Abstract
Cancer stem cells are a population of cells enable to reproduce the original phenotype of the tumor and capable to self-renewal, which is crucial for tumor proliferation, differentiation, recurrence, and metastasis, as well as chemoresistance. Therefore, the cancer stem cells (CSCs) have become one of the main targets for anticancer therapy and many ongoing clinical trials test anti-CSCs efficacy of plenty of drugs. This chapter describes CSCs starting from general description of this cell population, through CSCs markers, signaling pathways, genetic and epigenetic regulation, role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transition and autophagy, cooperation with microenvironment (CSCs niche), and finally role of CSCs in escaping host immunosurveillance against cancer.
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Abbreviations
- AKT :
-
protein kinase B
- ALDH1 :
-
aldehyde dehydrogenase-1
- CAFs :
-
cancer-associated fibroblasts
- CSCs :
-
cancer stem cells
- CTCs :
-
circulating tumor cells
- CXCR :
-
C-X-C motif chemokine receptor
- DKK1 :
-
Dickkopf-related protein 1
- ECM :
-
extracellular matrix
- EGF :
-
epidermal growth factor
- EMT :
-
epithelialâmesenchymal transition
- EpCAM :
-
epithelial cell adhesion molecule
- ERK :
-
extracellular-signal-regulated kinase
- FAK :
-
focal adhesion kinase
- HDAC :
-
histone deacetylase
- HGF :
-
hepatocyte growth factor
- Hh :
-
hedgehog signaling
- HIF-1α :
-
hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
- IL :
-
interleukin
- JAK :
-
Janus kinase
- Klf4 :
-
KrĂŒppel-like factor-4 transcription factor
- LIF :
-
leukemia-inhibiting factor
- MAPK :
-
mitogen-activated protein kinases
- MDSCs :
-
myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MET :
-
mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition
- MMPs :
-
metalloproteinases
- MSCs :
-
mesenchymal stem cells
- mTOR :
-
mammalian target of rapamycin
- NF-ÎșB :
-
nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NK :
-
natural killer cells
- NKG2D :
-
activating receptor of NK cells
- NOTCH :
-
neurogenic locus notch homolog protein
- NRF2 :
-
nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2
- NUMB :
-
protein numb homolog
- Oct4 :
-
octamer-binding transcription factor-4
- OXPHOS :
-
oxidative phosphorylation
- PD-L1 :
-
programmed death ligand 1 (also called B7-H1)
- PGE2 :
-
prostaglandin E2
- PI3K :
-
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/phosphatase
- PTEN :
-
phosphatase and tensin homolog
- ROS :
-
reactive oxygen species
- Sox2 :
-
sex-determining region-Y box-2 transcription factor
- STAT :
-
signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TAMs :
-
tumor-associated macrophages
- TAZ :
-
transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif
- TGF-ÎČ :
-
transforming growth factor-ÎČ
- TLR :
-
toll-like receptor
- TNF-α :
-
tumor necrosis factor-α
- Tregs :
-
T regulatory cells
- VEGF :
-
vascular-endothelial growth factor
- YAP :
-
Yes-associated protein
- ZEB1 :
-
zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox-1
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WilczyĆski, J.R. (2022). Cancer Stem Cells: An Ever-Hiding Foe. In: Klink, M., Szulc-Kielbik, I. (eds) Interaction of Immune and Cancer Cells. Experientia Supplementum, vol 113. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91311-3_8
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