Abstract
A few nature-based wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) designed in three arid countries, i.e. Egypt, Palestine and Tunisia are presented in this chapter, with a focus on the potential of treated wastewater reuse in line with circular economy concepts. All the presented systems are Horizontal Subsurface Flow (HF) Constructed Wetlands (CWs) (Egypt, Palestine), Vertical Flow (VF) CWs (Palestine), or multistage CWs combining HF and VF stages (Tunisia, Palestine). The CW WWTPs operate in the range of about 50–5000 PE and all cases include reuse as the main final destination of the treated effluents. Almost twenty years of direct experience in these hot or arid climate countries, lately extended to new projects in India, Indonesia, Cambodia, have generated some useful indications for the design of nature-based solutions (NBS) in such operational scenarios, duly reported in the following discussion.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Kadlec RH, Wallace S (2009) Treatment wetlands, 2nd edn. CRC press, Boca Raton
Dotro G, Langergraber G, Molle P et al (2017) Treatment wetlands. IWA publishing
Langergraber G, Dotro G, Nivala J et al (eds) (2019) Wetland technology: practical information on the design and application of treatment wetlands. IWA publishing
Masi F, Martinuzzi N, Bresciani R et al (2007) Tolerance to hydraulic and organic load fluctuations in constructed wetlands. Water Sci Technol 56(3):39–48
Masi F, Langergraber G, Santoni M et al (2020) Possibilities of nature-based and hybrid decentralized solutions for reclaimed water reuse. In: Verlicchi P (ed) Advances in chemical pollution, environmental management and protection, vol 5. Elsevier, pp 145–187
Masi F, El Hamouri B, Abdel Shafi H et al (2010) Segregated black/grey domestic wastewater treatment by constructed wetlands in the Mediterranean basin: the Zer0-m experience. Water Sci Technol 61(1):97–105
Aubron T, Nivala J, Headley TR, et al (2012) Suitability of treatment wetlands for water-scarce countries: a case study in Jordan. In: Proceedings of the 13th IWA Specialized Group Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control. Perth, WA, Australia, 25–29 November
Mandi L, Bouhoum K, Ouazzani N (1998) Application of constructed wetlands for domestic wastewater treatment in an arid climate. Water Sci Technol 38(1):379–387
Masi F, Martinuzzi N (2007) Constructed wetlands for the Mediterranean countries: hybrid systems for water reuse and sustainable sanitation. Desalination 215(1–3):44–55
Abdel-Shafy HI, El-Khateeb MA, Regelsberger M et al (2009) Integrated system for the treatment of Blackwater and greywater via UASB and CW in Egypt. Desalination Water Treat 8:272–278
Abdel-Shafy HI, Dewedar A, Bahgat MM (2006). Wastewater treatment via reed bed system in Ismailia, Egypt. In: International Conference on Wateraqua, Marakish, June
Al-Wahaibi BM, Jafary T, Al-Mamun A, Baawain MS, Aghbashlo M, Tabatabaei M, Stefanakis AI (2021) Operational modifications of a full-scale experimental vertical flow constructed wetland with effluent recirculation to optimize total nitrogen removal. J Clean Prod 296:126558. S0959652621007782 126558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126558
Gholipour A, Stefanakis AI (2021) A full-scale anaerobic baffled reactor and hybrid constructed wetland for university dormitory wastewater treatment and reuse in an arid and warm climate. Ecol Eng 170:106360. S0925857421002159 106360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106360
Stefanakis A (2020) Constructed wetlands for sustainable wastewater treatment in hot and arid climates: opportunities challenges and case studies in the Middle East. Water 12(6):1665. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061665
Headley TR, Nivala, J (2012) Are constructed wetlands an appropriate technology for hot, arid climates? In: Proceedings of the 13th IWA Specialized Group Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control. Perth, WA, Australia, 25–29 November 2012
Masi F (2008) Water reuse and resources recovery: the role of CWs in the Ecosan approach. Desalination 247:28–35
Masi F, Rizzo A, Regelsberger M (2018) The role of constructed wetlands in a new circular economy, resource oriented, and ecosystem services paradigm. J Environ Manag 216:275–284
Koncagül E, Tran M, Connor R, et al (2017) United nations world water report, facts and figures, wastewater, the Untapped Resource. UNESCO and World Water Assessment Programme
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Masi, F., Rizzo, A., Martinuzzi, N., Bresciani, R. (2022). Two Decades of Experience on Nature-Based Solutions for Wastewater Treatment in Egypt, Palestine and Tunisia. In: Stefanakis, A. (eds) Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Hot and Arid Climates. Wetlands: Ecology, Conservation and Management, vol 7. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03600-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03600-2_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-03599-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-03600-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)