Abstract
This research presents an advanced fabrication process of aerosol jet printed polymer optical waveguides onto 2D and 3D surfaces. The key advantage of the aerosol printed polymer optical waveguides is the capability of the process to print directly on desired surfaces, which significantly reduced the cost for new/customization production. Comprehensive studies of the optical material selection, printing strategies, printing process optimization and quality characterization of the printed polymer optical waveguide are successfully conducted. With the optimum printing process, the desired aspect ratio of the polymer optical waveguides is obtained at the height to width ratio of ~ 1:5 and contact angle of ~ 45° to 60°. Optical analysis of the printed polymer optical waveguide samples record attenuation rates up to 0.2 dB/cm and transmission rates of 10 Gbit/s. These significant achievements are likely to become a game-changer to the existing metallic conductor.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
IPC International, Inc.: 2015 IPC International Technology Roadmap for Electronic Interconnections: Part D – Interconnections and Substrates. Section 6 - Electrical and Optical Performance (2015)
Lorenz, L., Ott, L., Nieweglowski, K., Bock, K.: Influence of Temperature Cycling on Asymmetric Optical Bus Couplers. In: IEEE Electronics System-Integration Technology Conference (ESTC)
Eldada, L., Zhu, N., Ruberto, M.N., Levy, M., Scarmozzino, R., Osgood, R.M.: Rapid direct fabrication of active electro-optic modulators in GaAs. J. Lightwave Technol. 12(9), 1588–1596 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1109/50.320941
Chandross, E.A., Pryde, C.A., Tomlinson, W.J., Weber, H.P.: Photolocking-A new technique for fabricating optical waveguide circuits. Appl. Phys. Lett. 24(2), 72–74 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1655099
Tian, L., et al.: Polymer/silica hybrid waveguide bragg grating fabricated by UV-photobleaching. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 30(7), 603–606 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2018.2805843
Verschuren, C.A., Harmsma, P.J., Oei, Y.S., Leys, M.R., Vonk, H., Wolter, J.H.: Butt-coupling loss of 0.1dB/interface in InP/InGaAs MQW waveguide-waveguide structures grown by selective area chemical beam epitaxy. J. Cryst. Growth 188(1–4), 288–294 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00068-2
Ou, H.: Reactive ion etching in silica-on-silicon planar waveguide technology. In: Proc. ECIO (2003)
Vu, K.T., Madden, S.J.: Reactive ion etching of tellurite and chalcogenide waveguides using hydrogen, methane, and argon. J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A: Vac., Surf. Films 29(1), 11023 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1116/1.3528248
van Steenberge, G., Hendrickx, N., Bosman, E., van Erps, J., Thienpont, H., van Daele, P.: Laser ablation of parallel optical interconnect waveguides. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(9), 1106–1108 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2006.873357
Nseowo Udofia, E., Zhou, W.: 3D printed optics with a soft and stretchable optical material. Addit. Manuf. 31, 100912 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100912
Saito, Y., Fukagata, K., Ishigure, T.: Fabrication for low-loss polymer optical waveguide with graded-index perfect circular core using the Mosquito method. In: 2016 IEEE CPMT Symposium Japan (ICSJ), Kyoto, 07-Nov-16–09-Nov-16, pp. 147–148
Ishigure, T.: Multimode/single-mode polymer optical waveguide circuit for high-bandwidth-density on-board interconnects. In: Optical Interconnects XV, p. 936802. California, United States, San Francisco (2015)
Ishigure, T., Suganuma, D., Soma, K.: Three-dimensional high density channel integration of polymer optical waveguide using the mosquito method. In: 2014 IEEE 64th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), Orlando, FL, USA, 27-May-14–30-May-14, pp. 1042–1047
Takahashi, A., Ishigure, T.: Fabrication for low-loss polymer optical waveguides with 90° bending using the Mosquito method. In: IEEE CPMT Symposium Japan 2014, Kyoto, Japan, 04-Nov-14–06-Nov-14, pp. 162–165
Kinoshita, R., Suganuma, D., Ishigure, T.: Accurate interchannel pitch control in graded-index circular-core polymer parallel optical waveguide using the mosquito method. Opt. Express 22(7), 8426–8437 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.008426
Soma, K., Ishigure, T.: Fabrication of a graded-index circular-core polymer parallel optical waveguide using a microdispenser for a high-density optical printed circuit board. IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron. 19(2), 3600310 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2012.2227688
Parekh, D.P., Cormier, D., Dickey, M.D.: Chapter 8: Multifunctional printing: Incorporating electronics into 3D parts made by additive manufacturing. In: Additive manufacturing: Multifunctional Printing: Incorporating Electronics into 3D Parts Made by Additive Manufacturing, A. Bandyopadhyay and S. Bose, Eds., pp. 215–258.
Chappell, J., Hutt, D.A., Conway, P.P.: Variation in the line stability of an inkjet printed optical waveguide-applicable material. In: 2008 2nd Electronics Systemintegration Technology Conference, Greenwich, 01-Sep-08–04-Sep-08, pp. 1267–1272
Klestova, A., Cheplagin, N., Keller, K., Slabov, V., Zaretskaya, G., Vinogradov, A.V.: Inkjet printing of optical waveguides for single-mode operation. Advanced Optical Materials 7(2), 1801113 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201801113
Reitberger, T.: Additive Fertigung polymerer optischer Wellenleiter im Aerosol-Jet-Verfahren. PhD, Lehrstuhl für Fertigungsautomatisierung und Produktionssystematik (FAPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen (2020)
Ma, H., Jen, A.K.-Y., Dalton, L.R.: Polymer-based optical waveguides: materials, processing, and devices. Adv. Mater. 14(19), 1339–1365 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(20021002)14:19%3c1339::AID-ADMA1339%3e3.0.CO;2-O
Reitberger, T., Hoffmann, G.-A., Wolfer, T., Overmeyer, L., Franke, J.: Printing polymer optical waveguides on conditioned transparent flexible foils by using the aerosol jet technology In: Printed Memory and Circuits II, San Diego, California, United States, 99450G (2016)
Lorenz, L., et al.: Additive waveguide manufacturing for optical bus couplers by aerosol jet printing using conditioned flexible substrates. In: 2017 21st European Microelectronics and Packaging Conference (EMPC) & Exhibition, Warsaw, 10-Sep-17–13-Sep-17, pp. 1–5
OPTOMEC, Aerosol Jet®: Print Engine. User Manual (2018)
Hoffmann, G.-A., Reitberger, T., Franke, J., Overmeyer, L.: Conditioning of surface energy and spray application of optical waveguides for integrated intelligent systems. Procedia Technol. 26, 169–176 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2016.08.023
Harris, J., Stöcker, H.: Handbook of mathematics and computational science. Springer, New York, London (1998)
Reitberger, T., Loosen, F., Schrauf, A., Lindlein, N., Franke, J.: Important parameters of printed polymer optical waveguides (POWs) in simulation and fabrication. In: Physics and simulation of optoelectronic devices XXV, p. 100981B. California, United States, San Francisco (2017)
Schröder, H., Ebling, F., Starke, E., Himmler, A.: Heißgeprägte Polymerwellenleiter für elektrisch-optische Schaltungsträger (EOCB)‐Technologie und Charakterisierung. In: Proc. DVS/GMM‐Conference, pp. 6–7 (2002)
Bierhoff, T., Sönmez, Y., Schrage, J., Himmler, A., Griese, E., Mrozynski, G.: Influence of the cross sectional shape of board-integrated optical waveguides on the propagation characteristics. In: 6th IEEE-SPI Workshop (2002)
Elson, J.M.: Propagation in planar waveguides and the effects of wall roughness. Opt. Express 9(9), 461–475 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.9.000461
Hamjah, M.K., et al.: Manufacturing of polymer optical waveguides for 3D-Opto-MID: Review of the OPTAVER process. In: 14th International Congress MID (2021)
Chen, G., Gu, Y., Tsang, H., Hines, D.R., Das, S.: The effect of droplet sizes on overspray in aerosol-jet printing. Adv. Eng. Mater. 20(8), 1701084 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201701084
Lorenz, L., et al.: Aerosol jet printed optical waveguides for short range communication. J. Lightwave Technol. 38(13), 3478–3484 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2020.2983792
Wolfer, T., Bollgruen, P., Mager, D., Overmeyer, L., Korvink, J.G.: Printing and preparation of integrated optical waveguides for optronic sensor networks. Mechatronics 34, 119–127 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics.2015.05.004
Acknowledgement
This research work is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) of the research group “Optical integrated circuit packaging for module-integrated bus systems (OPTAVER)” (FOR 1660).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hamjah, MK., Reitberger, T., Lorenz, L., Franke, J. (2022). Aerosol Jet Printing of Polymer Optical Waveguides. In: Franke, J., et al. Optical Polymer Waveguides. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92854-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92854-4_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-92853-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-92854-4
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)