. Wang, X. Wang, Study on the properties of transparent bamboo prepared by epoxy resin impregnation. Polymers (Basel) 12(4) (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040863
Z. Zhao, D. Wu, C. Huang, M. Zhang, K. Umemura, Q. Yong, Utilization of enzymatic hydrolysate from corn stover as a precursor to synthesize an eco-friendly adhesive for plywood II: investigation of appropriate manufacturing conditions, curing behavior, and adhesion mechanism. J. Wood Sci. 66(1), 85 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-020-01933-9
Z. Bi, T. Li, H. Su, Y. Ni, L. Yan, Transparent wood film incorporating carbon dots as encapsulating material for white light-emitting diodes. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 6(7), 9314–9323 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01618
Y. Okahisa, A. Yoshida, S. Miyaguchi, H. Yano, Optically transparent wood–cellulose nanocomposite as a base substrate for flexible organic light-emitting diode displays. Compos. Sci. Technol. 69(11), 1958–1961 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.04.017
Y. Li, M. Cheng, E. Jungstedt, B. Xu, L. Sun, L. Berglund, Optically transparent wood substrate for perovskite solar cells. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7(6), 6061–6067 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06248
M. Zhu et al., Transparent and haze wood composites for highly efficient broadband light management in solar cells. Nano Energy 26, 332–339 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.05.020
W. Gan, S. Xiao, L. Gao, R. Gao, J. Li, X. Zhan, Luminescent and transparent wood composites fabricated by poly(methyl methacrylate) and γ-Fe2O3@YVO4:Eu3+ Nanoparticle Impregnation. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 5(5), 3855–3862 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02985
Y. Liu et al., Luminescent transparent wood based on lignin-derived carbon dots as a building material for dual-channel, real-time, and visual detection of formaldehyde gas. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(32), 36628–36638 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c10240
Z. Qiu et al., Transparent wood bearing a shielding effect to infrared heat and ultraviolet via incorporation of modified antimony-doped tin oxide nanoparticles. Compos. Sci. Technol. 172, 43–48 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.01.005
Z. Yu et al., Transparent wood containing CsxWO3 nanoparticles for heat-shielding window applications. J. Mater. Chem. A 5(13), 6019–6024 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA00261K
L. Ding, X. Han, L. Chen, S. Jiang, Preparation and properties of hydrophobic and transparent wood. J. Bioresour. Bioprod. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2022.02.001
N.A. Muhammad, B. Armynah, D. Tahir, High transparent wood composite for effective X-ray shielding applications. Mater. Res. Bull. 154, 111930 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2022.111930
Q. Fu, M. Yan, E. Jungstedt, X. Yang, Y. Li, L.A. Berglund, Transparent plywood as a load-bearing and luminescent biocomposite. Compos. Sci. Technol. 164, 296–303 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.06.001
T. Zhang et al., Constructing a m. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(39), 36010–36019 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b09331
L. Wang, Y. Liu, X. Zhan, D. Luo, X. Sun, Photochromic transparent wood for photo-switchable smart window applications. J. Mater. Chem. C 7(28), 8649–8654 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC02076D
H. Sun et al., Strong, robust cellulose composite film for efficient light management in energy efficient building. Chem. Eng. J. 425, 131469 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131469
Y. Wang, Y. Wu, J. Zhou, Q. Huang, X. Lian, J. Li, Preparation and properties of two transparent wood. J. Southwest For. Univ. 5, 151–158 (2020)
H.S. Yaddanapudi, N. Hickerson, S. Saini, A. Tiwari, Fabrication and characterization of transparent wood for next generation smart building applications. Vacuum 146, 649–654 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2017.01.016
M. Höglund, M. Johansson, I. Sychugov, L.A. Berglund, Transparent wood biocomposites by fast UV-curing for reduced light-scattering through wood/thiol–ene interface design. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(41), 46914–46922 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c12505
R. Mi et al., Scalable aesthetic transparent wood for energy efficient buildings. Nat. Commun. 11(1), 3836 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17513-w
J. Tong et al., Development of transparent composites using wheat straw fibers for light-transmitting building applications. Ind. Crops Prod. 170, 113685 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113685
Q. Fu et al., Luminescent and hydrophobic wood films as optical lighting materials. ACS Nano 14(10), 13775–13783 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c06110
M. Höglund, J. Garemark, M. Nero, T. Willhammar, S. Popov, L.A. Berglund, Facile processing of transparent wood nanocomposites with structural color from plasmonic nanoparticles. Chem. Mater. 33(10), 3736–3745 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c00806
Y. Jiang et al., Highly efficient and selective modification of lignin towards optically designable and multifunctional lignocellulose nanopaper for green light-management applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 206, 264–276 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.147
L. Liu et al., Switchable photochromic transparent wood as smart packaging materials. Ind. Crops Prod. 184, 115050 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115050
N.-H. Xie, Y. Chen, H. Ye, C. Li, M.-Q. Zhu, Progress on photochromic diarylethenes with aggregation induced emission. Front. Optoelectron. 11(4), 317–332 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-018-0839-4
H. Orlikowska, A. Sobolewska, S. Bartkiewicz, Light-responsive surfactants: photochromic properties of water-soluble azobenzene derivatives. J. Mol. Liq. 316, 113842 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113842
M.M. Kenisarin, Thermophysical properties of some organic phase change materials for latent heat storage. a review. Sol. Energy 107, 553–575 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.05.001
E. Oró, A. de Gracia, A. Castell, M.M. Farid, L.F. Cabeza, Review on phase change materials (PCMs) for cold thermal energy storage applications. Appl. Energy 99, 513–533 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.03.058
D.G. Prajapati, B. Kandasubramanian, Biodegradable polymeric solid framework-based organic phase-change materials for thermal energy storage. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 58(25), 10652–10677 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01693
S. Li, W. Zeng, B. Wang, H. Xu, Y. Peng, Obtaining three cleaner products under an integrated municipal sludge resources scheme: Struvite, short-chain fatty acids and biological activated carbon. Chem. Eng. J. 380, 122567 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122567
P. Mishra, K. Stockmal, G. Ardito, M. Tao, S. Van Dessel, S. Granados-Focil, Thermo-optically responsive phase change materials for passive temperature regulation. Sol. Energy 197, 222–228 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.12.064
Z. Qiu et al., Transparent wood with thermo-reversible optical properties based on phase-change material. Compos. Sci. Technol. 200, 108407 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108407
A. Samanta, H. Chen, P. Samanta, S. Popov, I. Sychugov, L.A. Berglund, Reversible dual-stimuli-responsive chromic transparent wood biocomposites for smart window applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13(2), 3270–3277 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c21369
S. Al-Qahtani et al., Development of photoluminescent translucent wood toward photochromic smart window applications. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 60(23), 8340–8350 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01603
S. Wang, H. Chen, K. Li, S. Koskela, L.A. Berglund, Q. Zhou, Strong, transparent, and thermochromic composite hydrogel from wood derived highly mesoporous cellulose network and PNIPAM. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 154, 106757 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106757
S. Liu et al., Bioinspired thermochromic transparent hydrogel wood with advanced optical regulation abilities and mechanical properties for windows. Appl. Energy 297, 117207 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117207
Y. Li, E. Vasileva, I. Sychugov, S. Popov, L. Berglund, Optically transparent wood: recent progress, opportunities, and challenges. Adv. Opt. Mater. 6(14), 1800059 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201800059
I. Wachter, T. Štefko, P. Rantuch, J. Martinka, A. Pastierová, Effect of UV radiation on optical properties and hardness of transparent wood. Polymers 13(13) (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132067
P. Bisht, K.K. Pandey, H.C. Barshilia, Photostable transparent wood composite functionalized with an UV-absorber. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 189, 109600 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109600
T. Künniger, M. Heeb, M. Arnold, Antimicrobial efficacy of silver nanoparticles in transparent wood coatings. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 72(2), 285–288 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-013-0776-2
J. Wang, J. Zhu, Prospects and applications of biomass-based transparent wood: an architectural glass perspective. Front. Chem. 9, 747385 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2021.747385
T. Li et al., Wood composite as an energy efficient building material: guided sunlight transmittance and effective thermal insulation. Adv. Energy Mater. 6(22), 1601122 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201601122
X. Wang et al., Large-size transparent wood for energy-saving building applications. Chemsuschem 11(23), 4086–4093 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201801826
Y. Wu, J. Wu, F. Yang, C. Tang, Q. Huang, Effect of H(2)O(2) bleaching treatment on the properties of finished transparent wood. Polymers (Basel) 11(5) (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050776
C. Montanari, Y. Ogawa, P. Olsén, L.A. Berglund, High performance, fully bio-based, and optically transparent wood biocomposites. Adv. Sci. 8(12), 2100559 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202100559
Q. Yin, H. Liu, Application of wood material in automobile interior. For. Mach. Woodwork. Equip. 48(11), 51–53 (2020). https://doi.org/10.13279/j.cnki.fmwe.2020.0134
L. Zhang, A. Wang, T. Zhu, Z. Chen, Y. Wu, Y. Gao, Transparent wood composites fabricated by impregnation of epoxy resin and W-doped VO2 nanoparticles for application in energy-saving windows. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(31), 34777–34783 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c06494
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wachter, I., Rantuch, P., Štefko, T. (2023). Smart Windows. In: Transparent Wood Materials. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 330. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23405-7_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23405-7_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-23404-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-23405-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)