Abstract
Mineral-impregnated carbon-fiber (MCF) composites are for the construction industry a promising alternative to steel reinforcement or conventional fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites due to their high mechanical performance over a wide temperature range, corrosion resistance, and high technological flexibility. For an efficient industrial fabrication of MCF, a long-range processing window need to be secured for the reactive impregnation suspensions. In this regard geopolymers offer great potential since - similar to organic thermosettings - they require thermal curing to accelerate polymerization, enabling quickly high early strengths.
To this end, the presented article is envisaged to study the impact of curing regimes and processing technology on the microstructure and mechanical properties of MCF. The MCFs were fabricated automated and continuously with a geopolymer-suspension and subsequently treated at elevated temperatures. Moreover, a helical winding was applied around the freshly pultruded bundle to profile the reinforcement surface, increase its “green” strength and handleability as well as its subsequent bond behavior towards concrete matrices.
The produced samples were thermally “activated” at 75 ℃ for up to 8 h only, to promote the geopolymerization process. With prolonged curing, a gradual increase in flexural and tensile properties was observed, confirmed by microscopic analyses showing a more reacted matrix microstructure with 8 h of curing time. The applied helical winding yielded a slight decrease in flexural performance, but densified the matrix microstructure of the MCF, proven by mercury intrusion porosity measurements. Finally, uniaxial tensile tests presented that the mechanical properties of such produced MCF reinforcements are in the same range as conventional FRPs.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aredes FGM, Campos TMB, MacHado JPB, Sakane KK, Thim GP, Brunelli DD (2015) Effect of cure temperature on the formation of metakaolinite-based geopolymer. Ceram Int 41:7302–7311
Bakis CE et al (2002) Fiber-reinforced polymer composites for construction—state-of-the-art review. J Compos Constr 6(2):73–87
Böhm R, Thieme M, Wohlfahrt D, Wolz DS, Richter B, Jäger H (2018) Reinforcement systems for carbon concrete composites based on low-cost carbon fibers. Fibers 6(3):56
Cosenza E, Manfredi G, Realfonzo R (1997) Behavior and modeling of bond of FRP rebars to concrete. J Compos Constr 1(2):40–51
Dolatabadi MK, Janetzko S, Gries T, Kang BG, Sander A (2011) Permeability of AR-glass fibers roving embedded in cementitious matrix. Mater Struct 44:245–251
Dvorkin D, Poursaee A, Peled A, Weiss WJ (2013) Influence of bundle coating on the tensile behavior, bonding, cracking and fluid transport of fabric cement-based composites. Cem Concr Compos 42:9–19
Gunasekara C, Dirgantara R, Law DW, Setunge S (2019) Effect of curing conditions on microstructure and pore-structure of brown coal fly ash geopolymers. Appl Sci 9
Hollaway LC (2010) A review of the present and future utilisation of FRP composites in the civil infrastructure with reference to their important in-service properties. Constr Build Mater 24(19):2419–2445
ISO 10406-1 (2008) Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement of concrete – test methods, part 1: FRP bars and grids, International Organization for Standardization, Switzerland
Kromoser B, Preinstorfer P, Kollegger J (2019) Building lightweight structures with carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer-reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete: research approach, construction materials, and conceptual design of three building components. Struct Concr 20:730–744
Kruppke I, Butler M, Schneider K, Hund R-D, Mechtcherine V, Cherif C (2019) Carbon fibre reinforced concrete: dependency of bond strength on Tg of yarn impregnating polymer. Mater Sci Appl 10:328–348
Lee C, Bonacci JF, Thomas MDA, Maalej M, Khajehpour S, Hearn N et al (2020) Accelerated corrosion and repair of reinforced concrete columns using carbon fibre reinforced polymer sheets. Can J Civ Eng 27:941–948
Luna-Galiano Y, Fernández-Pereira C, Izquierdo M (2016) Contributions to the study of porosity in fly ash-based geopolymers. Relationship between degree of reaction, porosity and compressive strength. Mater Constr 66
Malvar LJ (1995) Tensile and bond properties of GFRP reinforcing bars. ACI Mater J 92:276–285
Manesh BS, Madhukar RW, Subhash VP (2012) Effect of duration and temperature of curing on compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. Int J Eng Innovative Technol 1:152–155
Mechtcherine V (2013) Novel cement-based composites for the strengthening and repair of concrete structures. Constr Build Mater 41:365–373
Mechtcherine V, Michel A, Liebscher M, Schneider K, Großmann C (2020a) Mineral-impregnated carbon fiber composites as novel reinforcement for concrete construction: material and automation perspectives. Autom Constr 110:103302
Mechtcherine V, Michel A, Liebscher M, Schmeier T (2020b) Extrusion-based additive manufacturing with carbon reinforced concrete: concept and feasibility study. Materials (Basel) 13:2568
Mertiny P, Ellyin F (2002) Influence of the filament winding tension on physical and mechanical properties of reinforced composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 33:1615–1622
Nanni A (2005) Guide for the design and construction of concrete reinforced with FRP bars (ACI 440.1R-03). In: Proceedings of the Structures Congress and Exposition, pp. 1621–1626
Rovnaník P (2010) Effect of curing temperature on the development of hard structure of metakaolin-based geopolymer. Constr Build Mater 24:1176–1183
Schneider K, Michel A, Liebscher M, Mechtcherine V (2018) Verbundverhalten mineralisch gebundener und polymergebundener Bewehrungsstrukturen aus Carbonfasern bei Temperaturen bis 500 °C. Beton- Und Stahlbetonbau 113:886–894
Schneider K, Michel A, Liebscher M, Terreri L, Hempel S, Mechtcherine V (2019) Mineral-impregnated carbon fibre reinforcement for high temperature resistance of thin-walled concrete structures. Cem Concr Compos 97:68–77
Schneider K et al (2017) Mineral-based coating of plasma-treated carbon fibre rovings for carbon concrete composites with enhanced mechanical performance. Materials (Basel) 10(4):360
Schumann A, Schladitz F, Curbach M (2020) Bond behavior of carbon rebars and concrete. In: C3 - Carbon Concrete Composite e. V.; TUDALIT e. V. (Hrsg.): 12. Carbon- und Textilbetontage, pp. 102–109
Zhao J et al (2020) Plasma-generated silicon oxide coatings of carbon fibres for improved bonding to mineral-based impregnation materials and concrete matrices. Cem Concr Compos 114:103667
Zhao J, Liebscher M, Michel A, Junger D, Trindade ACC, Silva FDA, Mechtcherine V (2021) Development and testing of fast cured mineral impregnated carbon fiber (MCF) reinforcements based on metakaolin-made geopolymers. Cem Concr Compos 116:103898
Zulkifly K, Yong HC, Abdullah MMAB, Ming LY, Panias D, Sakkas K (2017) Review of geopolymer behaviour in thermal environment. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, p. 209
Acknowledgment
This research is funded by the European Social Fund and co-financed by tax funds based on the budget approved by the members of the Saxon State Parliament under project LIP/KAKO 2019_TUD (No. 100380876).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Zhao, J., Liebscher, M., Schneider, K., Junger, D., Mechtcherine, V. (2022). Influence of Processing Conditions on the Mechanical Behavior of Mineral-Impregnated Carbon-Fiber (MCF) Made with Geopolymer. In: Ilki, A., Ispir, M., Inci, P. (eds) 10th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering. CICE 2021. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 198. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88166-5_102
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88166-5_102
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-88165-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-88166-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)