Land and Freedom: Anarchists and Indians in the Crossfire of Colonial Expansion and Social Revolution in Latin America from 1848 to 1917

Kaltmeier, Olaf; Romero, León Enrique Ávila

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04465-6_5

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements ((PSHSM))

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Abstract

A certain worker romanticism predominates in the debate on revolutions at the transition from the nineteenth to the twentieth century. The proletarian—especially the industrial worker—is seen as the prototype of the revolutionary and is given a historical mission based on the development of the productive forces.

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Notes

1.
Eric J. Hobsbawm, Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movement in the 19th and 20th Centuries (New York: W. W. Norton, 1959), p. 14.
2.
Maria J. Saldaña-Portillo, ‘Revolution’, in Olaf Kaltmeier et al. (eds.), Routledge Handbook to the Political Economy and Governance of the Americas (New York: Routledge, 2020), p. 469.
3.
Ibid.
4.
Jean Franco, ‘Beyond Ethnocentrism: Gender, Power, and the Third-World Intelligentsia’, in Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988), p. 504.
5.
Raymond Craib, ‘Cartography and Decolonization’, in James Akerman (ed.), Decolonizating the Map: Cartography from Colony to Nation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017), pp. 8–29.
6.
See ibid.; Geoffrey De Laforcade and Kirwin Shaffer (eds.), In Defiance of Boundaries: Anarchism in Latin American History (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2015); Barry Maxwell and Raymond Craib (eds.), No Gods No Masters No Peripheries: Global Anarchisms (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2015).
7.
For the Andes region, see, for example, Marc Becker, Indians and Leftists in the Making of Ecuador’s Modern Indigenous Movements (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008); Olaf Kaltmeier, Konjunkturen der (De-)Kolonialisierung. Indigene Gemeinschaften, Hacienda und Staat in den ecuadorianischen Anden von der Kolonialzeit bis heute (Bielefeld: transcript, 2016); Álvaro Garcia Linera, Indianismo and Marxism: The Mismatch of Two Revolutionary Rationales (2008), available at: https://lifeonleft.blogspot.com/2008/01/indianismo-and-marxism-mismatch-of-two.html.
8.
See Ranajit Guha, Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983); and for its Latin American reception Florencia E. Mallon, ‘The Promise and Dilemma of Subaltern Studies: Perspectives from Latin American History’, American Historical Review 99/5 (1994), pp. 1491–1515.
9.
Richard J. F. Day, Gramsci Is Dead: Anarchist Currents in the Newest Social Movements (Toronto: Between The Lines, 2005).
10.
Saturnino M. Borras Jr, ‘Agrarian Social Movements: The Absurdly Difficult but not Impossible Agenda of Defeating Right‐Wing Populism and Exploring a Socialist Future’, Journal of Agrarian Change 20/1 (2020), pp. 3–36.
11.
Tom Brass, ‘The Agrarian Myth, the “New” Populism and the “New” Right’, The Journal of Peasant Studies 24/4 (1997), pp. 201–245.
12.
Ibid.
13.
Sebastian Conrad and Shalini Randeria, ‘Einleitung. Geteilte Geschichten- Europa in einer postkolonialen Welt’, in eidem (eds), Jenseits des Eurozentrismus. Postkoloniale Perspektiven in den Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften (Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 2002), pp. 17ff.
14.
Olaf Kaltmeier, Mario Rufer and Michael Stewart Foley, ‘Introduction. History and Society in the Americas in the 20th and 21st Centuries. Inter-American Thresholds and Key Concepts’, in Olaf Kaltmeier et al. (eds), Routledge Handbook to the History and Society of the Americas (New York: Routledge, 2019), pp. 207–221, here pp. 210–212.
15.
Klaus Weinhauer, Anthony McElligott and Kirsten Heinsohn, ‘Introduction. In Search of the German Revolution’, in eidem (eds.), Germany, 1916–23. A Revolution in Context (Bielefeld: transcript, 2015), pp. 7–35, here p. 22.
16.
Friedrich Engels, Marx- Engels- Werke, vol. 2 (Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1962), p. 250.
17.
Rosa Luxemburg, Die Akkumulation des Kapitals. Ein Beitrag zur ökonomischen Erklärung des Imperialismus (Berlin: Vereinigung internationaler Verlags-Anstalten, 1923).
18.
See Olaf Kaltmeier, ¡Marichiweu! – Zehnmal werden wir siegen! Eine Rekonstruktion der aktuellen Mapuche-Bewegung in Chile aus der Dialektik von Herrschaft und Widerstand seit der Conquista (Münster: Ed. ITP-Kompass, 2004); Olaf Kaltmeier, ‘Hacienda, Staat und indigene Gemeinschaften: Kolonialität und politisch-kulturelle Grenzverschiebungen von der Unabhängigkeit bis in die Gegenwart’, in Hans-Jürgen Burchardt and Ingrid Wehr (eds), Soziale Ungleichheiten in Lateinamerika (Baden Baden: Nomos, 2011), pp. 29–44; Wolfgang Gabbert, ‘The Second Conquest: Continental and Internal Colonialism in Nineteenth-Century Latin America’, in Dittmar Schorkowitz, John R. Chávez and Ingo W. Schröder (eds.), Shifting Forms of Continental Colonialism (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), pp. 333–362.
19.
Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire: 1875–1914 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1987), p. 67.
20.
Kaltmeier, Konjunkturen der (De-)Kolonialisierung; Brooke Larson, Trials of Nation Making: Liberalism, Race, and Ethnicity in the Andes, 1810–1910 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
21.
Kaltmeier, ¡Marichiweu!.
22.
Max Nettlau, Geschichte der Anarchie, vol. 1: Der Vorfrühling der Anarchie, Ihre Entwicklung von den Anfängen bis 1864 (Berlin: Der Syndikalist, 1925), p. VIII, available at: https://anarchistischebibliothek.org/library/max-nettlau-geschichte-der-anarchie-i-der-vorfruhling-der-anarchie.
23.
Timmermann quoted in Giovanni Rossi, Utopie und Experiment (Berlin: Karin Kramer Verlag, 1979), p. 7.
24.
Kent Mathewson, ‘Elisée Reclus’ Latin Americanist Geography’, Terra Brasilis (Nova Série) 7 (2016), p. 5, available at: http://journals.openedition.org/terrabrasilis/1849 [accessed 25 June 2020].
25.
Ibid., p. 7, p. 9.
26.
Rossi, Utopie und Experiment, p. 115.
27.
Ibid., p. 156.
28.
Ibid., pp. 209–210.
29.
Ibid., p. 210.
30.
Most [1895] quoted in ibid., p. 103.
31.
Ibid., p. 174.
32.
Ibid., p. 174.
33.
Grave quoted in ibid., p. 190.
34.
Most [1895] quoted in ibid., p. 103.
35.
Ibid., pp. 105–106.
36.
Ibid., p. 270.
37.
Ibid., p. 157.
38.
Nettlau, Geschichte der Anarchie, vol. 1, p. 131.
39.
In urban sociology artists, students and bohemians who occupy first degenerated neighborhoods with historical buildings which later are gentrified are called ‘first-stage gentrifiers’.
40.
Nettlau, Geschichte der Anarchie, vol. 1, p. 133.
41.
Sergio Ortega, El edén subvertido. La colonización de Topolobambo 1886–1896 (Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1978), p. 178.
42.
Rossi, Utopie und Experiment, p. 258.
43.
Quoted in ibid., p. 258.
44.
Ortega, El edén subvertido, pp. 188–190.
45.
For a history of the popular war of the Yaqui see Taibo, who in his book did not mention the commune Topolobambo. Paco Ignacio Taibo II, Yaquis. Historia de una guerra popular y de un genocido en Mexico (Mexico City: Planeta, 2013).
46.
Kaplan and Flores Magon 1986; quoted by Benjamin Maldonado, Magonismo y vida comunal mesoamericana: a 90 años de la muerte de Ricardo Flores Magón (Oaxaca: DES- UeSA CSEIIO, 2012), p. 21.
47.
Taibo II, Yaquis, p. 231.
48.
Jose González Sierra, ‘Anarquismo en el movimiento sindical en México, 1843–1910’ (1977), available at: https://unionanarcosindicalista.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/anarquismo-y-el-movimiento-sindical-en-mc3a9xico.pdf [accessed 15 February 2020].
49.
Fernando Méndez Lecona, ‘Las rutas del primer socialismo en México’ (2015), available at: http://www.palabradeclio.com.mx/src_pdf/el_anarquismo_en_mexico_int.pdf#page=103 [accessed 14 February 2020].
50.
Gonzáles Sierra, ‘Anarquismo’.
51.
Enrique Avila Carrillo and Efraín Gracida, Calendario cívico esoclar (y algunas fechas olvidadas) (Mexico City: Editorial Quinto Sol, 2019).
52.
Clara E. Lida and Carlos Illades, ‘El Anarquismo Europeo Y Sus Primeras Influencias En México Después De La Comuna De París: 1871–1881’, Historia Mexicana 51/1 (2001), pp. 103–149, available at: https://jstor.org/stable/25139370 [accessed 14 February 2020].
53.
Michel Gutelman, Capitalismo y reforma agraria en México (Mexico City: Editorial Era, 1983), pp. 51–52.
54.
Ricardo Flores Magón, representative of the most radical political and ideological current of the Mexican revolution, characterized himself as the opposition leader in the face of all social injustice. This cause forced him to endure constant persecution and imprisonment, both in the national territory and in the United States; a man of indomitable courage, he was born on 16 September 1873 in San Antonio Eloxochitlán, municipality of Teotitlán del Camino, Oax. From a very young age, he fought against the Díaz regime, his main weapon being his pen through different publications, among which Regeneración stood out. He was the victim of numerous imprisonments, the last one in November 1918, in the general prison of Leavenworth, U.S.A., accused of anarchism; there he was murdered on 22 November 1922.
55.
Maldonado, Magonismo.
56.
Justín Akers Chacón, Radicals in the Barrio: Magonistas, Socialists, Wobblies, and Communists in the Mexican-American Working Class (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2018).
57.
Salvador Hernández, ‘El magonismo 1911: La otra revolución’, Cuadernos Políticos 4 (1975), pp. 26–41.
58.
Guillermo Bonfil Batalla, México profundo: una civilización negada (Mexico City: Grijalbo, 2000).
59.
Shawn England, ‘Magonismo, the Revolution, and the Anarchist Appropriation of an Imagined Mexican Indigenous Identity’, in De Laforcade and Shaffer (eds.), In Defiance of Boundaries, pp. 243–260.
60.
Ibid., p. 255.
61.
Ibid.
62.
Eduardo Sevilla Guzmán, Desde el pensamiento social agrario (Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba, 1991).
63.
Gerardo Ambriz Arévalo, Jaime Ortega Reyna and Jorge Velázquez Delgado, El asalto al cielo era posible. La Revolución rusa y nosotros (Mexico City: Ed. Torres, 2019).
64.
Javier García Fernández, Tierra y libertad sindicato de obreros del campo, cuestión agraria y democratización del mundo rural en Andalucía (Barcelona: Icaria, 2017).
65.
Sevilla Guzmán, pensamiento social agragio.
66.
Olaf Kaltmeier, Refeudalización. Desigualdad, economia y cultura política en América Latina en el temprano siglo XXI (Guadalajara, Bielefeld, San José, Quito and Buenos Aires: BiUP, 2019).
67.
Maristella Svampa, Las fronteras del neo-extractivismo (Bielefeld and Guadalajara: BiUP, 2019).

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Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
Olaf Kaltmeier
Intercultural University of Chiapas, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Mexico
Olaf Kaltmeier & León Enrique Ávila Romero

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Olaf Kaltmeier
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León Enrique Ávila Romero
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Correspondence to Olaf Kaltmeier .

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Institute for Social Movements, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Stefan Berger
Faculty of History, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
Klaus Weinhauer

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Kaltmeier, O., Romero, L.E.Á. (2023). Land and Freedom: Anarchists and Indians in the Crossfire of Colonial Expansion and Social Revolution in Latin America from 1848 to 1917. In: Berger, S., Weinhauer, K. (eds) Rethinking Revolutions from 1905 to 1934. Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04465-6_5

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04465-6_5
Published: 14 December 2022
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
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