Abstract
High-performance qualification of supercapacitors is most often a consequence of favorable interactions in the electrode surface chemistry, electrode structural properties, and electrode/electrolyte interface. Supercapacitor performance can therefore be investigated by electrochemical characterization techniques which can individually access these interactions and factors contributing to its electrochemical performance, most commonly by using galvanostatic charge and discharge or cyclic voltammetry procedures. Different characterization techniques are discussed in this chapter, expatiating on the charge storage mechanism, electrode/electrolyte interactions, and accelerated aging procedures comparing long-term performance in addition to failure mechanisms.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
M. Lu, Supercapacitors, Materials, Systems, and Applications (Wiley, 2013)
M.D. Stoller, R.S. Ruoff, Best practice methods for determining an electrode material’s performance for ultracapacitors. Energy Environ. Sci. 3(9), 1294–1301 (2010)
V. Khomenko, E. Frackowiak, F. Beguin, Determination of the specific capacitance of conducting polymer/nanotubes composite electrodes using different cell configurations. Electrochim. Acta 50(12), 2499–2506 (2005)
K.-C. Tsay, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, Effects of electrode layer composition/thickness and electrolyte concentration on both specific capacitance and energy density of supercapacitor. Electrochim. Acta 60, 428–436 (2012)
K. Kierzek, J. Machnikowski, Factors influencing cycle-life of full Li-ion cell built from Si/C composite as anode and conventional cathodic material. Electrochim. Acta 192, 475–481 (2016)
S. Dsoke, B. Fuchs, E. Gucciardi, M. Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, The importance of the electrode mass ratio in a Li-ion capacitor based on activated carbon and Li4Ti5O12. J. Power Sources 282, 385–393 (2015)
D. Weingarth, H. Noh, A. Foelske-Schmitz, A. Wokaun, R. Kötz, A reliable determination method of stability limits for electrochemical double layer capacitors. Electrochim. Acta 103, 119–124 (2013)
L.L. Zhang, X. Zhao, Carbon-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes. Chem. Soc. Rev. 38(9), 2520–2531 (2009)
M.G. Say, R. Brooke, J. Edberg, A. Grimoldi, D. Belaineh, I. Engquist, M. Berggren, Spray-coated paper supercapacitors. npj Flex. Electron. 4(1), 1–7 (2020)
Z. Li, S. Gadipelli, H. Li, C.A. Howard, D.J. Brett, P.R. Shearing, Z. Guo, I.P. Parkin, F. Li, Tuning the interlayer spacing of graphene laminate films for efficient pore utilization towards compact capacitive energy storage. Nat. Energy 5(2), 160–168 (2020)
D. Weingarth, A. Foelske-Schmitz, R. Kötz, Cycle versus voltage hold–Which is the better stability test for electrochemical double layer capacitors? J. Power Sources 225, 84–88 (2013)
A. Bello, F. Barzegar, M. Madito, D.Y. Momodu, A.A. Khaleed, T. Masikhwa, J.K. Dangbegnon, N. Manyala, Stability studies of polypyrole-derived carbon based symmetric supercapacitor via potentiostatic floating test. Electrochim. Acta 213, 107–114 (2016)
B.-A. Mei, O. Munteshari, J. Lau, B. Dunn, L. Pilon, Physical interpretations of Nyquist plots for EDLC electrodes and devices. J. Phys. Chem. C 122(1), 194–206 (2018)
A.C. Forse, J.M. Griffin, C. Merlet, P.M. Bayley, H. Wang, P. Simon, C.P. Grey, NMR study of ion dynamics and charge storage in ionic liquid supercapacitors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137(22), 7231–7242 (2015)
H. Wang, A.C. Forse, J.M. Griffin, N.M. Trease, L. Trognko, P.-L. Taberna, P. Simon, C.P. Grey, In situ NMR spectroscopy of supercapacitors: insight into the charge storage mechanism. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135(50), 18968–18980 (2013)
S.-I. Lee, K. Saito, K. Kanehashi, M. Hatakeyama, S. Mitani, S.-H. Yoon, Y. Korai, I. Mochida, 11B NMR study of the BF4-anion in activated carbons at various stages of charge of EDLCs in organic electrolyte. Carbon 44(12), 2578–2586 (2006)
P. Azaïs, L. Duclaux, P. Florian, D. Massiot, M.-A. Lillo-Rodenas, A. Linares-Solano, J.-P. Peres, C. Jehoulet, F. Béguin, Causes of supercapacitors ageing in organic electrolyte. J. Power Sources 171(2), 1046–1053 (2007)
M.D. Levi, N. Shpigel, S. Sigalov, V. Dargel, L. Daikhin, D. Aurbach, In situ porous structure characterization of electrodes for energy storage and conversion by EQCM-D: a review. Electrochim. Acta 232, 271–284 (2017)
M.D. Levi, N. Levy, S. Sigalov, G. Salitra, D. Aurbach, J. Maier, Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) studies of ions and solvents insertion into highly porous activated carbons. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132(38), 13220–13222 (2010)
N. Shpigel, M.D. Levi, S. Sigalov, L. Daikhin, D. Aurbach, In situ real-time mechanical and morphological characterization of electrodes for electrochemical energy storage and conversion by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Acc. Chem. Res. 51(1), 69–79 (2018)
M. Morcrette, Y. Chabre, G. Vaughan, G. Amatucci, J.-B. Leriche, S. Patoux, C. Masquelier, J. Tarascon, In situ X-ray diffraction techniques as a powerful tool to study battery electrode materials. Electrochim. Acta 47(19), 3137–3149 (2002)
H. Wang, M. Yoshio, Graphite, a suitable positive electrode material for high-energy electrochemical capacitors. Electrochem. Commun. 8(9), 1481–1486 (2006)
S.-L. Kuo, N.-L. Wu, Electrochemical characterization on MnFe2O4/carbon black composite aqueous supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 162(2), 1437–1443 (2006)
S. Zhao, C. Chen, X. Zhao, X. Chu, F. Du, G. Chen, Y. Gogotsi, Y. Gao, Y. Dall’Agnese, Flexible Nb4C3Tx film with large interlayer spacing for high-performance supercapacitors. Adv. Func. Mater. 30(47), 2000815 (2020)
O. Ghodbane, F. Ataherian, N.-L. Wu, F. Favier, In situ crystallographic investigations of charge storage mechanisms in MnO2-based electrochemical capacitors. J. Power Sources 206, 454–462 (2012)
W. Zhu, D. Liu, A. Paolella, C. Gagnon, V. Gariepy, A. Vijh, K. Zaghib, Application of operando X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopies in elucidating the behavior of cathode in lithium-ion batteries. Front. Energy Res. 6, 66 (2018)
Y. Guan, M. Zhang, J. Qin, X. Guo, Z. Li, B. Zhang, J. Tang, Morphological evolutions of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets and Fe3O4/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposites under potential cycling investigated using in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. C (2021)
X. Tao, J. Du, Y. Sun, S. Zhou, Y. Xia, H. Huang, Y. Gan, W. Zhang, X. Li, Exploring the energy storage mechanism of high performance MnO2 electrochemical capacitor electrodes: an in situ atomic force microscopy study in aqueous electrolyte. Adv. Func. Mater. 23(37), 4745–4751 (2013)
Z. Dong, H. Xu, F. Liang, C. Luo, C. Wang, Z.-Y. Cao, X.-J. Chen, J. Zhang, X. Wu, Raman characterization on two-dimensional materials-based thermoelectricity. Molecules 24(1), 88 (2019)
D.I. Abouelamaiem, M.J. Mostazo-López, G. He, D. Patel, T.P. Neville, I.P. Parkin, D. Lozano-Castelló, E. Morallón, D. Cazorla-Amorós, A.B. Jorge, New insights into the electrochemical behaviour of porous carbon electrodes for supercapacitors. J. Energy Storage 19, 337–347 (2018)
T. Tague Jr, In-situ FT-IR Spectroelectrochemistry: Experimental Setup for the Investigation of Solutes and Electrode Surfaces (Advanstar Communications INC 131 W 1ST Street, Duluth, MN 55802 USA, 2015)
F.W. Richey, B. Dyatkin, Y. Gogotsi, Y.A. Elabd, Ion dynamics in porous carbon electrodes in supercapacitors using in situ infrared spectroelectrochemistry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135(34), 12818–12826 (2013)
J.-T. Li, Z.-Y. Zhou, I. Broadwell, S.-G. Sun, In-situ infrared spectroscopic studies of electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Acc. Chem. Res. 45(4), 485–494 (2012)
J.K. Foley, S. Pons, In situ infrared spectroelectrochemistry. Anal. Chem. 57(8), 945A-956A (1985)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Eleri, O.E., Lou, F., Yu, Z. (2022). Characterization Methods for Supercapacitors. In: Thomas, S., Gueye, A.B., Gupta, R.K. (eds) Nanostructured Materials for Supercapacitors. Advances in Material Research and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99302-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99302-3_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-99301-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-99302-3
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)