Abstract
Several of the numerous nonprotein amino acids (NPAAs) act as repellents, antinutrients, or antimetabolites for herbivores or omnivores. There are first, yet still inconsistent, indications, however, that some NPAAs are metabolites in the immune response. Many dietary trials with NPAAs suffer from the lack of biomolecular fundaments and remain on the phenotypic level; consequently, inconsistent outcomes are not rare. The microbiota can play a role in reducing adverse effects of the so-called anti-nutritional factors. It can be supported, or even structured, by dietary prebiotics and probiotics, respectively. There are first reports that improving the gut microbiota appears to be a means to overcome toxicity of dietary compounds. This aspect of aquatic animal nutrition has not yet been considered in depth, but it deserves future attention.
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Notes
- 1.
Calmodulin acts within the calcium signal transduction pathway by modifying its interactions with various target proteins such as kinases or phosphatases (Nelson and Cox 2005).
- 2.
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the transfer of acyl groups of a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA from coenzyme A to l-carnitine (Bonnefont et al. 2004).
- 3.
Acinar cells arise from a population of multipotent progenitor cells that also produce ductal cells, which channel the acinar secretions to the intestine, and endocrine cells, which populate the islets of Langerhans (MacDonald et al. 2010).
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Steinberg, C.E.W. (2022). Nonprotein Amino Acids—‘Fuel at All?’. In: Aquatic Animal Nutrition. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87227-4_12
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