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Giuseppe Parini: Between Anonymity and Revealing the Author’s Name

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Anonymity in Eighteenth-Century Italian Publishing

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Abstract

There are some great authors, famed throughout the history of literature, who for various reasons chose not to reveal their names for some of their works. One of these is Giuseppe Parini. Not only was he the victim of the unfairness of some publishers, but he was also the victim of the misappropriation of his literary works. His two poems Il Mattino and Il Mezzogiorno, after being published with Parini’s consent, in 1763 and in 1765 respectively, were continued by another author, a certain Mutinelli (as in the case of the second part of Cervantes’s Don Quixote) who exploited the fact that readers were expecting another poem, La Sera, which Parini had promised to write. While he was still alive, publishers in many Italian cities continued to profit from new editions of Il Mattino, Il Mezzogiorno and La Sera behind Parini’s back, by publishing all three of them as anonymous works, type-set together, as though they were all the work of the same author. There were numerous editions entitled Il Mattino, Il Mezzogiorno e La Sera, Poemetti tre, but no literary-critical study has ever taken them into consideration. Nevertheless, these editions did circulate and reached thousands of readers. It was only after Parini’s death (1799) that the association of the three poems came to an end and La Sera fell into oblivion. The Parini case shows that it is important to reconstruct all the editions, even those which escaped the author’s notice. Ignoring these editions merely because they were not controlled by the author means ignoring a fundamental social and economic phenomenon: many readers became aware of certain texts only (or also) thanks to these pirate editions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Regarding this dissociation between the abstract conception of a work and the technical and social conditions of its transformation into a book, cf. Chartier 2007.

  2. 2.

    Parini 1969; for the national edition see Parini 2013a.

  3. 3.

    Cf. in particular the studies by De Grazia and Stallybrass 1993; Marcus 1996; Chartier 2014a (see chapters 11 and 12).

  4. 4.

    Parini’s first poetry collection had come out under the pseudonym Ripano Eupilino, in 1752 (Alcune Poesie di Ripano Eupilino), a collection with it, he announced himself to the Accademia dei Trasformati: The work was printed with the false place of publication “Londra, Giacomo Tomson”: in reality it was, according to some, printed in Milan by Giovanni Battista Bianchi (Spoglianti 1943), and according to others in Lugano, by the Agnelli brothers (cf. Nicoletti 2014, 367–375). On Parini’s critical fortune, cf. Nicoletti 2015, to whose bibliography I make reference. However, the following are essential for any research: Barbarisi and Esposito 1998; Barbarisi, et al. 2000.

  5. 5.

    See Parini’s letter to Gian Luca Pallavicini (footnote n. 8).

  6. 6.

    My italics.

  7. 7.

    Tanzi’s letter was published in Martinoni 1989, 225–226: “Un mio amico fa un gentil Poemetto di tre Canti in verso sciolto in cui rappresenta la vita che mena il Ricco il Mattino, il dopo pranso, la notte. Mostra d’istituire il Giovine ricco, e gli dà con continua grave ironia i Precetti del vivere secondo i pregiudicj correnti. Satira più grave, più utile, e più ben trattata di questa difficilmente si trova. Il primo canto è in pronto; ed è intitolato: Della Vita degli uomini illustri. Il Mattino. Vorrebbe cominciare a dar fuori questo, che sarà cinque foglj di stampa; ma senza suo nome, e che non fosse pubblicato in Milano. Io gli ho suggerito di valersi de’ torchj del vostro signor Felicino, mentre così avrà l’opera ottimamente stampata, e corretta, e senza pericolo che se ne tirino più copie di quelle che vorrà l’Autore.” Parini celebrated his friend Tanzi with an intense commemoration in the introduction to Alcune poesie milanesi, e toscane di Carl’Antonio Tanzi, Milano: Federico Agnelli, 1766.

  8. 8.

    Letter from Parini to Pallavicini, Milan, 17 August 1765, in Parini 2013b, 75: “Io non ho potuto resistere a un così potente solletico della gloria letteraria: e coll’occasione del pubblicarsi il Mezzogiorno, Poemetto consecutivo al Mattino, ho voluto procurarmi l’onore di presentarmi rispettosamente a V. E. in qualità d’Autore dell’una, e dell’altra operetta; e di esporre al suo dilicato giudizio quest’ultima, sperando che V.E. voglia avere per lo Mezzogiorno quella generosa condiscendenza che mi vien detto aver Lei dimostrato per lo Mattino.”

  9. 9.

    Letter from Parini to Paolo Colombani, Milan, 10 September 1766, in Parini 2013b, 77–78: “Aggradisco le proposizioni di lei; e su questo proposito le rispondo che sarebbe mia intenzione di fare un’edizione elegante di tutte e tre i poemetti qualora l’opera fosse compiuta. Se Ella adunque si risente di farla io mi esibisco di darle la Sera terminata per il principio della ventura Primavera; e insieme gli altri due Poemetti corretti in molti luoghi, e migliorati.”

  10. 10.

    Ibid.: “It was by error that I exhibited my Mezzogiorno to your most Revered Lordship. Signor Graziosi had written to me, recommending himself for it. As I took a long time to answer him, I forgot his surname, and mistook Graziosi for Colombani. However, I do not regret this misunderstanding, having the same esteem for you as I have for Signor Graziosi” (“Fu per errore che esibii a Vostra Signoria riveritissima il mio Mezzodì. Il signor Graziosi m’aveva scritto, raccomandandomisi per esso. Come io tardai molto a rispondergli, mi dimenticai del cognome, e scambiai Graziosi in Colombani. Tuttavia non mi dolgo di questo equivoco, avendo io la medesima stima per lei che ho per il signor Graziosi”). In 1765, Colombani published both an edition of Il Mattino and Il Mezzogiorno.

  11. 11.

    See notes 14 and 16.

  12. 12.

    Parini to Paolo Colombani, Milan, 10 September 1766, in Parini 2013b, 77: “Quanto alla mia Sera, io ne ho quasi dimesso il pensiere; non che non mi piaccia di compiere i tre Poemetti da me annunciati; ma perché sono stomacato dell’avidità, e della cabala degli stampatori. Non solo essi mi hanno ristampato in mille luoghi gli altri due; ma lo hanno fatto senza veruna partecipazion meco, senza mandarmene una copia, senza lasciarmi luogo a correggervi pure un errore.”

  13. 13.

    In 1763, the Milanese printer Antonio Agnelli, having obtained the imprimatur on 24 March, published a very austere-looking booklet, using mediocre type and, in general, making a few mistakes in the composition of the text. These errors, as Biancardi pointed out, “were no longer repeated in subsequent editions, as, moreover, numerous other readings from the original printing were not preserved afterwards” (Biancardi 2011, 12). After the first edition, Parini began the work of revising the text and in the second edition, printed by Agnelli himself in the same year (in the colophon on p. 61, there is the indication “Edizione seconda”), he made numerous corrections in the punctuation, in the use of plurals and singulars and in capital and small letters. But even after the second edition Parini made other corrections that were included in a third edition of whose existence Dante Isella, the editor of the critical edition of Il Giorno (1969), was unaware. A copy of the third edition was identified by G. Biancardi at the Biblioteca Civica Bonetta in Pavia, an edition that incorporates both the changes introduced by Parini in the second edition, and the compositor’s errors, introducing small corrections. On the three editions of Il Mattino and their bibliographical descriptions, refer to Biancardi 2011, 7–35 and 61–66, but above all, Biancardi 2013, 31–40.

  14. 14.

    The following editions, released after Agnelli’s three editions, were Il Mattino Poemetto. Seconda edizione, Bergamo: Francesco Locatelli, 1763; Il Mattino Poemetto, Venezia: Colombani, 1763; Il Mattino. Poemetto. Edizione terza, Torino: a spese di (paid for by) Michel’Angelo Morano, 1764 (in the colophon: Stamperia Reale); Il Mattino Poemetto. Edizione quinta, Venezia: Colombani, 1764; Il Mattino Poemetto. Edizione sesta, Venezia: Colombani, 1765; Il Mattino Poemetto. Sesta edizione, Venezia: Bortolo Baronchelli, 1766. For a detailed bibliographical description of these editions, cf. Biancardi 2013, 44–46.

  15. 15.

    On Galeazzi’s first two editions in 1765, cf. Biancardi 2011, 40–44 and 67–70. In the national edition, Biancardi himself identified a third edition by Galeazzi (Biancardi 201343).

  16. 16.

    After the editio princeps and up to 1766 the following editions came out: Il Mezzogiorno Poemetto. Edizione prima veneta, Venezia: Colombani, 1765; Il Mezzogiorno Poemetto, Torino: a spese di (paid for by) Michel’Angelo Morano, 1765 (in the colophon: Stamperia di Carlo Giuseppe Ricca); Il Mezzogiorno Poemetto. Quarta edizione, Venezia: Antonio Graziosi, 1766.

  17. 17.

    Parini to Colombani, Milan, 10 September 1766, in Parini 2013b, 78: “Il prezzo, che io ne pretendo senza speranza di dibattere uno zero è di cento cinquanta zecchini da pagarsi un terzo alla conclusione del contratto, e il restante al consegnarsi del manoscritto” […]. Se Ella non è di ciò contenta, non s’incomodi a scrivermi più oltre. Io mi sono indotto a risponderle in grazia della pulitezza con cui Ella mi scrive. Così non ho fatto con molti altri librai, e fra questi con due o tre veneziani, i quali hanno ardito di farmi l’esibizioni che fannosi a’ compositori d’almanacchi.”

  18. 18.

    La sera poemetto. Con licenza de’ superiori, 1766; colophon: Si vende in Verona dal Carattoni a S. Anastasia (“Sold in Verona by Carattoni at S. Anastasia”); it is a rare edition: one copy is held at the Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense in Milan (Sala Foscolo I 22/3), p. IV: “Gradisci adunque [o Moda] questa picciola offerta, e benchè disadorna dei necessarii ornamenti non corrisponda la Sera al Mattino, ed al Mezzo-Giorno al tuo glorioso nome pria consacrati, non lasciar però di rivolger a lei cortesi i tuoi sguardi, anzi laudando la sincera volontà di chi l’offre rassicura del pari il tuo primiero gentilissimo Poeta, com’io eccitato mirabilmente dalla bellezza, e dalla novità dell’idee sue leggiadre, con non biasimevole audacia ne volli imitare l’esempio, mentre per altro in così giocondissima impresa da lunge il sieguo e sue vestigia adoro.”

  19. 19.

    The attribution to Mutinelli, born in Verona in 1747, has never been in doubt, even though no manuscript survives, cf. Bianchini 1898.

  20. 20.

    On Cervantes’s response to Avellaneda in the prologue to the Segunda Parte, cf. R. Chartier 2014b, 144–148.

  21. 21.

    Edoardo Esposito, with regard to Mutinelli, has observed: “He moves with discretion and not without elegance, nourished by good reading, and, although he lacks Parini’s moral perspective and inventive abilities, he still knows how to create (billiards, theatre, music) some new angles and situations” (Esposito 2013, 26–27).

  22. 22.

    On the imitations of Parini’s poem, cf. also Agnelli 1888.

  23. 23.

    For the Italian text of Parini’s Mattino and Mezzogiorno, I quote from the national edition, Parini 2013a; for the English translation I refer to that of Herbert Morris Bower: Parini 1927. The quotation is from Parini 2013a, 110: “Se a te piacerà di riguardare con placid’occhio questo Mattino, forse gli succederanno il Mezzogiorno, e la Sera”; English translation: Parini 1927, 32.

  24. 24.

    For the description of all the editions containing La Sera, see Parini 2013a, 47–56. This bibliography completes and corrects that of Bustico 1929.

  25. 25.

    Mutinelli is also mentioned in Carrai 2007, 442.

  26. 26.

    A Napoleone Bonaparte primo Console della Repubblica francese, in Opere di Giuseppe Parini pubblicate ed illustrate da Francesco Reina, Milano: Stamperia e Fonderia del Genio Tipografico, vol. 1, 1801, p. [IV]: “L’Opere del più gran Letterato Italiano de’ tempi nostri s’intitolano a Voi, il più grande de’ moderni Politici e Capitani.” On Reina edition see Spaggiari 1998.

  27. 27.

    Odi dell’abate Giuseppe Parini già divolgate, Milano, Stamperia di Giuseppe Marelli,, 1791, [3]: Chiunque si pregia di gentilezza, e d’onestà, non crederà mai lecito lo stampare checchessia di un autor vivente, senza il di lui consenso.

  28. 28.

    However, while Il Mezzogiorno had no proper title page but only the title (Il Mezzogiorno. Poemetto) displayed on a white page, La Sera did have a proper title page: La Sera Poemetto. Terza edizione, in Venezia 1766 per il Colombani. Colophon: “sold at 10 soldi” (BNCF, B.12.4. 272).

  29. 29.

    It seems that Giuseppe Agnelli had no knowledge of the Verona editio princeps, since in Agnelli 1888, 48, speaking of Mutinelli’s Sera, he cites Colombani’s 1766 edition.

  30. 30.

    La Sera Poemetto. Ultima edizione, in Venezia, 1766, per Antonio Graziosi, con licenza de’ Superiori” (BNCF, 22.5. 241–244).

  31. 31.

    Bustico 1929, 14–15.

  32. 32.

    The title page of La Sera Poemetto carried the indication “third edition.” The first was therefore the Verona edition and the second perhaps the one in the volume Raccolta di varie Poesie Italiane, 1766, n. p. [but Venice], cf. Bustico 1929, 14, n. 38.

  33. 33.

    The edition is indicated by Bustico 1929, 14, n. 39 and its bibliographic description with the preface text is in Parini 2013a, 49–52.

  34. 34.

    Il Mattino il Mezzogiorno e la Sera. Poemetti nuovamente illustrati con Note Istoriche, in Venezia: Antonio Graziosi, con licenza de’ superiori, e privilegio, 1767, quotation from Prefazione, VIII (“di giovamento alla Patria, e di lustro alla loro famiglia”).

  35. 35.

    Ibid.: “tutte le azioni, che giornalmente da quelli, a cui piace una vita agiata ed oziosa, si vanno commettendo.”

  36. 36.

    Ibid., X: “La Critica, non più sotto il velo dei versi e delle favole coperta, sarebbe stata assai più pungente e spiacevole.”

  37. 37.

    Ibid., XI: Comparvero alla luce il Mattino ed il Mezzogiorno per la prima volta in Milano, e furono dipoi ristampati per la prima volta a Venezia; segno evidente, che se anco la Sera ai primi due fosse successa, sarebbe stata senza dubbio dal Pubblico cortesemente aggradita.”

  38. 38.

    Ibid., XII: “fu subito qui in Venezia ristampata incontrando appresso gli amatori della Poesia compatimento ed applauso, così che facilmente avrà potuto l’Autore da per se stesso esperimentare non avere egli mal collocata l’opera sua coll’essersi assunto questa difficile impresa.”

  39. 39.

    Ibid.: “il suo poemetto non è tanto ricercato, né di squisiti fioretti cosparso.”

  40. 40.

    Ibid., XIII: “Given that these poems go into the hands of any person, so I liked to make some small notes, in order to briefly explain the fables, and the historical passages, and in this way take away the effort, from those who are not so aware, of leaving the reading undertaken to seek enlightenment with regard to the matter they are reading” (“Poiché poi questi poemetti vanno alle mani di qualunque persona, così mi piacque di far alcune picciole annotazioni, che le favole, e i passi storici brevemente addittassero, e togliessero in tal maniera la fatica a chi non ha sì fatte cognizioni di lasciar la lettura intrapresa per illuminarsi della materia che legge”).

  41. 41.

    This refers to an annotation to a line in Il Mezzogiorno: ibid., CII: “Given that these poems go into the hands of any person, so I liked to make some small notes, in order to briefly explain the fables, and the historical passages, and in this way take away the effort, from those who are not so aware, of leaving the reading undertaken to seek enlightenment with regard to the matter they are reading” (“Edipo Re di Tebe, figlio di Lajo e di Giocasta. Uccise sventuratamente suo Padre, e si sposò con sua madre, ma scoperto il suo fallo, si cavò gli occhi, e si partì dalla sua patria. Giocasta figlia di Creonte Re di Tebe, la quale dopo la morte di Lajo suo marito si sposò inavvedutamente al figlio Edipo e poi conosciuto l’errore s’uccise”).

  42. 42.

    Ibid., XVI: “Questo purtroppo è verissimo, poiché i moderni giovani non pensando ad altro, che alle massime del bel Mondo, niente attendono alla cultura dell’ingegno, la qual si può ottener veramente col seguitar la virtù.”

  43. 43.

    Ibid., CVII: “certissimo indizio d’avvicinarsi all’intero decadimento della Poetica dignità.”

  44. 44.

    Ibid., Prefazione, XIII: “i giovani, in leggendo questo picciolo libretto, facciano tutto al contrario di quanto vien loro insegnato.”

  45. 45.

    Ibid., XIV: “il tenebroso velo dell’ignoranza, che a cagione dell’ozio, e della voluttà ingombra le menti degli uomini.”

  46. 46.

    Ibid., XIII: “a seguir la virtù, che può solo donare all’uomo la vera felicità.”

  47. 47.

    Letter from Parini to Duranti, Milan, 17 April 1778, in Parini, Lettere 2013b, 160–161: “Cancelli ella quella meretricia Iscrizione: All’unico immortale Parini. Potrebbe darsi che io fossi immortale: ma unico non sarò già più. Io lo era stato finora nel mio genere: io mi credeva un cavaliere fatato. Tristo me! Ora mi avveggo che finora non erano scesi a combatter meco fuor che de’ pigmei.”

  48. 48.

    Il Mattino, il Mezzogiorno e le Odi dell’Abate Giuseppe Parini, Milan: Tipografia Pirola, 1799, c. a2rv: “Quelle opere edite dell’ora defunto Abate Giuseppe Parini che meritatamente hanno di più interessato i Letterati sono il Mattino, il Mezzogiorno, e le Odi. Di esse ho eseguita la presente edizione, che può essere creduta molto migliore di quelle sortite prima d’ora; perché oltre l’essere correttissima ed arricchita delle note che rischiarano i luoghi difficili, ho unite le Odi che successivamente furono dal Poeta composte, e rese pubbliche.”

  49. 49.

    It must be said, however, that in 1797 an anthology came out, Poemetti Italiani, vol. 6, from the Società Letteraria di Torino and printed by Michel Angelo Morano. This contained texts by various authors, indicating their names in the index (not on the title page), including Parini’s Mattino and Mezzogiorno and “La Sera Poemetto di autore incerto” (author uncertain). So it is in 1797, then, that we find the first edition that identifies different intellectual responsibilities.

  50. 50.

    On the translations, see Schülter and Gipper 2006a. The volume Schülter and Gipper (eds.) 2006b contains the texts of the French, German and Spanish translations (359–445). However, it should be noted that Schülter and Gipper’s essay contains numerous errors regarding the French editions, saying that L’art de s’amuser à la ville is the first French edition and that the 1776 edition was based on the Milanese edition of 1771 (which, as already mentioned, does not exist), ibid., 366–367.

  51. 51.

    With regard to translations, Burke speaks of “hybrid texts,” since every translation “involves the introduction of words and ideas that are familiar to the new readers but might not be intelligible in the culture in which the book was originally written (Burke 2009, 11). The field of translation studies in the last 20 years has revealed a strong vitality not only from a linguistic and literary perspective but also from a philosophical (including the concept of “untranslatable”: Cassin (ed.) 2004) and cultural history perspective (Burke and Po-chia Hsia eds. 2007; Newman and Tylus eds. 2007), with the attention, in Chartier’s perspective (2021), to translation as one of the modalities through which the mobility and instability of texts are expressed.

  52. 52.

    Les quatre parties du jour à la ville. Traduction libre de l’Italien de l’Abbé Parini, sur la sixième édition faite à Milan en 1771, à Milan, et se trouve à Paris, chez Ruault, libraire, rue de la Harpe, 1776. It is a rare edition: I consulted the copy held by the Institut Catholique de Paris, Bibliothèque de Fels (n. 41010) and another at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, 8 Yd 400.2, which, however, contains only the part in Italian and is bound together with the 1778 edition of L’art de s’amuser à la ville.

  53. 53.

    On Joseph Grellet Desprades see the entry in Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne 1814, 230.

  54. 54.

    Les quatre parties du jour à la ville (see footnote 52), quotation from Préface, c. a1r: “L’ouvrage que je présente au Public a eu le plus grand succès en Italie. Six éditions consécutives en sont une preuve dont bien peu d’Auteurs pourroient se vanter.”

  55. 55.

    Les Saisons Poëme traduit de l’anglois de Thompson, à Paris: chez Chaubert, quai des Augustins-Hérissant, rue Notre Dame, 1759.

  56. 56.

    The first edition is from 1769, Paris: chez J.B.G. Musier; and the second, 1781, Paris: chez Nyon, Durand, Belin, libraires, but printed by Didot.

  57. 57.

    Les Quatre parties du jour, par Monsieur le cardinal de Bernis, Bagatelle, chez les frères Monloisir, au temple de Délassement, 1760. The fictitious printing indications already suggest the erotic content of the work; the various parts of the day featured the mythological loves of Ariadne and Bacchus, Alpheus and Arethusa, Diana and Endymion and Hero and Leander. On de Bernis, Louis XV’s ambassador to Venice and a famous libertine, foreign minister from 1757 to 1758 and cardinal from 1758, cf. Cheke 1959; Vaillot 1985. Bernis’s poem was translated into Italian, maintaining his anonymity, which, in addition to freely translating the text, added some “songs,” also anonymous, but which can be attributed to Girolamo Gastaldi. This was: Il mattino, Il mezzodì, La sera, e La notte Poemetto. Con l’aggiunta di varie canzonette di autore anonimo. Prima edizione, in Genova: 1771 (Biblioteca Nazionale of Florence, Pal. 4. 6). Gastaldi thus took advantage of a successful title to introduce some of his poems, which came very close to obscenity (including La Lesbia canzone in cui si consiglia alle dame di prendere l’amante di mediocre età, su i pericoli che si corron con i giovani, 33–38). On Gastaldi’s edition, see the observations by Carrai 2007, 446–449.

  58. 58.

    “C’est, si on ose le dire, un poème extatique, dans lequel l’Auteur, transporté sur les aîles de l’imagination, se plaît à décrire tout ce qu’il croit propre à émouvoir le sentiment, et à frapper l’âme par les images vives et agréables qu’il puise toujours dans le spectacle de la Nature,” Préface, in Les quatre parties du jour, Poëme traduit de l’allemand de M. Zacharie, à Paris: chez J.B.G. Musier Fils, Libraire, Quai des Augustins, au coin de la rue pavée, 1769, XXV.

  59. 59.

    “Ce n’est point ici un poème champêtre,” Les Saisons Poëme traduit de l’anglois de Thompson, à Paris: chez Chaubert, quai des Augustins-Hérissant, rue Notre Dame, 1759, quotation from l’Avertissement, c. a1v. Interestingly, the translator considered it a merit that the author had renounced the use of “the mythological machines of the Ancients that we have coldly transplanted into modern poetry” (“les machines mythologiques des Anciens que nous avons froidement transplantées dans la poësie modern”). There was, at the basis of the work, “the useful aspect” (“le côté utile”) of someone who wanted to teach a love of agriculture “through images rather than through lessons” (“en image plutôt qu’en leçons”). Thomson was presented as “the true interpreter of the Spectacle of Nature” (“le véritable interprète du Spectacle de la Nature”).

  60. 60.

    On Thomson, see Jung 2015.

  61. 61.

    Les quatre parties du jour à la ville (see footnote 52), quotation from Préface, c. a1r: “Sous un titre commun, ce petit Poëme contient des détails tout nouveaux. En Philosophie, en Politique & peut-être en Morale, chacun à sa manière d’observer & de peindre. Lorsque les Thompson, les St. Lambert, les B…& les Zacharie ont voulu chanter les Saisons, ou les quatre Parties du Jour, leur Muse, fuyant le séjour tumultueux des Cités, s’est envolée au loin dans les Campagnes; et sur le bord des fontaines, ou au sein des forêts, la Nature prenoit plaisir à se peindre dans leurs tableaux aussi fraîche et aussi belle que nous l’admirons dans ses ouvrages.” As can be seen, Bernis’s name was just indicated by the initial, almost as if Desprades had no wish to advertise a work that bordered on the illicit.

  62. 62.

    Ibid., c. a1v: “Le Poëte italien, dont je m’empresse de faire connoître les talens à ma Patrie, n’a pas sans doute un goût aussi vif pour les solitudes champêtres. Ses quatre Parties du Jour sont celles qu’on passe à la Ville, et dont le détail feroit croire que Rome est bien moins éloignée de Paris, que ne le disent les Géographes.”

  63. 63.

    Ibid., c. a 1v: “Il Mattino & il Mezzogiorno contiennent les quatre Parties du Jour, quoique le Poëte n’ait parlé que fort légérement du Soir et de la Nuit.”

  64. 64.

    Vicinelli 1963, 165. This was Le quattro stagioni. Egloghe di Alessandro Pope dal verso inglese trasportate nell’italiano da Eritisco Pilenejo pastor arcade [Giuseppe Maria Pagnini], Parma: Stamperia Reale, 1780.

  65. 65.

    Il mattino, il mezzodì, la sera e la notte dall’originale tedesco di Federico Guglielmo Zaccaria trasportati in verso italiano dall’abate Carlo Belli, in Bassano: a spese Remondini, 1778.

  66. 66.

    Les quatre parties du jour à la ville (see footnote 52), quotation from Préface, c. a1v:“On a fait imprimer le Poëme italien, moins pour faire juger de l’exactitude de la traduction que pour satisfaire ceux des Lecteurs qui sont instruits dans cette langue.”

  67. 67.

    Ibid.: “Rallentie par des détails étrangers au sujet, quelqu’ingénieux qu’ils soient.”

  68. 68.

    Ibid.: “La traduction est aussi fidelle qu’elle doit l’être pour faire sentir l’original. Il est des Auteurs qu’on ne peut [que] suivre avec trop de scrupule; le moindre pas qui n’est pas fait sur leurs traces est un écart sacrilége. Il en est d’autres qu’il faut traduire comme une jeune femme copie une mode nouvelle.”

  69. 69.

    Ibid., 7: “L’Aurore ouvre les portes de l’Orient et annonce au monde le retour du soleil et du travail. Déjà le Laboureur vigilant quitte à regret le lit, où, entouré des berceaux de ses enfants of him, et à côté de sa jeune et tendre épouse, il a trouvé la nuit si courte.” This text corresponds to the translation of lines 37–39 of Il Mattino: “Allora il buon villan sorge dal caro / Letto cui la fedel sposa, e i minori / Suoi figlioletti intepidìr la notte,” Parini 2013a, 116 (“Then the good countryman/ Quits his dear bed warm’d through the chilly night /by company of faithful spouse and babes,” Parini 1927, 34).

  70. 70.

    Les quatre parties du jour à la ville (see footnote 52), 8–9: “Mais quoi! Le mot seul de travail te fait frissonner. Calme tes frayeurs. Tu n’es point du nombre de ceux que le soleil couchant vit hier affis à une table frugale, & qui, bientôt après, profitant de la lueur incertaine du crépuscule, allèrent sur un lit sans duvet étendre un corps accablé de fatigue et de sommeil.” The text corresponds to the translation of lines 53–60 of Il Mattino, Parini 2013a, 117–118: “Ma che? Tu inorridisci, e mostri in capo,/ Qual istrice pungente, irti i capegli/ Al suon di mie parole? Ah non è questo, / Signore, il tuo mattin. Tu col cadente/ Sol non sedesti a parca mensa, e al lume/ Dell’incerto crepuscolo non gisti / Jeri a corcarti in male agiate piume, / Come dannato è a far l’umile vulgo” (“But what? The very sound of these my words/ Sets thee aquake? Lifts upright on thy head /Hair bristling like the prickly porcupine?/ Ah, such is not thy morning Sir, ‘tis true;/ No frugal meal at sunset didst thou share;/By the uncertain twilight didst not seek/ Thy rest in bedding rude and comfortless / As th’humble crowd are all condemn’d to do,” Parini 1927, 35)

  71. 71.

    Parini 2013a, 135, and for the English translation: Parini 1927, 45.

  72. 72.

    Les quatre parties du jour à la ville (see footnote 52), 21.

  73. 73.

    The cuts made by the French translator are numerous. The dedication to Fashion is cut from Il Mattino as are lines 217–243; 650–670; 687–733; 749–774; and from Il Mezzogiorno lines 411–433; 448–701; 705–717; 796–820; 841–1020; 1316–1323.

  74. 74.

    Il Mezzogiorno, lines 945–946, Parini 1927, 123; “al morbido Aristippo/ Del secol nostro,” Parini 2013a, 261.

  75. 75.

    Ibid., l. 963, Parini 1927, 125; “De’ brevi studj il glorioso frutto,” Parini 2013a, 262.

  76. 76.

    Il Mattino, lines 598–605, Parini 1927, 59–60; “O de la Francia Proteo multiforme/ Voltaire troppo biasmato e troppo a torto/ Lodato ancor che sai con novi modi / Imbandir ne’ tuoi scritti eterno cibo /Ai semplici palati; e se’ maestro / Di coloro che mostran di sapere. / Tu appresta al mio Signor leggiadri studj/ Con quella tua Fanciulla agli Angli infesta,” Parini 2013a, 156–157.

  77. 77.

    Les quatre parties du jour à la ville (see footnote 52), 40: “O toi, Protée merveilleux de la France, toi, qui dans tes immortels écrits, fais amuser et instruire tous les âges, Voltaire, daigne former mon Émile par les avantures de cette Pucelle fameuse, jadis si redoutable aux Anglais.”

  78. 78.

    Les quatre parties du jour à la ville. Traduction libre de l’italien, de l’Abbé Parini, sur la sixième edition, faite à Milan en 1771, avec le texte à la suite. A Milan, et se trouve à Paris, chez Dorez, Libraire, rue St. Jacques, près Saint-Yves, 1777 (I consulted the copy at Bibliothèque Nationale de France Yd 6490, where part of the text in Italian is missing [going as far as p. 112, instead of 120]).

  79. 79.

    A Milan, et se trouve à Paris, chez J.-Fr.Bastien, Libraire, rue du Petit-Lion, Fauxbourg S.Germain, 1778 (Bibliothèque Nationale de France, 8. Yd 400.1). The text is bound with the Ruault edition of 1776 (Bibliothèque Nationale de France, 8 Yd 400.2), which contains only the Préface and the Italian text (cf. footnote n. 61).

  80. 80.

    This is such a rare issue that it was possible to consult only one copy, which contains just the French text, lacking both the text in Italian and the Préface. Of the Art de s’amuser à la ville at the moment the World Catalogue indicates only the BNF copy mentioned above, but the Italian Sistema Bibliotecario Nazionale (SBN) also indicates the presence a copy at the Biblioteca Comunale in Pomigliano d’Arco, which it has been impossible to consult.

  81. 81.

    “La traduction de ce poëme a paru il y a environ un an; nous ignorons ci ceci est une nouvelle édition; mais l’ouvrage en seroit digne; on y remarque des détails très-piquants, une ironie fine des moeurs actuelles, qui paroissent avoir étendu leur empire en Italie comme en France, ou pour mieux dire, que l’Italie a empruntées de nous,” in Journal des Sciences et Beaux Arts, dedié à Mr. Le Comte D’Artois par une Société des Gens de Lettres, vol. 3, n. XIII, 15 July 1778, Paris, au Bureau d’Administration, 472. The reviewer, too, was uncertain whether it was a new edition, and this doubt of his is significant.

  82. 82.

    Carrai stresses the fact that “the echo of Bernis’s work would soon resurface in the poem in octaves Le Quattro parti del Giorno, included by Ippolito Pindemonte in his Saggio di poesie campestri (Essay on Rural Poems) composed in 1785 and published in Parma three years later; and Leopoldo Cicognara would make use of the same idea, publishing the free-verse poem entitled Le ore del giorno (The Hours of the Day), in Palermo in 1790” (Carrai 2007, 450).

  83. 83.

    On the German translation, cf. Hudde 2006, 309–320. The text of the second German translation is reproduced in the same volume, 393–415.

  84. 84.

    Antonio Fernàndez de Palazuelos (1748–?) was born in Spain, in Cantabria, but his family emigrated to Chile, where in 1763 he entered the Jesuit Order. In 1767, following the suppression of the Order, he was forced to leave Chile. A few years later we find him in Italy, in Genoa and Imola, where there were numerous expatriate Spanish Jesuits. At the beginning of the nineteenth century he returned to Cantabria, where all trace of him is lost. He translated biblical texts from Latin into Spanish, two texts from English (Ensayo sobre el Hombre by Pope in 1790 and El paraiso perdido by Milton in 1795) and, as well as Parini’s work, Le conversazioni by Clemente Bondi (La tertulia, 1795).

  85. 85.

    The date, Venice, 14 June 1796, is indicated at the end of the dedication to Maria Josefa Carmela, Infanta of Spain, Princess of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla. With regard to the Spanish translation, there is an essay and a book by Jacobs 2006; Jacobs 2010. Jacobs indicates the existence of only two copies of this translation: one held at the Biblioteca di Menéndez Pelayo in Santander and another at the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice.

  86. 86.

    Il Mattino, lines 311–312, Parini 2013a, 138; English translation: Parini 1927, 47.

  87. 87.

    On “cicisbeismo,” cf. Bizzocchi 2008; and on the representation of “cicisbeismo” in Parini and Goldoni, Bizzocchi 2000.

  88. 88.

    Il Mattino, line 744, Parini 2013a, 167; English translation: Parini 1927, 66.

  89. 89.

    Jacobs 2010, 73.

  90. 90.

    Ibid., 74.

  91. 91.

    Ibid., 70. Historiography has so far described Cicisbeism as a particularly Italian custom (Barbagli 1996, 335 and following; Bizzocchi 2008): for this reason Palazuelos’s literary representation of Cicisbeism in Spain is of great interest.

  92. 92.

    A fashionable day. In the first chapter of Genesis is thus written—And the evening and the morning were the first day. And the Evening and the Morning were the second Day. &c. &c. to the end of the Chapter, London: Kearsly and Faulder, 1780.

  93. 93.

    The attribution of the Parini translation to Lady Craven is in Halkett and Laing 1882–1888, vol. 2, 901. On Baroness Elizabeth Craven (maiden name Berkeley), afterwards Margravine of Brandeburg-Ansbach-Bayreuth (1750–1828), see Timpane 1988, Turner 2004.

  94. 94.

    A fashionable day (see footnote n. 92), 5.

  95. 95.

    Ibid.: “This […] beautiful little performance […] appeared, first in a poetical fulldress in Italy, then in a prose in France.”

  96. 96.

    “This pleased me very much in Italian, and not a little in French,” ibid., 6. In a footnote (ibid.), the translator indicates the texts to which she refers. Parini’s name is not on the title page as in the French translation, but is clearly indicated in a note: “The Italian title is Il Mattino et il mezzogiorno. The French is entitled “L’art de s’amuser à la ville, ou les quatres (sic) parties du jour—traduction libre du poëme Italien intitulé, etc. Par M. l’Abbé Parini.”

  97. 97.

    Ibid., 77.

  98. 98.

    Ibid., 4.

  99. 99.

    As she herself records in her memoirs (Craven 1914, XIX, XXI): “She translated in 1778 Pont de Vile’s comedy, La Sonnambule”; “Lady Craven wrote her first play, The Miniature Picture.

  100. 100.

    Ibid., XX: this refers to Modern Anecdotes of the Ancient Family of the Kinkvervankotsdarsprakengotchderns. A Tale for Christmas 1779.

  101. 101.

    On this title, see Guerra 2017.

  102. 102.

    A fashionable day (see footnote n. 92), 5.

  103. 103.

    This refers to a myth told by Ovid in the second epistle of the Heroides. Craven summarises the story without referring to the source: ibid., 18.

  104. 104.

    Ibid., 8.

  105. 105.

    Ibid., 124.

  106. 106.

    Craven notes: “Young. Night. II,” ibid., 124.

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Braida, L. (2022). Giuseppe Parini: Between Anonymity and Revealing the Author’s Name. In: Anonymity in Eighteenth-Century Italian Publishing. New Directions in Book History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03898-3_4

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