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Leptin as a Biomarker in Nutrition and Metabolism

Applications to Diabetes

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Biomarkers in Nutrition

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Abstract

Obesity and its associated metabolic diseases became a major health problem and leading eventually to cardiovascular diseases and increased morbidity and mortality. Visceral obesity is metabolically active secreting substances called adipokines. Of them, leptin is the prototypical adipokine exerting a variety of metabolic effects. Since its discovery in 1994, leptin has been extensively studied in animals and humans, and everyday there are new data related to leptin, and more is still to be discovered. Leptin has a pleotropic effect involving metabolism, inflammation, obesity, immunity, diabetes, and reproduction. Higher leptin levels than normal lead to tissue insensitivity to leptin referred to leptin resistance. Diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance, and leptin resistance are closely related. This review aimed to discuss the effect of leptin on metabolism, obesity, type 2 diabetes and its complications and vice versa, and its therapeutic implementation.

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Abbreviations

BBB:

Blood brain barrier

BMI:

Body mass index

CNS:

central nervous system

CRP:

C-reactive protein

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

IL6:

Interlukin 6

JAK-STAT:

Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription

K ATP:

Potassium-adenosine triphosphate

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinases

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemotactic peptide-1

NFkB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

PAI-1:

Plasminogen activatorinhibitor-1

SARS-CoV2:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

T1DM:

Type 1 diabetes

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unit of Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

    Heba Sadek Kassab

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  1. Heba Sadek Kassab
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Correspondence to Heba Sadek Kassab .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK

    Victor R. Preedy

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Kassab, H.S. (2022). Leptin as a Biomarker in Nutrition and Metabolism. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R. (eds) Biomarkers in Nutrition . Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07389-2_57

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