Abstract
This chapter offers a summary of who lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer communities are; how domestic violence and abuse manifests within lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer communities; and the risk and protective factors associated with domestic violence and abuse in lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer communities. Taking an international perspective, the chapter highlights that domestic violence and abuse within lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer communities is highly prevalent and has significant implications for victim/survivors and wider society. Explanations of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer domestic violence and abuse argue that the social and cultural context of the relationship(s) is key to understanding it, yet research in this field is in it’s infancy, particularly in relation to bisexual, trans, and non-binary people. This chapter draws attention to the multifaceted nature of violence and abuse in the lives of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer people, noting many challenges in preventing and addressing it. The chapter concludes with a case study of fatal domestic abuse highlighting the need for further research which explores the intersectional factors impacting domestic violence and abuse in lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer communities.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The Domestic Abuse Act 2021 updated the definition from financial to economic abuse to accommodate the range of ways abusers might restrict how survivors acquire, use, and maintain money and economic resources, including accommodation, food, and clothing, even after a relationship has ended (for example by negatively affecting the survivor’s credit history) (Adams et al. 2008).
References
Adams AE, Sullivan CM, Bybee D, Greeson MR (2008) Development of the scale of economic abuse. Violence Against Women 14(5):563–587
Balsam KF (2001) Nowhere to hide: lesbian battering, homophobia, and minority stress. Women Therapy 23(3):25–37
Barnes R (2008) ‘I still sort of flounder in a sea of non-language’: The constraints of language and labels in women’s accounts of woman-to-woman partner abuse. In: Throsby K, Alexander F (eds) Gender and Interpersonal Violence: Language, Action and Representation, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 29–43.
Barnes R (2013a) ‘I’m over it’: Women’s accounts of life after woman-to-woman partner abuse. Partn Abus 4(3):380–398
Barnes R (2013b) ‘She expected her women to be pretty, subservient, dinner on the table at six’: Problematising the narrative of egalitarianism in lesbian relationships through accounts of woman-to-woman partner abuse. In: Sanger T, Taylor Y (eds) Mapping intimacies: relations, exchanges, affects. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp 130–149
Bates E (2016) Current controversies within intimate partner violence: overlooking bidirectional violence. J Fam Violence 31:937–940
Brotman S, Ryan B, Cormier R (2003) The Health and Social Service Needs of Gay and Lesbian Elders and Their Families in Canada The Gerontologist 43(2):192–02 https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/43.2.192
Cruz M (2003) “Why Doesn’t He Just Leave?”: Gay Male Domestic Violence and the Reasons Victims Stay. The Journal of Men’s Studies 11(3):309–23
Davis A, Best J, Wei C, Luo J, Van der Pol B et al (2015) Intimate partner violence and correlates with risk behaviours and HIV/STI diagnoses among men who have sex with men and men who have sex with men and women in China: a hidden epidemic. Sex Transm Dis 42(7):387–392
Dempsey D, Parkinson S, Andrews C, McNair R (2020) Family relationships and LGB first homelessness in Australia: What do we know and where should we go? Journal of Sociology 56(4): 516–34 https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783320927087
Dickerson-Amaya N, Coston BM (2019) Invisibility Is Not Invincibility: The Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Gay Bisexual and Straight Men’s Mental Health. American Journal of Men’s Health 13(3) https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319849734
Dixon L, Graham-Kevan N (2011) Understanding the nature and etiology of intimate partner violence and implications for practice and policy. Clinical Psychology Review 31(7);1145–155 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.001
Donovan C, Hester M, Holmes J, McCarry M (2006) Comparing domestic abuse in same sex and heterosexual relationships: Initial report from a study funded by the ESRC. Available at: https://equation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Comparing-Domestic-Abuse-in-Same-Sex-and-Heterosexual-relationships.pdf
Donovan C, (2010) Barriers to Making Referrals of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered (LGBT) victim/survivors to the MARAC and Recommendations for Improvement: A Study of IDVAs, MARAC Coordinators and PPU Detective Inspectors Within the Northumbria Police Force Area. Project Report. University of Sunderland. Available at: http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/id/eprint/2895/
Donovan C, Barnes R (2019) Domestic violence and abuse in lesbian, gay, bisexual and/or transgender (LGB and/or T) relationships. Sexualities 22(5–6):741–750. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460716681491
Donovan C, Hester M (2010) ‘I Hate the Word “Victim”’: An Exploration of Recognition of Domestic Violence in Same Sex Relationships Social Policy and Society 9(2):279–89. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746409990406
Donovan C, Barnes R (2020a) Queering narratives of domestic violence and abuse. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke
Donovan C, Barnes R (2020b) Help-seeking among lesbian, gay, bisexual and/or transgender victims/survivors of domestic violence and abuse: The impacts of cisgendered heteronormativity and invisibility. J Sociol 56(4):554–570
Donovan C, Hester M (2011) Seeking help from the enemy: help-seeking strategies of those in same sex relationships who have experienced domestic abuse. Child Fam Law Q 23(1):26–40
Donovan C, Hester M (2015) Domestic violence and sexuality: what’s love got to do with it? Policy Press, Bristol
Donovan C, Heaphy B, Weeks J (2001) Same sex intimacies. Families of Choice and Other Life Experiments, Routledge, London
Donovan C, Barnes R, Nixon C (2014) The Coral Project: exploring abusive behaviours in lesbian, gay, bisexual and/or transgender relationships interim report ESRC ES/J012580/01. https://www2leacuk/departments/criminology/documents/coral-project-interim-report. Accessed 7 Jul 2021
Enke A (2012) Transfeminist perspectives in and beyond. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA
Fassinger RE, Arseneau JR (2007) “I'd Rather Get Wet Than Be Under That Umbrella”: differentiating the Experiences and Identities of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People. In: Bieschke KJ, Perez RM, De Bord KA (eds) Handbook of counselling and psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender clients. American Psychological Association, Worcester, MA, pp 19–49. https://doi.org/10.1037/11482-001
Frankland A, Brown J (2014) Coercive Control in Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence Journal of Family Violence 29(1) 15-22 10.1007/s10896-013-9558-1
Gates GJ (2011) How many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender? Williams Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles
Girshick LB (2002) Woman-to-woman sexual violence: does she call it rape? University Press of New England, Lebanon, NH
Goodmark L (2013) Transgender people, intimate partner abuse, and the legal system. Harvard Civil Rights Civil Liberties Rev 48:51–104
Goodkind JR, Gillum TL, Bybee DI, Sullivan CM (2003) The Impact of Family and Friends’ Reactions on the Well-Being of Women With Abusive Partners Violence Against Women 9(3) 347–73 https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801202250083
Habarth JM (2013) Development of the heteronormative attitudes and beliefs scale. Psychol Sex 6(2):166–188
Harned MS (2002) Abused women or abused men? An examination of the context and outcomes of dating violence. Violence Vict 16(3):269–285
Hassouneh D, Glass N (2008) The influence of gender role stereotyping on women’s experiences of female same-sex intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women 14(3):310–325
Heise LL (1998) Violence against women: An integrated, ecological framework. Violence Against Women 4(3):262–290
Hester M (2004) Future Trends and Developments Violence Against Women 10(12):1431–448 https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801204270559
Hester M, Pearson C, Harwin N (2007) Making an Impact - Children and Domestic Violence: A Reader. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
Holmes C (2011) Troubling Normalcy: Examining ‘healthy relationship’ discourses in lesbian domestic violence prevention. In J Ristock (ed) Intimate Partner Violence in LGBTQ Lives. Abingdon: Routledge
Home Office (2013) Definition of domestic violence and abuse: Guide for local areas. Published 18 March 2013. www.gov.uk/government/publications/definition-of-domestic-violence-and-abuse-guidefor-local-areas
Home Office (2019) The economic and social costs of domestic abuse. Home Office Research Report 107. Published 21 January 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-economic-and-social-costs-of-domestic-abuse
Home Office (2021) Tackling violence against women and girls strategy. Published 21 July 2021. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tackling-violence-against-women-and-girls-strategy Accessed 22 Jul 2021
Human Dignity Trust (2021) LGBT and the law. https://www.humandignitytrust.org/lgbt-the-law/. Accessed 8 Jul 2021
Hunt R, Fish J (2008) Prescription for change: Lesbian and bisexual women’s health check. London Sigma Research. https://wwwstonewallorguk/resources/prescription-change-2008 Accessed 31 May 2021
Irwin J (2006) Lesbians and domestic violence: Stories of seeking support. Women Welfare Educ 8:28–36
Johnson MP (2006) Conflict and control: gender symmetry and asymmetry in domestic violence. Violence Against Women 12:1003–1018
Johnson JL, Repta R (2012) Sex and gender: beyond the binaries. In: Oliffe JL, Greaves L (eds) Designing and conducting gender, sex, and health research. SAGE, London
Kelly L (2003) The wrong debate: reflections on why force is not the key issue with respect to trafficking in women for sexual exploitation. Fem Rev 73(1):139–144
Kelly BC, Izienicki H, Bimbi DS, Parsons JT (2011) The intersection of mutual partner violence and substance use among urban gays, lesbians and bisexuals. Deviant Behav 32(5):379–404
Kennedy N (2013) Cultural cisgenderism: consequences of the imperceptible. Psychol Women Sect Rev 15(2):1–7
Koblin BA, Torian L, Xu G, Guilin V, Makki H, Mackellar D, Valleroy L (2006) Violence and HIV-related risk among young men who have sex with men. AIDS Care 18(8):961–967
Langhinrichsen-Rohling J, Misra TA, Selwyn C, Rohling ML (2012) Rates of bidirectional versus unidirectional intimate partner violence across sample, sexual orientations, and race/ethnicities: a comprehensive review. Partn Abus 3(2):199–230
Liang B, Goodman L, Tummala-Narra P, Weintraub S (2005) A Theoretical Framework for Understanding Help-Seeking Processes Among Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence. American Journal of Community Psychology 36(1–2): 71-84 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-005-6233-6
Mendoza J (2011) The impact of minority stress on gay male partner abuse. In: Ristock JL (ed) Intimate Partner Violence in LGBTQ lives. Routledge, New York, pp 169–181
Messinger AM (2011) Invisible victims: same-sex IPV in the national violence against women survey. J Interpers Violence 26(11):2228–2243
Messinger AM (2017) LGBTQ Intimate Partner Violence. Lessons for policy, practice, and research. University of California Press, California
Meyer IH (2003) Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull 129(5):674–697
Office for National Statistics [ONS] (2018) Women most at risk of experiencing partner abuse in England and Wales: years ending March 2015 to 2017. Published 31 May 2018. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/articles/womenmostatriskofexperiencingpartnerabuseinenglandandwales/yearsendingmarch2015to2017
Office of National Statistics [ONS] (2021) Sexual Orientation, UK: 2019. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/sexuality/bulletins/sexualidentityuk/2019. Accessed 8 Jul 2021
Office for National Statistics [ONS] (2022) Domestic abuse in England and Wales overview: November 2022. Published 25 November 2022. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/bulletins/domesticabuseinenglandandwalesoverview/november2022
Pantalone DW, Hessler DM, Simoni JM (2010) Mental health pathways from interpersonal violence to help-related outcomes in HIV-positive sexual minority men. J Consult Clin Psychol 78(3):387
Pence E, Paymar M (1993) Education Groups for Men Who Batter. Springer Publishing Company, New York NY
Pitts M, Smith A, Mitchell A, Patel S (2006) Private lives: a report on the health and wellbeing of GLBTI Australians. Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne
Poushter J, Kent NO (2020) The global divide on homosexuality persists. Pew Research Centre. https://wwwpewresearchorg/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/. Accessed 0 Jul 2021
Riger S, Raja S, Camacho J (2002) The radiating impact of intimate partner violence. J Interpers Violence 17(2):184–205
Ristock J (2002) No more secrets: violence in lesbian relationships. Routledge, London
Roch A, Ritchie G, Morton J (2010) Out of sight, out of mind? Transgender people’s experiences of domestic abuse. LGBT Youth Scotland and the Scottish Transgender Alliance, Edinburgh. https://www.scottishtrans.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/trans_domestic_abuse.pdf Accessed 29 Oct 2021
Rogers M (2016) Breaking down barriers: the potential for social care practice with trans survivors of domestic abuse. Health Soc Care Community 24(1):68–76
Rogers M (2019) Challenging cisgenderism through trans people’s narratives of domestic violence and abuse. Sexualities 22(5–6):803–820. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460716681475
Rogers M (2020) Exploring the domestic abuse narratives of trans and non-binary people and the role of cisgenderism in identity abuse, misgendering and pathologizing. Violence Against Women 27(12–13):2187–2207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220971368
Russell S, Ryan C, Toomey R, Diaz R, Sanchez J (2011) Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescent school victimisation: implications for young adult health and adjustment. J Sch Health 81:223–230
SafeLives (2018) Free to be safe: LGBT+ people experiencing domestic abuse. https://safelives.org.uk/sites/default/files/resources/Free%20to%20be%20safe%20web.pdf. Accessed 29 Oct 2021
Santoniccolo F, Trombetta T, Rollè L (2021) The help-seeking process in same-sex intimate partner violence: a systematic review. Sex Res Social Policy 20:391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00629-z
Serano J (2007) Whipping girl: a transsexual woman on sexism and the scapegoating of femininity. Seal Press, Berkeley, CA
Social Ecological Correlates of Polyvictimization among a National Sample of Transgender Genderqueer and Cisgender Sexual Minority Adolescents Child Abuse & Neglect (2017) 671–12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.02.017
Stark E (2007) Coercive control: how men entrap women in personal life. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Stets JE, Straus MA (1989) Gender differences in reporting marital violence and its medical and psychological consequences. In: Straus MA, Gelles RJ (eds) Physical violence in American families: risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families. Transaction Publishing, New Brunswick, NJ, pp 227–244
Straus MA (2010) Thirty years of denying the evidence on gender symmetry in partner violence: implications for prevention and treatment. Partn Abus 1(3):332–362
Straus M, Hamby S, Boney-McCoy S, Sugarman DB (1996) The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2): development and preliminary psychometric data. J Fam Issues 17(3):283–316
Stripe N (2020) Domestic abuse in England and Wales overview: November 2020. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/bulletins/domesticabuseinenglandandwalesoverview/november2020. Accessed 8 Jul 2021
United Nations (2021) What is domestic abuse? https://www.un.org/en/coronavirus/what-is-domestic-abuse. Accessed 23 Jul 2021
Valentine SE, Peitzmeier SM, King DS, O’Cleirigh C, Marquez SM, Presley C, Potter J (2017) Disparities in exposure to intimate partner violence among transgender/gender nonconforming and sexual minority primary care patients. LGBT Health 4:260–267
Valido A, Rivas-Koehl M, Espelage DL, Robinson LE, Kuehl T, Mintz S, Wyman P (2021) Protective factors of homophobic name-calling and sexual violence perpetration and victimisation among LGB, trans, and heterosexual high school students. Sch Ment Heal 13:602–615
Walters ML, Lippy C (2016) Intimate partner violence in LGBT communities. In: Cuevas CA, Rennison CM (eds) The Wiley handbook on the psychology of violence. Wiley, Chichester p, pp 695–714
Walters ML, Chen J, Breidling MH (2013) The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 findings on victimisation by sexual orientation. National Centre for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta Centres for Disease Control and Prevention https://wwwcdcgov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_sofindingspdf. Accessed 21 Oct 2021
Warwick I, Chase E, Aggleton P, Sanders S (2004) Homophobia, sexual orientation and schools: a review and implications for action. Research report RR594. Department of Education and Skills, London. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.UK/20130401151715/https://www.education.gov.UK/publications/RSG/AllPublications/Page1/RR594. Accessed 21 Oct 2021
Weeks J, Heaphy B, Donovan C (2001) Same-sex intimacies: families of choice and other life experiments. Routledge, London
World Health Organisation (2021) Violence against women fact sheet. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women. Accessed 23 Jul 2021
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McGregor, K. (2023). Domestic Violence and Abuse in LGBTQ+ Communities. In: Ali, P., Rogers, M.M. (eds) Gender-Based Violence: A Comprehensive Guide. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05640-6_34
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05640-6_34
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-05639-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-05640-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)