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Psychosocial Treatments: Psychotherapy, Behavioral, and Cultural Interventions

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Atlas of Psychiatry

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Abstract

Psychiatry, which in the 1870s was to become the youngest of all medical disciplines, was late to incorporate prevailing medical information and ideas. It took its time to entertain physiological hypotheses to account for the causal chain of severe psychiatric disorders, and hesitated for far too long, to use the same conceptual framework that was being successfully applied to the rational understanding of practically all other medical disorders. Sigmund Freud, at the beginning of the twentieth century, discovered a method of scientific inquiry (psychoanalysis) from which, in addition to psychoanalysis proper, a torrent of other therapeutic applications evolved over the years under such generic names as psychoanalytic psychotherapies and psychodynamic psychotherapies. Since World War II (WWII) the growth of the discipline has been extraordinary. Numerous new effective medications have allowed patients to achieve clinical successes on par with those obtained in other areas of clinical medicine. In parallel, many other psychosocial interventions, anchored in disciplines such as systems theory, family dynamics, cultural formulations of health and illness, and many others have reached scientific recognition and therapeutic prowess. Their extraordinary diversity found an intellectual and pragmatic home under the umbrella of the biopsychosocial paradigm, first fully articulated by Gorge Engel in a seminal paper published in 1977 (Engel, Science. 196:129–136, 1977). Psychiatry started the twenty-first century fully equipped to produce more and better evidence-based therapies for the large and growing number of disorders that afflict contemporary societies. A few additional transformative steps are already visible on the horizon. The full application of neuroimaging to psychiatric clinical practice, now in development in the hands of a few pioneers, will bring Psychiatry closer to Freud’s long-delayed dream for our profession: to be able to anchor its findings about the mind on the secure footing of solid neurobiological knowledge.

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    Manuel Trujillo

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Trujillo, M. (2023). Psychosocial Treatments: Psychotherapy, Behavioral, and Cultural Interventions. In: IsHak, W.W. (eds) Atlas of Psychiatry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15401-0_11

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