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How Free Speech Is Talked About

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Universities Under Fire

Part of the book series: Palgrave Critical University Studies ((PCU))

Abstract

Though barely an issue within higher education until recent years, culture wars are now ubiquitous in university discourses, and a reminder of how the sector is attacked by those who regard its existence as a threat. In this chapter, I explain that free speech is far less imperilled on campus than some critics, and a clutch of ‘rogue’ academics, like to imply. However, the wars waged against universities are immensely useful to politicians and media commentators seeking to distract from more substantive issues, like students’ indebtedness or mental health problems. I suggest that attacks on viewpoint diversity, wokeness and no-platforming potentially represent a first step for right-leaning governments on the road towards reimagining the university as an arm of populist, nationalistic government.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Academic freedom in the UK: Protecting viewpoint diversity, Policy Exchange, 2020: https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Academic-freedom-in-the-UK.pdf.

  2. 2.

    The State of Academic Freedom, Cieo, 2021: https://www.cieo.org.uk/research/state-of-academic-freedom/.

  3. 3.

    Academic Freedom in Our Universities: The Best and the Worst, Civitas, 2020: https://www.civitas.org.uk/content/files/Academic-Freedom-in-Our-Universities.pdf.

  4. 4.

    Sense and Sensitivity: Restoring Free Speech in the United Kingdom, Adam Smith Institute, 2020: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/56eddde762cd9413e151ac92/t/5fbb9c453a91a317f3a6c5fc/1606130758667/Sense+and+sensitivity+-+Preston+J.+Byrne+-+Final.pdf.

  5. 5.

    Turning the tide on cancel culture will start with universities respecting free thought, Gavin Williamson, The Telegraph, 16.02.21: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2021/02/16/turning-tide-cancel-culture-will-start-universities-respecting/.

  6. 6.

    Oxford University students vote to remove portrait of Queen, Gergana Krasteva, Oxford Mail, 09.06.21: https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/educationnews/19359137.oxford-university-students-vote-remove-portrait-queen/.

  7. 7.

    Oxford student who led ‘woke’ move to remove Queen’s portrait is American, Lee Brown, New York Post, 09.06.21: https://nypost.com/2021/06/09/oxford-student-who-led-move-to-remove-queens-portrait-is-american/.

  8. 8.

    President of Oxford college defends students’ right to remove Queen’s photo, Richard Adams and Nadeem Badshah, The Guardian, 09.06.21: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/jun/09/president-of-oxford-college-defends-students-right-to-remove-photo-of-queen.

  9. 9.

    Oxford College Scraps Queen, Guido Fawkes, Order Order, 08.06.21: https://order-order.com/2021/06/08/exclusive-woke-oxford-students-vote-to-take-down-colonial-queens-portrait/.

  10. 10.

    What happened with Oxford students and a portrait of the Queen? The National, 09.06.21: https://www.thenational.scot/news/19361037.happened-oxford-students-portrait-queen-fact-check/.

  11. 11.

    Oxford college students cancel Queen because she “represents recent colonial history”, The Foxhole, 08.06.21: https://foxhole.news/2021/06/08/oxford-college-students-cancel-queen-because-she-represents-recent-colonial-history/.

  12. 12.

    @GavinWilliamson: https://twitter.com/GavinWilliamson/status/1402329761565843461.

  13. 13.

    Boris Johnson joins ‘culture wars’ attack on students for removing Queen portrait at Oxford college, Andrew Woodcock, Independent, 09.06.21: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-queen-portrait-oxford-b1862588.html.

  14. 14.

    @DinahRoseQC: https://twitter.com/dinahroseqc/status/1402329920752295945?lang=en.

  15. 15.

    Increasing England student loan repayments ‘would save government £4bn a year’, Richard Adams, The Guardian, 10.06.21: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/jun/10/increasing-student-loan-repayments-would-save-government-4bn-a-year.

  16. 16.

    Colleges Are an ‘Echo Chamber of Political Correctness’, Lisa Marie Segarra, Time, 26.09.17: https://time.com/4957604/jeff-sessions-georgetown-law-speech-transcript/.

  17. 17.

    ‘I love the poorly educated’: Why white college graduates are deserting Trump, Lauren Gambino, The Guardian, 16.10.16: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/oct/16/white-college-graduates-donald-trump-support-falling.

  18. 18.

    Has the public really had enough of experts? Amy Hawkins, Full Fact, 16.09.16: https://fullfact.org/blog/2016/sep/has-public-really-had-enough-experts/.

  19. 19.

    Academic Freedom in Our Universities: The Best and the Worst, Civitas, 2020: https://www.civitas.org.uk/publications/academic-freedom-in-our-universities/.

  20. 20.

    Academics like me live in fear of the woke hate mob, Matthew Goodwin, Daily Mail, 15.02.21: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-9263781/Academics-like-live-fear-woke-hate-mob-writes-politics-professor-MATTHEW-GOODWIN.html.

  21. 21.

    Cancel culture has captured campus, Eric Kauffman, Unherd, 21.10.20: https://unherd.com/2020/10/how-cancel-culture-captured-campus/.

  22. 22.

    On resigning from Birkbeck Politics… Lisa Tilley, 31.08.21: https://litilley.medium.com/on-resigning-from-birkbeck-politics-3681c0f65a91.

  23. 23.

    Sir Michael Barber delivers Commemoration Oration, Nicola Woolcock, The Times, 21.01.21: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sir-michael-barber-in-free-speech-plea-to-stop-university-groupthink-w3hd6srhm.

  24. 24.

    @thereclaimparty: https://twitter.com/thereclaimparty/status/1336757238963331073.

  25. 25.

    Students quit free speech campaign over role of Toby Young-founded group, Archie Bland, The Guardian, 09.01.21: https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/jan/09/students-quit-free-speech-campaign-over-role-of-toby-young-founded-group.

  26. 26.

    Students who pass white privilege test can win a gold star at UK university, Luke Gentile, Washington Examiner, 29.09.21: https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/university-united-kingdom-woke-course-second-hand-clothes.

  27. 27.

    Prevent monitoring accountability and data returns 2017–18, Office for Students, 21.06.19: https://www.officeforstudents.org.uk/media/860e26e2-63e7-47eb-84e0-49100788009c/ofs2019_22.pdf.

  28. 28.

    Universities: Is free speech under threat? Rachel Schraer and Ben Butcher, BBC News, 23.10.18: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-45447938.

  29. 29.

    Serious barriers limit free speech in universities, Joint Committee on Human Rights, 27.03.18: https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/93/human-rights-joint-committee/news/91425/serious-barriers-limit-free-speech-in-universities/.

  30. 30.

    In the 2020s universities need to step up as a central pillar of civil society, Jonathan Wolff, The Guardian, 07.01.20: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/jan/07/2020s-universities-need-to-step-up-central-pillar-civil-society.

  31. 31.

    What does ‘woke' mean to Britons? Matthew Smith, YouGov, 18.05.21: https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2021/05/18/what-does-woke-mean-britons.

  32. 32.

    Why does the right keep pretending the left runs Britain? Lea Ypi, The Guardian, 12.09.20: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/12/right-pretending-left-runs-britain.

  33. 33.

    Kemi Badenoch is right to take on Critical Race Theory, Calvin Robinson, The Spectator, 21.10.20: https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/kemi-badenoch-is-right-to-take-on-critical-race-theory.

  34. 34.

    President Trump has attacked critical race theory. Here's what to know about the intellectual movement, Cady Lang, Time, 29.09.20: https://time.com/5891138/critical-race-theory-explained/.

  35. 35.

    Critical race theory is a methodology, not an ideology, Hannah Robbins, Times Higher Education, 26.10.20: http://www.timeshighereducation.com/blog/critical-race-theory-methodology-not-ideology.

  36. 36.

    Diversity of thought is vital in education, The Guardian, 13.11.20: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/nov/13/diversity-of-thought-is-vital-in-education.

  37. 37.

    Students who complain about abuse on campus are being ‘wokesmeared’, Nesrine Malik, The Guardian, 16.02.20: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/16/students-abuse-campus-woke-political-correctness-sexual-racial-bullying.

  38. 38.

    ‘Feminist killjoy* behind the campaign (*It’s what she calls herself)’, Fionn Hargreaves, Daily Mail via Pressreader, 26.10.17: https://www.pressreader.com/uk/daily-mail/20171026/281698319996868.

  39. 39.

    Daily Telegraph: Student ‘forced Cambridge to drop white authors’ story was wrong, Adam Sherwin, iNews, 26.10.17: https://inews.co.uk/essentials/daily-telegraph-student-forced-cambridge-drop-white-authors-story-wrong-99956.

  40. 40.

    ‘Abolish whiteness’ academic calls for Cambridge support, Kevin Rawlinson, The Guardian, 25.06.20: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/jun/25/abolish-whiteness-academic-calls-for-cambridge-support.

  41. 41.

    ‘Cancel culture’ is not the preserve of the left. Just ask our historians, David Olusoga, The Guardian, 03.01.21: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/03/cancel-culture-is-not-the-preserve-of-the-left-just-ask-our-historians.

  42. 42.

    Censorious universities are a bigger problem than Stepford students, Tom Slater, The Spectator, 14.02.17: https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/censorious-universities-are-a-bigger-problem-than-stepford-students.

  43. 43.

    The coddling of the American mind, Greg Lukianoff and Jonathan Haidt, The Atlantic, 2015: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/09/the-coddling-of-the-american-mind/399356/.

  44. 44.

    What Uni students really think of the Tories’ proposed ‘free speech champion’, Kay Leong, Vice, 23.02.21: https://www.vice.com/en/article/akd9a8/university-students-react-free-speech-champion.

  45. 45.

    Free speech proposals are ‘Trojan Horse for authoritarianism’, Ian Dunt, politics.co.uk, 17.02.21: https://www.politics.co.uk/comment/2021/02/17/free-speech-proposals-are-trojan-horse-for-authoritarianism/.

  46. 46.

    Home secretary’s ‘dangerous’ rhetoric ‘putting lawyers at risk’, Harriet Grant, The Guardian, 06.10.20: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/oct/06/home-secretarys-dangerous-rhetoric-putting-lawyers-at-risk.

  47. 47.

    Jacob Rees-Mogg under fire for dismissing Unicef's UK grants as stunt, Simon Murphy, The Guardian 17.12.20: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/dec/17/jacob-rees-mogg-faces-backlash-over-unicef-schools-food-aid-attack.

  48. 48.

    Barnardo's hits back at Tory MPs upset by talk of ‘white privilege’, Molly Blackall, The Guardian, 05.12.20: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/05/barnardos-hits-back-at-tory-mps-upset-by-talk-of-white-privilege.

  49. 49.

    Higher Education and Research Act 2017: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2017/29/contents/enacted.

  50. 50.

    Academic freedom in a pandemic, Alex Usher, Higher Education Strategy Associates, 26.05.20: https://higheredstrategy.com/academic-freedom-in-a-pandemic/.

  51. 51.

    Education Act 1989, New Zealand Legislation: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1989/0080/latest/DLM183668.html.

  52. 52.

    Context, Academic Freedom and the Ethics of Internationalisation, Catherine Owen, Higher Education Policy Institute, 23.04.21: https://www.hepi.ac.uk/2021/04/23/context-academic-freedom-and-the-ethics-of-internationalisation/.

  53. 53.

    Turkey: Government Targeting Academics, Human Rights Watch, 14.05.18: https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/05/14/turkey-government-targeting-academics.

  54. 54.

    Threatened university faces final deadline, Sean Coughlan, BBC News, 30.11.18: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-46046304.

  55. 55.

    Are ‘woke' academics a threat to the French republic? Ask Macron’s ministers, Didier Fassin, The Guardian, 12.03.21: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/mar/12/academics-french-republic-macron-islamo-leftism.

  56. 56.

    Moral panics about free speech: How should European universities respond? Anne Corbett, LSE, 23.02.21: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2021/02/23/moral-panics-about-free-speech-how-should-european-universities-respond/.

  57. 57.

    The New War on Woke, Jeffrey Sachs, Arc Medium, 26.02.21: https://medium.com/arc-digital/the-new-war-on-woke-ced9fd3699b.

  58. 58.

    The White Paper on free speech is intellectually flimsy, Bahram Bekhradnia, Higher Education Policy Institute, 17.03.21: https://www.hepi.ac.uk/2021/03/17/bahram-bekhradnia-the-white-paper-on-free-speech-is-intellectually-flimsy/.

  59. 59.

    Students not suspects: Join us to up the fight against prevent, NUS Connect, 08.11.17: https://www.nusconnect.org.uk/articles/students-not-suspects-join-us-to-up-the-fight-against-prevent.

  60. 60.

    Education (No. 2) Act 1986: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1986/61/2005-04-07.

  61. 61.

    The Higher Education (Freedom of Speech) Bill primarily amends the Higher Education and Research Act 2017 but also makes various amendments to the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015, the Higher Education Act 2004 and the Education (No. 2) Act 1986: https://wonkhe.com/blogs/its-1986-all-over-again-as-free-speech-on-campus-gets-a-bill-of-its-own/.

  62. 62.

    Shouldn’t OfS have some evidence when it says there’s a problem with free speech on campus? Jim Dickinson, WonkHE, 14.09.21: https://wonkhe.com/wonk-corner/shouldnt-ofs-have-some-evidence-when-it-says-theres-a-problem-with-free-speech-on-campus/.

  63. 63.

    The Promotion and Protection of Free Speech, Office for Students, 26.09.18: https://www.officeforstudents.org.uk/media/3662206d-ccf4-4bed-a651-1df37aa0d5f0/freedom-of-speech-report.pdf.

  64. 64.

    Examination of Witness, Higher Education (Freedom of Speech) Bill, 13.09.21: https://www.theyworkforyou.com/pbc/2021-22/Higher_Education_%28Freedom_of_Speech%29_Bill/03-0_2021-09-13b.110.4.

  65. 65.

    Government free speech proposals represent a breakdown of trust and confidence, Jim Dickinson and David Kernohan, WonkHE, 16.02.21: https://wonkhe.com/blogs/free-speech-proposals-are-a-breakdown-of-trust-and-confidence/.

  66. 66.

    Higher Education (Freedom of Speech) Bill, Hansard Volume 699, 12.07.21: https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2021-07-12/debates/3E5A48AD-72E6-420A-910A-9F1863983743/HigherEducation(FreedomOfSpeech)Bill.

  67. 67.

    Gavin Williamson using ‘misleading’ research to justify campus free-speech law, Anna Fazackerley, The Guardian, 27.02.21: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/feb/27/gavin-williamson-using-misleading-research-to-justify-campus-free-speech-law.

  68. 68.

    LGBT event with Peter Tatchell to go ahead despite free speech row, Karen McVeigh, The Guardian, 15.02.16: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/15/lgbt-event-with-peter-tatchell-to-go-ahead-despite-freedom-of-speech-row.

  69. 69.

    Ice sculpture steals show at U.K. climate debate that Boris Johnson skips, Alan Yuhas, New York Times, 28.11.19: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/28/world/europe/ice-sculpture-uk-debate.html.

  70. 70.

    Decolonisation is a welcome contribution, but must not be enforced, Doug Stokes, Higher Education Policy Institute, 18.03.21: https://www.hepi.ac.uk/2021/03/18/doug-stokes-the-white-paper-is-vital-for-the-defence-of-academic-freedom/.

  71. 71.

    Blaming decolonisation for limiting free speech is a red herring, Sylvie Lomer, Parise Carmichael-Murphy and Jenna Mittelmeier, Higher Education Policy Institute, 25.03.21: https://www.hepi.ac.uk/2021/03/25/blaming-decolonisation-for-limiting-free-speech-is-a-red-herring/.

  72. 72.

    65% of Boris Johnson’s new cabinet attended independent schools, Sutton Trust, 14.02.20: https://www.suttontrust.com/news-opinion/all-news-opinion/65-of-boris-johnsons-new-cabinet-attended-independent-schools/.

  73. 73.

    @pipcosper: https://twitter.com/pipcosper/status/1182799512621977600.

  74. 74.

    Ethics and empire: An open letter from Oxford scholars, The Conversation, 19.12.17: https://theconversation.com/ethics-and-empire-an-open-letter-from-oxford-scholars-89333.

  75. 75.

    To combat the long march, let’s build a conservative university, Stuart Major, Conservative Woman, 02.06.21: https://www.conservativewoman.co.uk/to-combat-the-long-march-lets-build-a-conservative-university/.

  76. 76.

    Is this a turning point in the campus culture wars? Jim Dickinson, WonkHE, 02.03.20: https://wonkhe.com/blogs/is-this-a-turning-point-in-the-campus-culture-wars/.

  77. 77.

    @TPointUK: https://twitter.com/TPointUK/status/1232696189394595841.

  78. 78.

    How the education gap is tearing politics apart, David Runciman, The Guardian, 05.10.16: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/oct/05/trump-brexit-education-gap-tearing-politics-apart.

  79. 79.

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  80. 80.

    Lackademia: Why do academics lean left?, Noah Carl, Adam Smith Institute, 02.03.17: https://www.adamsmith.org/research/lackademia-why-do-academics-lean-left.

  81. 81.

    It’s no wonder degrees are going out of fashion when universities have become the Madrassas of the Left, Toby Young, Daily Mail, 19.08.18: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-6075017/TOBY-YOUNG-no-wonder-degrees-going-fashion.html.

  82. 82.

    The neo-Marxist takeover of our universities, Toby Young, The Spectator, 08.09.18: https://www.spectator.co.uk/2018/09/the-neo-marxist-takeover-of-our-universities/.

  83. 83.

    ‘Get rid of universities altogether’, Roger Scruton, Human Events, 13.05.19: https://humanevents.com/2019/05/13/roger-scruton-get-rid-of-universities-altogether/.

  84. 84.

    Loughborough University reported for ‘systematic crackdown on peaceful protest’, Freedom News, 10.02.20: https://freedomnews.org.uk/loughborough-university-reported-for-systematic-crackdown-on-peaceful-protest/?fbclid=IwAR2BR_-BkoS5E6Ym14CyzTDozcUna3iXCMIu0-gfwq-Aq8WTqUCMdtHquh0.

  85. 85.

    ‘Don’t frighten the students’: The crisis of academic freedom in the managed university, Liz Morrish, Campaign for the Defence of British Universities, 20.04.20: http://cdbu.org.uk/dont-frighten-the-students-the-crisis-of-academic-freedom-in-the-managed-university/.

  86. 86.

    Rise of populism is a wake-up call for universities, Daniel Sekulich, University World News, 07.04.17: http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20170407183839582.

  87. 87.

    The Universities Minister Invented a ‘Free Speech Problem' at UK Unis—Here's Why, Tom Whyman, Vice, 01.01.18: https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/kzj4w9/the-uni-minister-invented-a-free-speech-problem-at-uk-unis-heres-why.

  88. 88.

    The culture wars and a tale of two letters, Mark Leach and Louis Coiffait, WonkHE, 30.10.17: https://wonkhe.com/blogs/the-culture-wars-and-a-tale-of-two-letters/.

  89. 89.

    UK universities pay out £90m on staff ‘gagging orders’ in past two years, Simon Murphy, The Guardian, 17.04.19: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/apr/17/uk-universities-pay-out-90m-on-staff-gagging-orders-in-past-two-years.

  90. 90.

    The real threat to free speech on campus is the NDA, Mark Geoghegan, Times Higher Education, 07.06.21: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/blog/real-threat-free-speech-campus-nda.

  91. 91.

    Kathleen Stock’s departure shows universities can’t cope with argument, Rachel Cooke, The Guardian, 30.10.21: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/oct/30/kathleen-stock-departure-shows-universities-cant-cope-with-argument.

  92. 92.

    Barristers, MPs, and academics are among the Brits now blacklisted from China, Annabelle Timsit, Quartz, 18.05.21: https://qz.com/1989405/barristers-mps-academics-among-brits-now-blacklisted-from-china/.

  93. 93.

    China fights back with sanctions on academics, institute, Yojana Sharma, University World News, 25.03.21: https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20210325144041486.

  94. 94.

    Free speech isn’t under threat. It just suits bigots and boors to suggest so, Martha Gill, The Guardian, 23.06.19: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jun/23/free-speech-is-not-under-threat-it-suits-bigots-and-boors-to-suggest-so.

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Jones, S. (2022). How Free Speech Is Talked About. In: Universities Under Fire. Palgrave Critical University Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96107-7_5

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