Abstract
The gastrointestinal system digests and absorbs nutrients while integrating exogenous and endogenous signals that contribute to create immune tolerance. Epithelial cells forming the physical barrier regulate ion, solutes, and water absorption in the gut. Tight junctions (TJs) are specialized cell-cell junctions that bring adjacent gastrointestinal epithelial cells together and seal the paracellular space. Additionally, TJs are important for maintaining cellular polarity in epithelial cells and in the gastrointestinal epithelium itself. Dysfunctional gastrointestinal TJ enhances leakage of luminal contents into the interstitium, a process that stimulates the development of inflammatory disorders. Therefore, the pathophysiology of the TJs has gained attention in the medical field. Several studies aimed to investigate the viability of those structures are now used in the diagnosis for patients with chronic gastrointestinal inflammation. This chapter focuses on analyzing the role of the TJs in the gut, the techniques employed to study these structures, as well as various mechanisms responsible for compromising the TJs and the intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Abbreviations
- AJ:
-
Adherens junctions
- AJC:
-
Apical junctional complex
- CK1:
-
Casein kinase 1
- cPKC:
-
Ca2+-dependent protein kinase C
- ECL1:
-
First extracellular loop
- ECL2:
-
Second extracellular loop
- GI:
-
Gastrointestinal
- GuK:
-
Guanylate kinase homology
- IBD:
-
Inflammatory bowel disease
- IEC:
-
Intestinal epithelial cells
- Ig:
-
Immunoglobulin
- IHC:
-
Immunohistochemistry
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- IP:
-
Intestinal permeability
- JAMs:
-
Junctional adhesion molecules
- KO:
-
Knockout
- MUPP1:
-
Multi-PDZ domain protein 1
- PDZ:
-
PSD95, DlgA, ZO1 homology
- PKA:
-
Protein kinase A
- QIIME:
-
Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology
- SH3:
-
Non-catalytic SRC homology 3
- TJs:
-
Tight junctions
- ZO:
-
Zonula occludens
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Acknowledgments
We want to extend our gratitude to Dr. Zayda Piedra Quintero for sharing her expertise in the inflammation field and for her critical discussion of the manuscript. The project was supported by the sectoral funding for research and education via the grant for Basic Science from Conacyt (No. A1-S-20887 to PND) and the SEP-Conacyt grant (No.179 to NV/PND). MREG is the recipient of a doctoral fellowship from Conacyt (860508).
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del Rocio Encarnacion-Garcia, M., Nava, P. (2022). Tight Junctions in the Inflamed Gut. In: González-Mariscal, L. (eds) Tight Junctions. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97204-2_6
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