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The First Directly Diode-Pumped Few-Cycle Cr-Doped II-VI Laser

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A New Generation of Ultrafast Oscillators for Mid-Infrared Applications

Part of the book series: Springer Theses ((Springer Theses))

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Abstract

In recent years, applications of mid-infrared radiation have proliferated tremendously, resulting in an ever-growing search for suitable laser sources that can directly provide the few-cycle pulses needed for efficient downstream MIR generation. To achieve the high sensitivity and specificity required for the spectroscopic investigation of (bio-)molecular samples in the MIR fingerprint region, sophisticated detection schemes such as electro-optic sampling (EOS) have to be combined with ultrafast laser technology to detect subtle changes encoded in the mid-infrared electro-magnetic waveform. However, the probe pulse duration in EOS-based measurements is a critical parameter since it limits the temporal resolution and thus the spectral bandwidth that can be measured at high frequencies. Therefore, ultrashort probe pulses are highly sought after to increase the detection bandwidth. Moreover, if few-cycle laser pulses can be directly generated in the short-wave mid-infrared region at around 2–3 µm, the conversion efficiency for frequency downconversion into the long-wavelength MIR beyond 3 µm is significantly improved, while a broader selection of suitable nonlinear crystals is available also.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The first ruby laser, for example, belongs to the class of three-level lasers and the lasing transition happens between two specific electronic states. These sharp electronic transitions result in a very narrow-linewidth laser emission.

  2. 2.

    The output of this laser cannot be considered as truly continuous-wave, given that the laser diode array was operated in a pulsed mode (\(\sim \)50 µs pulse width).

  3. 3.

    This condition does not hold for most gas lasers, so that spiking and relaxation oscillations are in general not observed.

  4. 4.

    Note that the condition \(\tau _2\gg \tau _c\) is met in all considered cases.

  5. 5.

    For the third laser system, a workaround could be found based on a novel pump focusing scheme (see Sect. 5.2.1).

  6. 6.

    This assumes that the waist is directly positioned at the center of the crystal.

  7. 7.

    It demands that half of the measured data points must be located at a distance greater than two Rayleigh lengths away from the beam focus, whereas the other half of the points is measured around the focused beam waist.

  8. 8.

    Note that the pronounced jump in the tangential beam size—as it is depicted in Fig. 3.10b—is not an exact representation of the real beam distortions at the crystal’s surfaces.

  9. 9.

    This is a commonly used technique to introduce an intensity spike and initiate mode-locked operation (see simulated spiking behaviour in Fig. 2.2).

  10. 10.

    The optical resolution of the fiber-coupled spectrometer was rather limited and specified as 2–10 nm. Hence, the measured FWHM spectra were only used for a qualitative comparison.

  11. 11.

    The maximum CW output power corresponds to laser operation at the center of stability zone I, whereas mode-locking was only obtained when moving towards the stability zone edge at decreased CW power levels of \(\sim \)450 mW.

  12. 12.

    Conversion formula: \(\text {RIN} \text { [dB]}=10\cdot \text {log}_{10}(\text {RIN})\).

  13. 13.

    When the photodetector signal was monitored with a DC-coupled oscilloscope (Teledyne LeCroy, HDO4034), a saturation of the detector manifested itself in a deformation of the resolved pulse train shape.

  14. 14.

    This is also true for the other two laser systems that will be presented in this thesis.

  15. 15.

    Note that the position of the cylindrical pump lenses was optimized to reach the highest CW output power in single-mode laser operation, and was also found to be ideal for mode-locked operation.

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    Dr. Nathalie Nagl

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Nagl, N. (2021). The First Directly Diode-Pumped Few-Cycle Cr-Doped II-VI Laser. In: A New Generation of Ultrafast Oscillators for Mid-Infrared Applications. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89754-3_3

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