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Heteroploidy in Brassica juncea: Basics and Applications

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The Brassica juncea Genome

Part of the book series: Compendium of Plant Genomes ((CPG))

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Abstract

Heteroploidy is a condition in which cells, tissues and whole organisms exhibit a chromosome number that constitutes a deviation from the species constant. And, individuals with aberrant chromosome number are termed as heteroploids. Changes in chromosome numbers may result from polyploidy and aneuploidy or dysploidy. These arise due to spontaneous or induced errors of cell division and also through hybridizations across species domains. Aberrant meiosis may lead to the formation of aneuploids with change in one or a few numbers of chromosomes relative to euploid form of the species (e.g., trisomics and monosomics). Upward or downward shifts in ploidy along with the gains and losses of single chromosomes can have strong evolutionary consequences, if these are stabilized and selected for by natural selection. Reticulate evolution through hybridization, introgression and polyploidization has been the most potent force of evolution in angiosperms as it facilitated the establishment of new euploid species by bringing together highly differentiated gene pools. The emergence of a new species adds to the genetic and landscape diversity through shifts in allele frequencies and niche specialization. Heteroploids have been extensively synthesized for their use in genetic, evolutionary and plant breeding investigations. Aneuploid stocks such as monosomics and trisomics have allowed mechanistic processes underlying homoeologous chromosome pairing, pairing regulation and structural chromosomal rearrangements. These were also used as potent tools for assigning genes to the chromosomes in the pre-genomic era. Chromosome addition lines and double ditelosomic stocks have been used in the development and refinement of a draft assembly of highly complex and redundant wheat genome by allowing flow-sorted isolation, sequencing and de novo assembly of each individual chromosome or chromosome arms. A wide variety of heteroploids (including haploids, aneuploids, autopolyploids and novel polyploids) have been developed in Brassicas for genetic studies and development of synthetic species. Haploids are most commonly produced through anther or microspore culture for use in instant production of pure lines and cutting short of breeding cycles in various crop Brassica species. Doubled-haploid populations are considered ideal for genetic mapping as well.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

    Mehak Gupta & Surinder S. Banga

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  1. Mehak Gupta
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  2. Surinder S. Banga
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Correspondence to Surinder S. Banga .

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  1. President, International Climate Resilient Crop Genomics Consortium (ICRCGC), President, International Phytomedomics & Nutriomics Consortium (IPNC) and President, Genome India International (GII), New Delhi, India

    Chittaranjan Kole

  2. Secretary, Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Government of India; and Director General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India

    Trilochan Mohapatra

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Gupta, M., Banga, S.S. (2022). Heteroploidy in Brassica juncea: Basics and Applications. In: Kole, C., Mohapatra, T. (eds) The Brassica juncea Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91507-0_7

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