Abstract
Though the practice of mindfulness has been central to the world’s perennial wisdom traditions for thousands of years, the empirical study of mindfulness is relatively new to the field of behavioral science. Since the first studies were published in the early 1980s, research on mindfulness has grown exponentially. Similarly, since self-compassion was defined and operationalized with the 2003 publication of two articles by Kristin Neff, research on self-compassion has grown exponentially. While mindfulness and self-compassion have overlapping aspects, such as awareness and kindness, they remain separate constructs, both in how they are understood as states and traits and how they are routinely practiced. Each has distinct component parts and can be taught experientially. To ensure best practice, a thorough understanding of these two constructs is needed. The focus of this chapter is to illuminate where the practices of mindfulness and self-compassion diverge or intersect and how they can work in combination to support each other with the purpose of eliciting the greatest healing.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allen, M., Dietz, M., Blair, K. S., van Beek, M., Rees, G., Vestergaard-Poulsen, P., et al. (2012). Cognitive-affective neural plasticity following active-controlled mindfulness intervention. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(44), 15601–15610. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2957-12.2012
Analayo, B. (2019). Clear knowing and mindfulness. Mindfulness, 11(4), 862–871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01283-8
Aşık, E., & Albayrak, S. (2021). The effect of mindfulness levels on the life satisfaction of nursing students. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 58(3), 1055–1061. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12898
Baer, R. A., Lykins, E. L. B., & Peters, J. R. (2012). Mindfulness and self-compassion as predictors of psychological wellbeing in long-term meditators and matched nonmeditators. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(3), 230–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.674548
Bluth, K., & Blanton, P. W. (2013). Mindfulness and self-compassion: Exploring pathways to adolescent emotional well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(7), 1298–1309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9830-2
Carter, O. L., Presti, D. E., Callistemon, C., Ungerer, Y., Liu, G. B., & Pettigrew, J. D. (2005). Meditation alters perceptual rivalry in Tibetan Buddhist monks. Current Biology, 15(11), R412–R413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.05.043
Costa, J., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2013). Experiential avoidance and self-compassion in chronic pain. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(8), 1578–1591. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12107
Cramer, S. C., Sur, M., Chen, W. G., Cohen, L. G., Decharms, C., Duffy, C. J., et al. (2011). Harnessing neuroplasticity for clinical applications. Brain, 134(Pt 6), 1591–1609. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awr039
Davis, L. L., Whetsell, C., Hamner, M. B., Carmody, J., Rothbaum, B. O., Allen, R. S., Bartolucci, A., Southwick, S. M., & Bremner, D. (2019). A multisite randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice, 1(2), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.prcp.20180002
Donald, J. N., Atkins, P. W. B., Parker, P. D., Christie, A. M., & Ryan, R. M. (2016). Daily stress and the benefits of mindfulness: Examining the daily and longitudinal relations between present-moment awareness and stress responses. Journal of Research in Personality, 65, 30–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.09.002
Donald, J. N., Sahdra, B. K., Van Zanden, B., Duineveld, J. J., Atkins, P. W. B., Marshall, S. L., et al. (2019). Does your mindfulness benefit others? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the link between mindfulness and prosocial behaviour. The British Journal of Psychology, 110(1), 101–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12338
Doorley, J. D., Greenberg, J., Stauder, M., & Vranceanu, A.-M. (2021). The role of mindfulness and relaxation in improved sleep quality following a mind–body and activity program for chronic pain. Mindfulness, 12(11), 2672–2680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01729-y
Dundas, I., Binder, P. E., Hansen, T. G. B., & Stige, S. H. (2017). Does a short self-compassion intervention for students increase healthy self-regulation? A randomized control trial. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 58(5), 443–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12385
Ferrari, M., Hunt, C., Harrysunker, A., Abbott, M. J., Beath, A. P., & Einstein, D. A. (2019). Self-compassion interventions and psychosocial outcomes: A meta-analysis of RCTs. Mindfulness, 10(8), 1455–1473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01134-6
Finlay-Jones, A. L. (2017). The relevance of self-compassion as an intervention target in mood and anxiety disorders: A narrative review based on an emotion regulation framework. Clinical Psychologist, 21(2), 90–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12131
Fjorback, L. O., Arendt, M., Ørnbøl, E., Fink, P., & Walach, H. (2011). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy – A systematic review of randomized controlled trials: Systematic review of mindfulness RCTs. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124(2), 102–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01704.x
Galla, B. M. (2016). Within-person changes in mindfulness and self-compassion predict enhanced emotional well-being in healthy, but stressed adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 49(C), 204–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.016
Galla, B. M. (2017). “Safe in my own mind:” Supporting healthy adolescent development through meditation retreats. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 53, 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.09.006
Germer, C. K., & Neff, K. D. (2013). Self-compassion in clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(8), 856–867. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22021
Gerritsen, R. J. S., & Band, G. P. H. (2018). Breath of life: The respiratory vagal stimulation model of contemplative activity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 397–397. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00397
Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical psychology and psychotherapy, 13(6), 353–379. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.507
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(3), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608310X526511
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Gibbons, L., Chotai, S., Duarte, J., & Matos, M. (2012). Fears of compassion and happiness in relation to alexithymia, mindfulness, and self-criticism. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 85(4), 374–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02046.x
Good, D. J., Lyddy, C. J., Glomb, T. M., Bono, J. E., Brown, K. W., Duffy, M. K., Baer, R. A., Brewer, J. A., & Lazar, S. W. (2016). Contemplating mindfulness at work: An integrative review. Journal of Management, 42(1), 114–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315617003
Grafman, J. (2000). Conceptualizing functional neuroplasticity. Journal of Communication Disorders, 33(4), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9924(00)00030-7
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., Walach, H. (2010). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 8(4), 500–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00573-7
Hanson, R., Shapiro, S. L., Hutton-Thamm, E., Hagerty, M. R., & Sullivan, K. P. (2021). Learning to learn from positive experiences. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2021.2006759
Hashem, Z., & Zeinoun, P. (2020). Self-compassion explains less burnout among healthcare professionals. Mindfulness, 11(11), 2542–2551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01469-5
Heatherton, T. F., & Wagner, D. D. (2011). Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(3), 132–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.12.005
Henriksen, D., Richardson, C., & Shack, K. (2020). Mindfulness and creativity: Implications for thinking and learning. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 37, 100689–100689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100689
Hofmann, S. G., Grossman, P., & Hinton, D. E. (2011). Loving-kindness and compassion meditation: potential for psychological interventions. Clinical psychology review, 31(7), 1126–1132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.003
Irving, J. A., Dobkin, P. L., & Park, J. (2009). Cultivating mindfulness in health care professionals: A review of empirical studies of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(2), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.01.002
Jha, A. P., Morrison, A. B., Dainer-Best, J., Parker, S., Rostrup, N., & Stanley, E. A. (2015). Minds “at attention”: Mindfulness training curbs attentional lapses in military cohorts. PLoS One, 10(2), e0116889–e0116889. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116889
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg016
Krieger, T., Berger, T., & Holtforth, M. G. (2016). The relationship of self-compassion and depression: Cross-lagged panel analyses in depressed patients after outpatient therapy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 202, 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.032
Kuyken, W., Watkins, E., Holden, E., White, K., Taylor, R. S., Byford, S., et al. (2010). How does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy work? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(11), 1105–1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.08.003
Killingsworth, M. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2010). A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Science, 330(6006), 932. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1192439
LeBlanc, S., Uzun, B., & Aydemir, A. (2021). Structural relationship among mindfulness, reappraisal and life satisfaction: The mediating role of positive affect. Current Psychology, 40(9), 4406–4415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00383-x
Leyland, A., Rowse, G., & Emerson, L. M. (2019). Experimental effects of mindfulness inductions on self-regulation: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 19(1), 108–122. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000425
Levit-Binnun, N., Arbel, K., & Dorjee, D. (2021). The mindfulness map: A practical classification framework of mindfulness practices, associated intentions, and experiential understandings. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 727857–727857. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727857
Lomas, T., Medina, J. C., Ivtzan, I., Rupprecht, S., & Eiroa-Orosa, F. J. (2018). A systematic review of the impact of mindfulness on the well-being of healthcare professionals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(3), 319–355. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22515
Lu, S., Wei, F., & Li, G. (2021). The evolution of the concept of stress and the framework of the stress system. Cell Stress, 5(6), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.15698/cst2021.06.250
Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(4), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.005
MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003
Malinowski, P. (2013). Neural mechanisms of attentional control in mindfulness meditation. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 7, 8–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2013.00008
Masters-Waage, T., Reb, J., Tov, W., & Bandara, U. (2021). An initial examination of state and longitudinal effects of loving-kindness practice on affective and motivational states at work. Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01781-8
Masters-Waage, T. C., Reb, J., Tov, W., & Bandara, U. (2022). An initial examination of state and longitudinal effects of loving-kindness practice on affective and motivational states at work. Mindfulness, 13(1), 174–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01781-8
McEvoy, P. M., Watson, H., Watkins, E. R., & Nathan, P. (2013). The relationship between worry, rumination, and comorbidity: Evidence for repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic construct. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(1), 313–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.014
Neff, K. D. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21923
Neff, K. D., Hsieh, Y.-P., & Dejitterat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self and Identity, 4(3), 263–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500444000317
Neff, K. D., & Shapiro, S. L. (2019). The Science of mindfulness and self-compassion: How to build new habits to transform your life. Boulder, CO: Sounds True
Ni, Y., Ma, L., & Li, J. (2020). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in people with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 52(4), 379–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12560
Pulcu, E., Lythe, K., Elliott, R., Green, S., Moll, J., Deakin, J. F., Zahn, R. (2014). Increased amygdala response to shame in remitted major depressive disorder. PLOS One, 9(1), e86900. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086900
Rigoni, D., Demanet, J., & Sartori, G. (2015). Happiness in action: The impact of positive affect on the time of the conscious intention to act. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01307
Rowe, A. C., Shepstone, L., Carnelley, K. B., Cavanagh, K., & Millings, A. (2016). Attachment security and self-compassion priming increase the likelihood that first-time engagers in mindfulness meditation will continue with mindfulness training. Mindfulness, 7(3), 642–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0499-7
Rowland, L., & Curry, O. S. (2019). A range of kindness activities boost happiness. The Journal of Social Psychology, 159(3), 340–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2018.1469461
Rudaz, M., Ledermann, T., Twohig, M. P., & Levin, M. E. (2019). Does a brief mindfulness training enhance heartfulness in students? Results of a pilot study. OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine, 4(4), 15. https://doi.org/10.21926/obm.icm.1904059
Santorelli, S. (1999). Heal thy self: Lessons on mindfulness in medicine. Random House.
Shapiro, D. H. (1992). A preliminary study of long-term meditators: Goals, effects, religious orientation, cognitions. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 24(1), 23–39.
Shapiro, S. L., & Carlson, L. E. (2009). The art and science of mindfulness: Integrating mindfulness into psychology and the helping professions. American Psychological Association.
Shapiro, S. L., & Schwartz, G. E. (2000). The role of intention in self-regulation: Toward intentional systemic mindfulness. In M. Boekarts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 253–273). Academic Press.
Shapiro, S. L., & Walsh, R. (2003). An analysis of recent meditation research and suggestions for future directions. The Humanistic Psychologist, 31(2–3), 86–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873267.2003.9986927
Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(4), 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20237
Smeets, E., Neff, K., Alberts, H., & Peters, M. (2014). Meeting suffering with kindness: Effects of a brief self-compassion intervention for female college students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(9), 794–807. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22076
Stawarczyk, D., Majerus, S., Van Der Linden, M., & D’Argembeau, A. (2012). Using the daydreaming frequency scale to investigate the relationships between mind-wandering, psychological well-being, and present-moment awareness. Frontiers in Psychology, 3(363). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00363
Symeonidou, D., Moraitou, D., Papachristos, C., & Anastassios, S. (2019). Promoting subjective wellbeing through a kindness intervention. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 16(1), 1–21.
Toricelli, M., Pereira, A., Souza Abrao, G., Malerba, H., Maia, J., Buck, H., et al. (2021). Mechanisms of neuroplasticity and brain degeneration: Strategies for protection during the aging process. Neural Regeneration Research, 16(1), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.286952
Uvnäs-Moberg, K., Handlin, L., & Petersson, M. (2014). Self-soothing behaviors with particular reference to oxytocin release induced by non-noxious sensory stimulation. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1529–1529. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01529
Van Dam, N. T., Sheppard, S. C., Forsyth, J. P., & Earleywine, M. (2010). Self-compassion is a better predictor than mindfulness of symptom severity and quality of life in mixed anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(1), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.011
Verhaeghen, P. (2021). Mindfulness as attention training: Meta-analyses on the links between attention performance and mindfulness interventions, long-term meditation practice, and trait mindfulness. Mindfulness, 12(3), 564–581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01532-1
Verplanken, B., & Fisher, N. (2014). Habitual worrying and benefits of mindfulness. Mindfulness, 5(5), 566–573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0211-0
Voss, P., Thomas, M. E., Cisneros-Franco, J. M., & de Villers-Sidani, É. (2017). Dynamic brains and the changing rules of neuroplasticity: Implications for learning and recovery. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01657
Waytz, A., & Hofmann, W. (2020). Nudging the better angels of our nature: A field experiment on morality and well-being. Emotion, 20(5), 904–909. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000588
Yordanova, J., Kolev, V., Mauro, F., Nicolardi, V., Simione, L., Calabrese, L., Malinowski, P., & Raffone, A. (2020). Common and distinct lateralised patterns of neural coupling during focused attention, open monitoring and loving kindness meditation. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 7430–7430. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64324-6
Yordanova, J., Kolev, V., Nicolardi, V., Simione, L., Mauro, F., Garberi, P., Malinowski, P., & Raffone, A. (2021). Attentional and cognitive monitoring brain networks in long-term meditators depend on meditation states and expertise. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 4909–4909. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84325-3
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shapiro, S., Fitch, A. (2023). Self-Compassion and Mindfulness. In: Finlay-Jones, A., Bluth, K., Neff, K. (eds) Handbook of Self-Compassion. Mindfulness in Behavioral Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-22347-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-22348-8
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)