Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Quercetin: The Biological Effects, Chemical Steadiness, Metabolism, and Delivery Systems

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Dietary Flavonoids

  • 98 Accesses

Abstract

One of the most well-known flavonoids, quercetin, has long been a part of the human diet. Numerous health advantages, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer properties, as well as the ability to relieve several cardiovascular illnesses, have been widely linked to the usage of quercetin (i.e., heart disease, hypertension, and high blood cholesterol). However, quercetin’s uses are severely constrained by its poor water solubility, chemical instability, and limited bioavailability. Its stability, effectiveness, and bioavailability can be increased using delivery methods. This chapter included quercetin’s biological activity, chemical stability, metabolism, and toxicity as well as several quercetin administration methods. In the human body, quercetin that has been digested via the mouth, small intestine, liver, and kidneys is glucuronidated, sulfated, or methylated. Numerous elements, including heat, pH, and metal ions, may have an impact on the chemical stability (including oxidation and degradation) of quercetin during food preparation and storage. The use of delivery technologies, such as lipid-based carriers, nanoparticles (NPs), inclusion complexes, micelles, and conjugate-based encapsulation, has the potential to increase the stability and bioavailability of quercetin and, consequently, its health advantages. Every delivery system has a different set of benefits and drawbacks, therefore choosing one over another should be dependent on the application domains. In the future, it may also be necessary to investigate natural, food-grade substances as the primary components of quercetin delivery methods.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Arts MJTJ, Sebastiaan Dallinga J, Voss H-P, Haenen GRMM, Bast A (2004) A new approach to assess the total antioxidant capacity using the TEAC assay. Food Chem 88:567–570

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aura A-M (2008) Microbial metabolism of dietary phenolic compounds in the colon. Phytochem Rev 7:407–429

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aytac Z (2015) Quercetin/−cyclodextrin inclusion complex embedded nanofibres: slow release and high solubility. Food Chem 197:864–871

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baghel SS, Shrivastava N, Baghel RS, Agrawal P, Rajput S (2012) A review of quercetin: antioxidant and anticancer properties. World J Pharm Pharmaceutical Sci 1:146–160

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballesteros-Vivas D, Álvarez-Rivera G, Morantes SJ, del Pilar Sánchez-Camargo A, Ibáñez E, Parada-Alfonso F, Cifuentes A (2019) An integrated approach for the valorization of mango seed kernel: efficient extraction solvent selection, phytochemical profiling and antiproliferative activity assessment. Food Res Int 126:108616

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beecher GR (2003) Overview of dietary flavonoids: nomenclature, occurrence and intake. J Nutr 133:S3248–S3S54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benítez V, Mollá E, Martín-Cabrejas MA, Aguilera Y, López-Andréu FJ, Cools K, Terry LA, Esteban RM (2011) Characterization of industrial onion wastes (Allium cepa L.): dietary fibre and bioactive compounds. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 66:48–57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bieger J, Cermak R, Blank R, de Boer VCJ, Hollman PCH, Kamphues J, Wolffram S (2008) Tissue distribution of quercetin in pigs after long-term dietary supplementation. J Nutr 138:1417–1420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boersma MG, Van der Woude H, Bogaards J, Boeren S, Vervoort J, Cnubben NHP, Van Iersel MLPS, Van Bladeren PJ, Rietjens IMCM (2002) Regioselectivity of phase II metabolism of luteolin and quercetin by UDP-glucuronosyl transferases. Chem Res Toxicol 15:662–670

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boots AW, Kubben N, Haenen GRMM, Bast A (2003) Oxidized quercetin reacts with thiols rather than with ascorbate: implication for quercetin supplementation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 308:560–565

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boots AW, Balk JM, Bast A, Haenen GRMM (2005) The reversibility of the glutathionyl-quercetin adduct spreads oxidized quercetin-induced toxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 338:923–929

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boots AW, Haenen GRMM, Bast A (2008) Health effects of quercetin: from antioxidant to nutraceutical. Eur J Pharmacol 585:325–337

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bose S, Michniak-Kohn B (2013) Preparation and characterization of lipid based nanosystems for topical delivery of quercetin. Eur J Pharm Sci 48:442–452

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd BJ (2008) Past and future evolution in colloidal drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 5:69–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchner N, Krumbein A, Rohn S, Kroh LW (2006) Effect of thermal processing on the flavonols rutin and quercetin. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 20:3229–3235

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bureau G, Longpré F, Martinoli M-G (2008) Resveratrol and quercetin, two natural polyphenols, reduce apoptotic neuronal cell death induced by neuroinflammation. J Neurosci Res 86:403–410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cai K, Bennick A (2006) Effect of salivary proteins on the transport of tannin and quercetin across intestinal epithelial cells in culture. Biochem Pharmacol 72:974–980

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cai X, Fang Z, Dou J, Yu A, Zhai G (2013) Bioavailability of quercetin: problems and promises. Curr Med Chem 20:2572–2582

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang Q, Wong Y-S (2004) Identification of flavonoids in Hakmeitau beans (Vigna sinensis) by high-performance liquid chromatography− electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS). J Agric Food Chem 52:6694–6699

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen X, Yin OQP, Zuo Z, Chow MSS (2005) Pharmacokinetics and modeling of quercetin and metabolites. Pharm Res 22:892–901

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cincin ZB, Unlu M, Kiran B, Bireller ES, Baran Y, Cakmakoglu B (2014) Molecular mechanisms of quercitrin-induced apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Arch Med Res 45:445–454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clifton PM (2004) Effect of grape seed extract and quercetin on cardiovascular and endothelial parameters in high-risk subjects. J Biomed Biotechnol 2004:272

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Comalada M, Camuesco D, Sierra S, Ballester I, Xaus J, Gálvez J, Zarzuelo A (2005) In vivo quercitrin anti-inflammatory effect involves release of quercetin, which inhibits inflammation through down-regulation of the NF-κB pathway. Eur J Immunol 35:584–592

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dajas F (2012) Life or death: neuroprotective and anticancer effects of quercetin. J Ethnopharmacol 143:383–396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Date AA, Nagarsenker MS, Patere S, Dhawan V, Gude RP, Hassan PA, Aswal V, Steiniger F, Thamm J, Fahr A (2011) Lecithin-based novel cationic nanocarriers (Leciplex) II: improving therapeutic efficacy of quercetin on oral administration. Mol Pharm 8:716–726

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Boer VCJ, Dihal AA, van der Woude H, Arts ICW, Wolffram S, Alink GM, Rietjens IMCM, Keijer J, Hollman PCH (2005) Tissue distribution of quercetin in rats and pigs. J Nutr 135:1718–1725

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Santi C, Pietrabissa A, Mosca F, Pacifici GM (2002) Methylation of quercetin and fisetin, flavonoids widely distributed in edible vegetables, fruits and wine, by human liver. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 40:207–212

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dehghan G, Khoshkam Z (2012) Tin (II)–quercetin complex: synthesis, spectral characterisation and antioxidant activity. Food Chem 131:422–426

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donsì F, Sessa M, Mediouni H, Mgaidi A, Ferrari G (2011) Encapsulation of bioactive compounds in nanoemulsion-based delivery systems. Procedia Food Sci 1:1666–1671

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du H, Liu M, Yang X, Zhai G (2015) The role of glycyrrhetinic acid modification on preparation and evaluation of quercetin-loaded chitosan-based self-aggregates. J Colloid Interface Sci 460:87–96

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards RL, Lyon T, Litwin SE, Rabovsky A, Symons JD, Jalili T (2007) Quercetin reduces blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. J Nutr 137:2405–2411

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egert S, Bosy-Westphal A, Seiberl J, Kürbitz C, Settler U, Plachta-Danielzik S, Wagner AE, Frank J, Schrezenmeir J, Rimbach G (2009) Quercetin reduces systolic blood pressure and plasma oxidised low-density lipoprotein concentrations in overweight subjects with a high-cardiovascular disease risk phenotype: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Br J Nutr 102:1065–1074

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engen A, Maeda J, Wozniak DE, Brents CA, Bell JJ, Uesaka M, Aizawa Y, Kato TA (2015) Induction of cytotoxic and genotoxic responses by natural and novel quercetin glycosides. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 784:15–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esmaeili MA, Sonboli A (2010) Antioxidant, free radical scavenging activities of Salvia brachyantha and its protective effect against oxidative cardiac cell injury. Food Chem Toxicol 48:846–853

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fang R, Hao R, Wu X, Li Q, Leng X, Jing H (2011) Bovine serum albumin nanoparticle promotes the stability of quercetin in simulated intestinal fluid. J Agric Food Chem 59:6292–6298

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farías-Campomanes AM, Angela M, Meireles A (2013) Pisco bagasse as a potential source of bioactive compounds–a review. Recent Patent Eng 7:41–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell TL, Gomez-Juaristi M, Poquet L, Redeuil K, Nagy K, Renouf M, Williamson G (2012) Absorption of dimethoxycinnamic acid derivatives in vitro and pharmacokinetic profile in human plasma following coffee consumption. Mol Nutr Food Res 56:1413–1423

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallaher CM, Gallaher DD (2008) Dried plums (prunes) reduce atherosclerosis lesion area in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Br J Nutr 101:233–239

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gang W, Jie WJ, Ping ZL, Ming DS, Ying LJ, Wang L, Fang Y (2012) Liposomal quercetin: evaluating drug delivery in vitro and biodistribution in vivo. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 9:599–613

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao Y, Wang Y, Ma Y, Yu A, Cai F, Shao W, Zhai G (2009) Formulation optimization and in situ absorption in rat intestinal tract of quercetin-loaded microemulsion. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 71:306–314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • García-Rodríguez M d C, Guerrero-Palomo G, Altamirano-Lozano M (2017) Efecto de la administración intragástrica y ad libitum del vino tinto (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Carménère y Cabernet Sauvignon/Nebbiolo) y del alcohol en la cito/genotoxicidad evaluada en sangre periférica de ratones CD-1. Acta Univ 27:19–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Geraets L, Moonen HJJ, Brauers K, Wouters EFM, Bast A, Hageman GJ (2007) Dietary flavones and flavonoles are inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in pulmonary epithelial cells. J Nutr 137:2190–2195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg DM, Yan J, Soleas GJ (2003) Absorption of three wine-related polyphenols in three different matrices by healthy subjects. Clin Biochem 36:79–87

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guazelli CFS, Fattori V, Colombo BB, Georgetti SR, Vicentini FTMC, Casagrande R, Baracat MM, Verri WA Jr (2013) Quercetin-loaded microcapsules ameliorate experimental colitis in mice by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. J Nat Prod 76:200–208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo Y, Bruno RS (2015) Endogenous and exogenous mediators of quercetin bioavailability. J Nutr Biochem 26:201–210

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo Y, Mah E, Bruno RS (2014) Quercetin bioavailability is associated with inadequate plasma vitamin C status and greater plasma endotoxin in adults. Nutrition 30:1279–1286

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta P, Authimoolam SP, Hilt JZ, Dziubla TD (2015) Quercetin conjugated poly (β-amino esters) nanogels for the treatment of cellular oxidative stress. Acta Biomater 27:194–204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ha H-K, Kim JW, Lee M-R, Lee W-J (2013) Formation and characterization of quercetin-loaded chitosan oligosaccharide/β-lactoglobulin nanoparticle. Food Res Int 52:82–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauss DJ (2007) Oral lipid-based formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59:667–676

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hazra M, Mandal DD, Mandal T, Bhuniya S, Ghosh M (2015) Designing polymeric microparticulate drug delivery system for hydrophobic drug quercetin. Saudi Pharm J 23:429–436

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Heyman L, Axling U, Blanco N, Sterner O, Holm C, Berger K (2014) Evaluation of beneficial metabolic effects of berries in high-fat fed C57BL/6J mice. J Nutr Metab 2014:403041

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hollman PCH, Katan MB (1997) Absorption, metabolism and health effects of dietary flavonoids in man. Biomed Pharmacother 51:305–310

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollman PCH, Katan MB (1999) Dietary flavonoids: intake, health effects and bioavailability. Food Chem Toxicol 37:937–942

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu Q-H, Zhang X, Pan Y, Li Y-C, Kong L-D (2012) Allopurinol, quercetin and rutin ameliorate renal NLRP3 inflammasome activation and lipid accumulation in fructose-fed rats. Biochem Pharmacol 84:113–125

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Igual M, García-Martínez E, Camacho MM, Martínez-Navarrete N (2011) Changes in flavonoid content of grapefruit juice caused by thermal treatment and storage. Innovative Food Sci Emerg Technol 12:153–162

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain AK, Thanki K, Jain S (2013) Co-encapsulation of tamoxifen and quercetin in polymeric nanoparticles: implications on oral bioavailability, antitumor efficacy, and drug-induced toxicity. Mol Pharm 10:3459–3474

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeon S, Yoo CY, Park SN (2015) Improved stability and skin permeability of sodium hyaluronate-chitosan multilayered liposomes by layer-by-layer electrostatic deposition for quercetin delivery. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 129:7–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph B, Priya M (2011) Review on nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties of guava (Psidium guajava Linn.). Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2:53–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Joye IJ, McClements DJ (2013) Production of nanoparticles by anti-solvent precipitation for use in food systems. Trends Food Sci Technol 34:109–123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jullian C, Moyano L, Yanez C, Olea-Azar C (2007) Complexation of quercetin with three kinds of cyclodextrins: an antioxidant study. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 67:230–234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kale R, Saraf M, Juvekar A, Tayade P (2006) Decreased B16F10 melanoma growth and impaired tumour vascularization in BDF1 mice with quercetin-cyclodextrin binary system. J Pharm Pharmacol 58:1351–1358

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khanavi M, Moghaddam G, Oveisi MR, Sadeghi N, Jannat B, Rostami M, Saadat MA, Hajimahmoodi M (2013) Hyperoside and anthocyanin content of ten different pomegranate cultivars. Pak J Biol Sci 16:636–641

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim H, Seo E-M, Sharma AR, Ganbold B, Park J, Sharma G, Kang Y-H, Song D-K, Lee S-S, Nam J-S (2013) Regulation of Wnt signaling activity for growth suppression induced by quercetin in 4T1 murine mammary cancer cells. Int J Oncol 43:1319–1325

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim MK, Park K-s, Choo H, Chong Y (2015) Quercetin–POM (pivaloxymethyl) conjugates: modulatory activity for P-glycoprotein-based multidrug resistance. Phytomedicine 22:778–785

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kleemann R, Verschuren L, Morrison M, Zadelaar S, van Erk MJ, Wielinga PY, Kooistra T (2011) Anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-atherosclerotic effects of quercetin in human in vitro and in vivo models. Atherosclerosis 218:44–52

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kukongviriyapan U, Sompamit K, Pannangpetch P, Kukongviriyapan V, Donpunha W (2012) Preventive and therapeutic effects of quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction in mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 90:1345–1353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar SR, Priyatharshni S, Babu VN, Mangalaraj D, Viswanathan C, Kannan S, Ponpandian N (2014) Quercetin conjugated superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles for in-vitro analysis of breast cancer cell lines for chemotherapy applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 436:234–242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee KA, Kim K-T, Kim HJ, Chung M-S, Chang P-S, Park H, Pai H-D (2014) Antioxidant activities of onion (Allium cepa L.) peel extracts produced by ethanol, hot water, and subcritical water extraction. Food Sci Biotechnol 23:615–621

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee BK, Yun YH, Park K (2015) Smart nanoparticles for drug delivery: boundaries and opportunities. Chem Eng Sci 125:158–164

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li HL, Zhao XB, Ma YK, Zhai GX, Li LB, Lou HX (2009) Enhancement of gastrointestinal absorption of quercetin by solid lipid nanoparticles. J Control Release 133:238–244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li C, Wang T, Zhang C, Xuan J, Changjiang S, Wang Y (2016) Quercetin attenuates cardiomyocyte apoptosis via inhibition of JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Gene 577:275–280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu W, Kelly AL, Miao S (2016) Emulsion-based encapsulation and delivery systems for polyphenols. Trends Food Sci Technol 47:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luangaram S, Kukongviriyapan U, Pakdeechote P, Kukongviriyapan V, Pannangpetch P (2007) Protective effects of quercetin against phenylhydrazine-induced vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 45:448–455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Makris DP, Rossiter JT (2000) Heat-induced, metal-catalyzed oxidative degradation of quercetin and rutin (quercetin 3-O-rhamnosylglucoside) in aqueous model systems. J Agric Food Chem 48:3830–3838

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marrelli M, Amodeo V, Statti G, Conforti F (2018) Biological properties and bioactive components of Allium cepa L.: focus on potential benefits in the treatment of obesity and related comorbidities. Molecules 24:119

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Masibo M, He Q (2008) Major mango polyphenols and their potential significance to human health. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 7:309–319

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maurya AK, Vinayak M (2015) Modulation of PKC signaling and induction of apoptosis through suppression of reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1): key role of quercetin in cancer prevention. Tumor Biol 36:8913–8924

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClements DJ (2010) Design of nano-laminated coatings to control bioavailability of lipophilic food components. J Food Sci 75:R30–R42

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClements DJ (2015) Encapsulation, protection, and release of hydrophilic active components: potential and limitations of colloidal delivery systems. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 219:27–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClements DJ, Decker EA, Park Y, Weiss J (2009) Structural design principles for delivery of bioactive components in nutraceuticals and functional foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 49:577–606

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moon YJ, Liang W, DiCenzo R, Morris ME (2008) Quercetin pharmacokinetics in humans. Biopharm Drug Dispos 29:205–217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munin A, Edwards-Lévy F (2011) Encapsulation of natural polyphenolic compounds; a review. Pharmaceutics 3:793–829

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Murota K, Terao J (2005) Quercetin appears in the lymph of unanesthetized rats as its phase II metabolites after administered into the stomach. FEBS Lett 579:5343–5346

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nabavi SF, Russo GL, Daglia M, Nabavi SM (2015) Role of quercetin as an alternative for obesity treatment: you are what you eat! Food Chem 179:305–310

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nair MP, Mahajan S, Reynolds JL, Aalinkeel R, Nair H, Schwartz SA, Kandaswami C (2006) The flavonoid quercetin inhibits proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha) gene expression in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells via modulation of the NF-κβ system. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13:319–328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nday CM, Halevas E, Jackson GE, Salifoglou A (2015) Quercetin encapsulation in modified silica nanoparticles: potential use against Cu (II)-induced oxidative stress in neurodegeneration. J Inorg Biochem 145:51–64

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nishijima T, Takida Y, Saito Y, Ikeda T, Iwai K (2015) Simultaneous ingestion of high-methoxy pectin from apple can enhance absorption of quercetin in human subjects. Br J Nutr 113:1531–1538

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nmeth K, Plumb GW, Berrin J-G, Juge N, Jacob R, Naim HY, Williamson G, Swallow DM, Kroon PA (2003) Deglycosylation by small intestinal epithelial cell-glucosidases is a critical step in the absorption and metabolism of dietary flavonoid glycosides in humans. Eur J Nutr 1:29–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odriozola-Serrano I, Soliva-Fortuny R, Martín-Belloso O (2008) Phenolic acids, flavonoids, vitamin C and antioxidant capacity of strawberry juices processed by high-intensity pulsed electric fields or heat treatments. Eur Food Res Technol 228:239–248

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohguchi K, Nakajima C, Oyama M, Iinuma M, Itoh T, Akao Y, Nozawa Y, Ito M (2010) Inhibitory effects of flavonoid glycosides isolated from the peel of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki ‘Fuyu’) on melanin biosynthesis. Biol Pharm Bull 33:122–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Overman A, Chuang CC, McIntosh M (2011) Quercetin attenuates inflammation in human macrophages and adipocytes exposed to macrophage-conditioned media. Int J Obes 35:1165–1172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Özyurt H, Çevik Ö, Özgen ZÜLEYHA, Özden AS, Çadırcı S, Elmas MA, Ercan FERİHA, Gören MZ, Şener GÖKSEL (2014) Quercetin protects radiation-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in kidney and bladder tissues of rats. Free Radic Res 48:1247–1255

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey SK, Patel DK, Thakur R, Mishra DP, Maiti P, Haldar C (2015) Anti-cancer evaluation of quercetin embedded PLA nanoparticles synthesized by emulsified nanoprecipitation. Int J Biol Macromol 75:521–529

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel AR, Heussen PCM, Hazekamp J, Drost E, Velikov KP (2012) Quercetin loaded biopolymeric colloidal particles prepared by simultaneous precipitation of quercetin with hydrophobic protein in aqueous medium. Food Chem 133:423–429

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paulke A, Nöldner M, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Wurglics M (2008) St. John’s wort flavonoids and their metabolites show antidepressant activity and accumulate in brain after multiple oral doses. Pharmazie 63:296–302

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pękal A, Biesaga M, Pyrzynska K (2011) Interaction of quercetin with copper ions: complexation, oxidation and reactivity towards radicals. Biometals 24:41–49

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen B, Egert S, Bosy-Westphal A, Müller MJ, Wolffram S, Hubbermann EM, Rimbach G, Schwarz K (2016) Bioavailability of quercetin in humans and the influence of food matrix comparing quercetin capsules and different apple sources. Food Res Int 88:159–165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pocernich CB, Butterfield DA (2012) Elevation of glutathione as a therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1822:625–630

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polychniatou V, Tzia C (2016) Study of the emulsifying ability of olive oil endogenous compounds in co-surfactant free olive oil w/o nanoemulsions with food grade non-ionic surfactants. Food Bioprocess Technol 9:882–891

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prince PSM, Sathya B (2010) Pretreatment with quercetin ameliorates lipids, lipoproteins and marker enzymes of lipid metabolism in isoproterenol treated cardiotoxic male Wistar rats. Eur J Pharmacol 635:142–148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramos AM, Aller P (2008) Quercetin decreases intracellular GSH content and potentiates the apoptotic action of the antileukemic drug arsenic trioxide in human leukemia cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 75:1912–1923

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rangel-Ordóñez L, Nöldner M, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Wurglics M (2010) Plasma levels and distribution of flavonoids in rat brain after single and repeated doses of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761®. Planta Med 76:1683–1690

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ravichandran R, Rajendran M, Devapiriam D (2014) Antioxidant study of quercetin and their metal complex and determination of stability constant by spectrophotometry method. Food Chem 146:472–478

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Resende FA, Vilegas W, Santos LCD, Varanda EA (2012) Mutagenicity of flavonoids assayed by bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test. Molecules 17:5255–5268

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rubió L, Motilva M-J, Romero M-P (2013) Recent advances in biologically active compounds in herbs and spices: a review of the most effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory active principles. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 53:943–953

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russo M, Spagnuolo C, Tedesco I, Bilotto S, Russo GL (2012) The flavonoid quercetin in disease prevention and therapy: facts and fancies. Biochem Pharmacol 83:6–15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sah SP, Tirkey N, Kuhad A, Chopra K (2011) Effect of quercetin on lipopolysaccharide induced-sickness behavior and oxidative stress in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 43:192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sahiner N (2014) One step poly (rutin) particle preparation as biocolloid and its characterization. Mater Sci Eng C 44:9–16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sapino S, Ugazio E, Gastaldi L, Miletto I, Berlier G, Zonari D, Oliaro-Bosso S (2015) Mesoporous silica as topical nanocarriers for quercetin: characterization and in vitro studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 89:116–125

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shankar GM, Antony J, Anto RJ (2015) Quercetin and tryptanthrin: two broad spectrum anticancer agents for future chemotherapeutic interventions. In: The enzymes. Elsevier

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (2018) Cancer statistics, 2018. CA Cancer J Clin 68:7–30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silva MM, Santos MR, Caroço G, Rocha R, Justino G, Mira L (2002) Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids: a re-examination. Free Radic Res 36:1219–1227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sójka M, Kołodziejczyk K, Milala J, Abadias M, Viñas I, Guyot S, Baron A (2015) Composition and properties of the polyphenolic extracts obtained from industrial plum pomaces. J Funct Foods 12:168–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun M, Nie S, Pan X, Zhang R, Fan Z, Wang S (2014) Quercetin-nanostructured lipid carriers: characteristics and anti-breast cancer activities in vitro. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 113:15–24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan Q, Liu W, Guo C, Zhai G (2011) Preparation and evaluation of quercetin-loaded lecithin-chitosan nanoparticles for topical delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 6:1621

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu L, Tang Y, Gao C, Li Y, Chen S, Xiong T, Li J, Min D, Gong Z, Chen H (2014) Characterization and biodistribution in vivo of quercetin-loaded cationic nanostructured lipid carriers. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 115:125–131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsao J-Y, Wu C-P, Tsai H-H, Peng K-C, Lin P-Y, Shan-Yu S, Chen L-D, Tsai F-J, Tsai Y (2012) Effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complexation on the aqueous solubility, structure, thermal stability, antioxidant activity, and tyrosinase inhibition of paeonol. J Incl Phenom Macrocycl Chem 72:405–411

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner C, Vargas AP, Roos DH, Morel AF, Farina M, Nogueira CW, Aschner M, Rocha JB (2010) Comparative study of quercetin and its two glycoside derivatives quercitrin and rutin against methylmercury (MeHg)-induced ROS production in rat brain slices. Arch Toxicol 84:89–97

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walle T, Kristina Walle U, Halushka PV (2001) Carbon dioxide is the major metabolite of quercetin in humans. J Nutr 131:2648–2652

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y-C, Chuang Y-C, Hsu H-W (2008) The flavonoid, carotenoid and pectin content in peels of citrus cultivated in Taiwan. Food Chem 106:277–284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weldin J, Jack R, Dugaw K, Kapur RP (2003) Quercetin, an over-the-counter supplement, causes neuroblastoma-like elevation of plasma homovanillic acid. Pediatr Dev Pathol 6:547–551

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiczkowski W, Piskuła MK (2004) Food flavonoids. Pol J Food Nutr Sci 13:101–114

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilczewska AZ, Niemirowicz K, Markiewicz KH, Car H (2012) Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Pharmacol Rep 64:1020–1037

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams CA, Grayer RJ (2004) Anthocyanins and other flavonoids. Nat Prod Rep 21:539–573

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamagata K, Tagami M, Yamori Y (2015) Dietary polyphenols regulate endothelial function and prevent cardiovascular disease. Nutrition 31:28–37

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yao M, Xiao H, McClements DJ (2014) Delivery of lipophilic bioactives: assembly, disassembly, and reassembly of lipid nanoparticles. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 5:53–81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeyada NN, Zeitoum MAM, Barbary OM (2008) Utilization of some vegetables and fruit waste as natural antioxidants. Alex J Food Sci Technol 5:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Yang Y, Tang K, Hu X, Zou G (2008) Physicochemical characterization and antioxidant activity of quercetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. J Appl Polym Sci 107:891–897

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao L, Shi Y, Zou S, Sun M, Li L, Zhai G (2011) Formulation and in vitro evaluation of quercetin loaded polymeric micelles composed of pluronic P123 and Da-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate. J Biomed Nanotechnol 7:358–365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao G, Duan J, Xie Y, Lin G, Luo H, Li G, Yuan X (2013) Effects of solid dispersion and self-emulsifying formulations on the solubility, dissolution, permeability and pharmacokinetics of isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol in total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 39:1037–1045

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou H, Wang X (2015) Spectrometric study on the interaction of sodium cholate aggregates with quercetin. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 481:31–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Egypt

    Remah Sobhy

  2. Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Egypt

    Ibrahim Khalifa

  3. School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China

    Abdul Rahaman & Xin-An Zeng

  4. College of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China

    Abdul Rahaman & Xin-An Zeng

  5. Overseas Expertise Introduction Centre for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Centre), Guangzhou, China

    Abdul Rahaman & Xin-An Zeng

  6. College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China

    Asad Nawaz

  7. College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China

    Noman Walayat

Authors
  1. Remah Sobhy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ibrahim Khalifa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Abdul Rahaman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xin-An Zeng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Asad Nawaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Noman Walayat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ibrahim Khalifa .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain

    Jianbo Xiao

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Sobhy, R., Khalifa, I., Rahaman, A., Zeng, XA., Nawaz, A., Walayat, N. (2023). Quercetin: The Biological Effects, Chemical Steadiness, Metabolism, and Delivery Systems. In: Xiao, J. (eds) Handbook of Dietary Flavonoids. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94753-8_12-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94753-8_12-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-94753-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-94753-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation