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Melanin-Concentrating Hormone, Neuropeptide E-I, and MCH Receptor 1

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Neuroanatomy of Neuroendocrine Systems

Part of the book series: Masterclass in Neuroendocrinology ((MANEURO,volume 12))

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Abstract

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and neuropeptide E-I (NEI) are neuropeptides produced from the pro-melanin-concentrating hormone gene, which are found in many vertebrates playing prominent roles in maintaining the homeostatic balance. While the hypothalamus is its primary site of synthesis, cells synthetize MCH in other areas of the brain and multiple peripheral tissues. Its receptor, MCH receptor 1 (MCHR1), is also found in the brain and peripheral tissues. In addition to neuromodulatory actions, MCH also plays substantial neuroendocrinological roles, including interactions with sex steroids, growth hormone, cortisol/corticosterone, thyroid hormones, prolactin, vasopressin, and oxytocin. These roles are mediated by direct innervation of hypophysiotropic neurons located in multiple brain areas, direct action of MCH and NEI in the adenohypophysis and release of MCH in the bloodstream through the neurohypophysis. In this chapter, a detailed description of the MCH peptidergic system is provided, focusing on the distribution of MCH synthesis, its differential processing during lactation, the peripheral tissues where MCH or MCHR1 are produced, and the principal hormonal axes that are influenced by MCH.

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Abbreviations

⍺-MSH:

⍺-melanocyte-stimulating hormone

aa:

Amino acid(s)

Acb:

Nucleus accumbens

ACTH:

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Arc:

Arcuate nucleus

CART:

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript

CORT:

Cortisol/Corticosterone

CRF:

Corticotropin-releasing factor

E2:

Estrogen/Estradiol

EB:

Estrogen benzoate

ERɑ:

Estrogen receptor ɑ

FSH:

Follicle-stimulating hormone

GH:

Growth hormone

GnRH:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

GPCR:

G protein-coupled receptor

HPA:

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

HPG:

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

HPS:

hypophyseal portal system

HPT:

hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis

IHy:

Incerto-hypothalamic area

LH:

Luteinizing hormone

LHA:

Lateral hypothalamic area

MCH:

Melanin-concentrating hormone

MCHR1:

Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1

MCHR2:

Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2

ME:

Median eminence

mfb:

Medial forebrain bundle

MGOP:

Melanin gene overprinted polypeptide

MPOA:

Medial preoptic area

NEI:

Neuropeptide E-I

NGE:

Neuropeptide G-E

NH:

Neurohypophysis

OT:

Oxytocin

OTR:

Oxytocin receptor

OVX:

Ovariectomy/Ovariectomized

P4:

Progesterone

PC:

Prohormone convertase(s)

PMCH:

Pre-pro-melanin-concentrating hormone

PPD:

Postpartum day

PRL:

Prolactin

PRLR:

Prolactin receptor

PVH:

Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus

T3:

Triiodothyronine

T4:

Thyroxine

TH:

Tyrosine hydroxylase

TIDA:

Tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic

TM:

Transmembrane

TRH:

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

TSH:

Thyroid stimulating hormone

VP:

Vasopressin

ZI:

Zona incerta

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    Morphology of MCH in Other Species

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Neurosurgery Department, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

      Giovanne B. Diniz

    2. California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA

      Giovanne B. Diniz

    3. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Psicologia, Nucleo de Neurociencias e Comportamento, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

      Jully Loyd C. Martins & Jackson C. Bittencourt

    4. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Anatomia, Laboratorio de Neuroanatomia Química, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

      Jully Loyd C. Martins, Luciane V. Sita & Jackson C. Bittencourt

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    1. Department of Neuropeptide Research in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

      Valery Grinevich

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    Diniz, G.B., Martins, J.L.C., Sita, L.V., Bittencourt, J.C. (2021). Melanin-Concentrating Hormone, Neuropeptide E-I, and MCH Receptor 1. In: Grinevich, V., Dobolyi, Á. (eds) Neuroanatomy of Neuroendocrine Systems. Masterclass in Neuroendocrinology, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86630-3_13

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