Abstract
This chapter describes the most frequent phenomena commonly described as “functional” neurologic disorders, i.e., disturbances for which no actual physical brain or nerve damage or dysfunction can be documented. The most frequent conditions are pseudoseizures or nonepileptic seizures. Patients often exhibit often anxiety, difficulty speaking of it, and perfectionism.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aybek, S., & Perez, D. L. (2022). Diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorder. British Medical Journal (BMJ), 376, 64.
Blumenschine, M., Montes, J., Rao, A. K., Engelstad, K., & De Vivo, D. C. (2016). Analysis of gait disturbance in Glut 1 deficiency syndrome. Journal of Child Neurology, 31(13), 1483–1488.
Bodde, N. M., Brooks, J. L., Baker, G. A., Boon, P. A., Hendriksen, J. G., Mulder, O. G., & Aldenkamp, A. P. (2009). Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures – definition, etiology, treatment and prognostic issues: a critical review. Seizure, 18(8), 543–553.
Brainsky, S. (2003). Manual de psicologia y psicopatologia dinamicas: Fundamentos de psicoanalisis (3rd ed.). El Ancora Editores/3R Editores Bogota.
Brashear, A., Sweadner, K. J., Cook, J. F., Swoboda, K. J., & Ozelius, L. (2018). ATP1A3-related neurologic disorders. 2008 Feb 7 [updated 2018 Feb 22]. In M. P. Adam, H. H. Ardinger, R. A. Pagon, S. E. Wallace, B. LJH, K. W. Gripp, G. M. Mirzaa, & A. Amemiya (Eds.), GeneReviews® [Internet]. University of Washington. 1993–2022.
Breitenfeld, T., Jurassic, M. J., & Breitenfeld, D. (2014). Hippocrates: The forefather of neurology. Neurological Sciences, 35(9), 1349–1352.
Chouksey, A., & Pandey, S. (2020). Functional movement disorders in children. Frontiers in Neurology, 11, 570151.
Chutko, L. S., & Surushkina, S. Y. (2021). Functional neurological disorders. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 51(9), 1228.
Demartini, B. (2022). Functional gait disorder. In LaFaver et al. (Eds.), Functional movement disorder, current clinical neurology (1st ed.). Springer.
Di Stefano, V., Rispoli, M. G., Pellegrino, N., Graziosi, A., Rotondo, E., Napoli, C., Pietrobon, D., Brighina, F., & Parisi, P. (2020). Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of hemiplegic migraine. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 91(7), 764–771.
Edwards, M. J., Stone, J., Lang, A. E. (2014). From psychogenic movement disorder to functional movement disorder: It’s time to change the name. Movement Disorders, 29(7), 849–852.
El Malhany, N., Gulisano, M., Rizzo, R., & Curatolo, P. (2015). Tourette syndrome and comorbid ADHD: Causes and consequences. European Journal of Pediatrics, 174(3), 279–288.
Eler, A. (2016). A history of hysteria in art, film, and literature. KCET December 1, 2016. Available at: https://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/a-history-of-hysteria-in-art-film-and-literature. Accessed 20 Mar 2022
Ferriero, D. M., Fullerton, H. J., Bernard, T. J., Billinghurst, L., Daniels, S. R., DeBaun, M. R., et al. (2019). American Heart Association stroke council and council on cardiovascular and stroke nursing. Management of stroke in neonates and children: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 50(3), e51–e96.
Ghanim, M. T., Bergmann, S., Turner, R. D., Eskandari, R., & Mahajerin, A. (2020). Recurrent stroke in a child with atlantoaxial instability following chiropractic manipulation. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 42(6), e518–e520.
Gilles de la Tourette G. (1896). Diagnostic et traitement du tic douloureux de la face et de la migraine. La Semaine Medicale, 16, 221.
Gulani, V., Calamante, F., Shellock, F. G., Kanal, E., & Reeder, S. B. (2017). International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Gadolinium deposition in the brain: Summary of evidence and recommendations. Lancet Neurology, 16(7), 564–570.
Hallett, M. (2022). Free will, emotions and agency: Pathophysiology of functional movement disorder. In LaFaver et al. (Eds.), Functional movement disorder, current clinical neurology (1st ed.). Springer.
Hull, M., & Parnes, M. (2021). Tics and TikTok: Functional tics spread through social media. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice, 8(8), 1248–1252.
Kamalian, S., & Lev, M. H. (2019). Stroke Imaging. Radiologic Clinics of North America, 57(4), 717–732.
Kanaan, R. A. A. (2022). A historical perspective on functional neurological disorder. In LaFaver et al. (Eds.), Functional movement disorder, current clinical neurology (1st ed.). Springer.
Kendler, K. S. (2020). The development of Kraepelin’s concept of dementia praecox: A close Reading of relevant texts. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(11), 1181–1187.
Kirsch, D. B., & Mink, J. W. (2004). Psychogenic movement disorders in children. Pediatric Neurology, 30(1), 1–6.
Krishnan, V., & Nestler, E. J. (2008). The molecular neurobiology of depression. Nature, 455(7215), 894–902.
Longo, O. (1996). Hot heads and cold brains: Aristotle, Galen and the “radiator theory”. Physis; Rivista Internazionale di Storia della Scienza, 33(1–3), 259–266.
Madaan, P., Swamy, D., & Saini, L. (2019). Stroke following trivial trauma. Pediatric Neurology, 96, 83.
Magrinelli, F., Mulroy, E., Schneider, S. A., Latorre, A., Di Lazzaro, G., Hennig, A., et al. (2020). Criss-cross gait: A clue to glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome. Neurology, 95(11), 500–501.
Park, S. B., & Thurbon, R. (2020). Kiernan MCIsaacs syndrome: The frontier of neurology, psychiatry, immunology and cancer journal of neurology. Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 91, 1243–1244.
Patel, H., Blake, H., & Dunn, D. (2021). Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures in children and adolescents. Indian Pediatrics, 58(3), 259–265.
Pons, R., Collins, A., Rotstein, M., Engelstad, K., & De Vivo, D. C. (2010). The spectrum of movement disorders in Glut-1 deficiency. Movement Disorders, 25, 275–281.
Popkirov, S., Asadi-Pooya, A. A., Duncan, R., Gigineishvili, D., Hingray, C., Miguel Kanner, A., LaFrance, W. C., Jr., Pretorius, C., & Reuber, M. (2019). The aetiology of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: Risk factors and comorbidities. Epileptic Disorders, 21(6), 529–547.
Pringsheim, T., & Martino, D. (2021). Rapid onset of functional tic-like behaviors in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Neurology, 28(11), 3805–3808.
Reilly, C., Menlove, L., Fenton, V., & Das, K. B. (2013). Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures in children: A review. Epilepsia, 54(10), 1715–1724.
Ryu, J. H., & Baik, J. S. (2010). Psychogenic gait disorders after mass school vaccination of influenza A. Journal of Movement Disorders, 3(1), 15–17.
Sanders, S. J., Sahin, M., Hostyk, J., Thurm, A., Jacquemont, S., Avillach, P., et al. (2019). A framework for the investigation of rare genetic disorders in neuropsychiatry. Nature Medicine, 25(10), 1477–1487.
Schrag, A. E., Martino, D., Wang, H., Ambler, G., Benaroya-Milstein, N., Buttiglione, M., et al. (2022). Lack of association of Group A Streptococcal infection and onset of tics. Neurology, 98(11), e1175–e1183.
Schwingenschuh, P., Pont-Sunyer, C., Surtees, R., Edwards, M. J., & Bhatia, K. P. (2008). Psychogenic movement disorders in children: A report of 15 cases and a review of the literature. Movement Disorders, 23(13), 1882–1888.
Singer, H. S., Mink, J. W., Gilbert, D. K., & Jankovic, J. (2016a). Tics and Tourette Syndrome. In Singer et al. (Eds.), Movement disorders in childhood (2nd ed.). Elsevier.
Singer, H. S., Mink, J. W., Gilbert, D. L., & Jankovic, J. (2016b). Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders. In Singer et al. (Eds.), Movement disorders in childhood (2nd ed.). Elsevier.
Sokol, L. L., & Espay, A. J. (2016). Clinical signs in functional (psychogenic) gait disorders: A brief survey. Journal of Clinical Movement Disorders, 12(3), 3.
Stence, N. V., Fenton, L. Z., Goldenberg, N. A., Armstrong-Wells, J., & Bernard, T. J. (2011). Craniocervical arterial dissection in children: Diagnosis and treatment. Current Treatment Options in Neurology, 13(6), 636–648.
Stowe, R. C., & Glaze, D. G. (2019). Electroencephalographic patterns during routine polysomnography in childhood and association with future epilepsy diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 15(4), 553–562.
Thompson, A. J., Banwell, B. L., Barkhof, F., Carroll, W. M., Coetzee, T., Comi, G., et al. (2018). Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurology, 17(2), 162–173.
Walusinski, O. (2018). Georges Gilles de la Tourette: Beyond the eponym (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
Walusinski, O., & Bogousslavsky, J. (2020). Charcot, Janet, and French models of psychopathology. European Neurology, 83, 333–340.
Warner, D. O., Zaccariello, M. J., Katusic, S. K., Schroeder, D. R., Hanson, A. C., Schulte, P. J., et al. (2018). Neuropsychological and behavioral outcomes after exposure of young children to procedures requiring general anesthesia: The Mayo Anesthesia Safety in Kids (MASK) study. Anesthesiology, 129(1), 89–105.
Zea Vera, A., Bruce, A., Garris, J., Tochen, L., Bhatia, P., Lehman, R. K., Lopez, W., Wu, S. W., & Gilbert, D. L. (2022). The phenomenology of tics and tic-like behavior in TikTok. Pediatric Neurology, 130, 14–20.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jimenez-Gomez, A., Fisher, K.S. (2023). Functional or “Psychogenic” Neurological Symptoms in Children and Adolescents. In: Maldonado-Duran, J.M., Jimenez-Gomez, A., Saxena, K. (eds) Handbook of Mind/Body Integration in Child and Adolescent Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18377-5_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18377-5_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-18376-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-18377-5
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)