Abstract
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an annual pulse crop which is eaten fresh and dried form around the world. It is widely accepted as a culinary best due to its protein rich nature. Pea crop is devastated due to various abiotic and biotic factors, which sometimes leads to complete crop loss worldwide. Biotic stresses in pea are mainly characterized by pathogens like virus, fungus, bacteria, insect pests, and nematodes. Infestation of insect pests not only damages the pea crop but also acts as vectors to spread viruses. These pathogens cause severe productivity loss if proper control measures and integrated disease management (IDM) strategies are not implemented. Various measures like cultural, chemical and biocontrol methods help reduce the crop damage. Severe damage by these pathogens leads to more than 80% crop loss in pea. Utilization of the available genetic resource for resistant sources from the Pisum genera will make the introgression of novel traits to develop disease resistant lines. It mainly includes primary, secondary, and tertiary gene pool sources which could be included for developing lines resistant to various biotic stresses. Classical genetics and conventional breeding techniques have doubled the pea productivity during the last six decades. Various molecular markers like SSR, STMS and SNP have been developed in pea for various biotic stresses which have led to marker assisted breeding. QTLs for various fungal, bacterial and insect resistance have been detected though mapping studies in pea. Whole genome sequencing of pea has been accomplished and this has opened a plethora of opportunities to carry out genomics-assisted breeding for developing resistant varieties against various pests and diseases in pea. Functional genomics techniques by reverse genetics approach like TILLING by sequencing (TbyS) has increased the relevance of development of non-GMO by utilizing conventional mutation breeding techniques along with next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies for obtaining variability in pea germplasm. Development of transgenics has been done in pea by Agrobacterium mediated transformation techniques for insect and fungal resistance. Gene editing techniques with CRISPR-Cas9 has been used in pea for precisely editing genes of importance for developing resistant lines for various biotic stresses. Bioinformatics tools with the development of various databases have increased the knowledge of genomics, proteomics and metabolomics in pea for biotic stresses. With the advent of modern tools like gene editing the conservation of wild type and landraces has raised concern with regulatory framework drafted in different countries. A combined effort from the conventional breeding with utilizing the modern biotech tools along with nanotechnology and speed breeding will help molecular breeders to design climate resilient pea varieties with resistance to biotic stress.
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Anishkumar, P.K. et al. (2022). Development of Biotic Stress Resistant Pea in the Post-genomics Era. In: Kole, C. (eds) Genomic Designing for Biotic Stress Resistant Pulse Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91043-3_3
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