Skip to main content

Gun Violence as an Infectious Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Adolescent Gun Violence Prevention

Abstract

Guns have been described as a “social toxin.” Like other infectious diseases, incidents of gun violence tend to cluster and can spread throughout populations by means of social contagion. While this is most often thought of in the context of homicide, adolescent gun-related suicide can also cluster. Gun violence is a major public health issue affecting adolescents in the United States. As such, evidence-based, multidisciplinary public heath solutions are needed for the prevention of firearm-related homicides and suicides. The public health approach has been employed in the creation of violence interruption programs using community health workers to address gun violence, modeled after other community programs to interrupt the spread of infectious diseases. Further research is needed to identify and target additional elements of the pathogenicity and spread of adolescent gun violence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cunningham RM, Walton MA, Carter PM. The major causes of death in children and adolescents in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(25):2468–75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Slutkin G. Violence is a contagious disease. Contagion of violence: workshop summary forum on global violence prevention: National Academies Press (US); 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Webster DW, Whitehill JM, Vernick JS, Curriero FC. Effects of Baltimore's safe streets program on gun violence: a replication of Chicago's CeaseFire program. J Urban Health. 2013;90(1):27–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Braga AA, Papachristos AV, Hureau DM. The concentration and stability of gun violence at Micro places in Boston, 1980–2008. J Quant Criminol. 2009;26(1):33–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Papachristos AV, Wildeman C, Roberto E. Tragic, but not random: the social contagion of nonfatal gunshot injuries. Soc Sci Med. 2015;125:139–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Fagan JWD, Davies G. Social contagion of violence. The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior. Cambridge University Press; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Beardslee J, Mulvey E, Schubert C, Allison P, Infante A, Pardini D. Gun- and Non-Gun-Related Violence Exposure and Risk for Subsequent Gun Carrying Among Male Juvenile Offenders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018;57(4):274–9.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Green B, Horel T, Papachristos AV. Modeling contagion through social networks to explain and predict gunshot violence in Chicago, 2006 to 2014. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(3):326–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Green B, Horel T, Papachristos AV. Modeling contagion through social networks to explain and predict gunshot violence in Chicago, 2006 to 2014. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(3):326–33. Figure 3, Three cascades of gunshot violence episodes inferred from the study period; p.30.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kalesan B, Dabic S, Vasan S, Stylianos S, Galea S. Racial/ethnic specific trends in Pediatric firearm-related hospitalizations in the United States, 1998-2011. Matern Child Health J. 2016;20(5):1082–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Beardslee J, Docherty M, Mulvey E, Schubert C, Pardini D. Childhood risk factors associated with adolescent gun carrying among Black and White males: An examination of selfprotection, social influence, and antisocial propensity explanations. Law Hum Behav. 2018;42(2):110–8.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Beardslee J, Docherty M, Yang VJH, Pardini D. Parental disengagement in childhood and adolescent male gun carrying. Pediatrics. 2019;143(4).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Rowan ZR, Schubert CA, Loughran TA, Mulvey EP, Pardini DA. Proximal predictors of gun violence among adolescent males involved in crime. Law Hum Behav. 2019;43(3):250–62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Wamser-Nanney R, Nanney JT, Conrad E, Constans JI. Childhood trauma exposure and gun violence risk factors among victims of gun violence. Psychol Trauma. 2019;11(1):99–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bingenheimer JB, Brennan RT, Earls FJ. Firearm violence exposure and serious violent behavior. Science. 2005;308(5726):1323–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Saxbe D. Community violence exposure in early adolescence: longitudinal associations with hippocampal and amygdala volume and resting state connectivity. Dev Sci. 2018;21(6):e12686.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Scott K, Beckham SW, Gross M, Pariyo G, Rao KD, Cometto G, et al. What do we know about community-based health worker programs? A systematic review of existing reviews on community health workers. Hum Resour Health. 2018;16(1):39.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Olaniran A, Smith H, Unkels R, Bar-Zeev S, van den Broek N. Who is a community health worker? - a systematic review of definitions. Glob Health Action. 2017;10(1):1272223.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Hartzler AL, Tuzzio L, Hsu C, Wagner EH. Roles and functions of community health Workers in Primary Care. Ann Fam Med. 2018;16(3):240–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Rashid J, Taiwo OO, Barraza-Roppe B, Lemus M. Using community health workers to prevent infectious diseases in women. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(11).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Skogan WGHS, Bump N, Dubois J. Evaluation of CeaseFire-Chicago. In: University N, editor; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Whitehill JM, Webster DW, Frattaroli S, Parker EM. Interrupting violence: how the CeaseFire program prevents imminent gun violence through conflict mediation. J Urban Health. 2014;91(1):84–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. CureViolence. Available from: https://cvg.org.

  24. Milam AJ, Buggs SA, Furr-Holden CD, Leaf PJ, Bradshaw CP, Webster D. Changes in attitudes toward guns and shootings following implementation of the Baltimore safe streets intervention. J Urban Health. 2016;93(4):609–26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Haw C, Hawton K, Niedzwiedz C, Platt S. Suicide clusters: a review of risk factors and mechanisms. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2013;43(1):97–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hawton K, Hill NTM, Gould M, John A, Lascelles K, Robinson J. Clustering of suicides in children and adolescents. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 2020;4(1):58–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Kassem AM, Carter KK, Johnson CJ, Hahn CG. Spatial clustering of suicide and associated community characteristics, Idaho, 2010-2014. Prev Chronic Dis. 2019;16:E37.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Gould MS, Wallenstein S, Kleinman M. Time-space clustering of teenage suicide. Am J Epidemiol. 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Robinson J, Too LS, Pirkis J, Spittal MJ. Spatial suicide clusters in Australia between 2010 and 2012: a comparison of cluster and non-cluster among young people and adults. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16(1):417.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Gould MS, Wallenstein S, Kleinman M, O'Carroll P, Mercy J. Suicide clusters: an examination of age-specific effects. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;131(1):71–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Nanayakkara S, Misch D, Chang L, Henry D. Depression and exposure to suicide predict suicide attempt. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30(10):991–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Gould MS, Lake AM, Kleinman M, Galfalvy H, Chowdhury S, Madnick A. Exposure to Suicide in High schools: impact on serious suicidal ideation/behavior, depression, maladaptive coping strategies, and attitudes toward help-seeking. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(3).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Randall JR, Nickel NC, Colman I. Contagion from peer suicidal behavior in a representative sample of American adolescents. J Affect Disord. 2015;186:219–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Pinto AD, Sharma M, Muggah R. An agent-vector-host-environment model for controlling small arms and light weapons. Med Confl Surviv. 2011;27(2):111–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Smith VM, Siegel M, Xuan Z, Ross CS, Galea S, Kalesan B, et al. Broadening the perspective on gun violence: an examination of the firearms industry, 1990-2015. Am J Prev Med. 2017;53(5):584–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Anestis MD, Houtsma C. The association between gun ownership and Statewide overall suicide rates. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2018;48(2):204–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Knopov A, Sherman RJ, Raifman JR, Larson E, Siegel MB. Household gun ownership and youth suicide rates at the state level, 2005-2015. Am J Prev Med. 2019;56(3):335–42.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Alban RF, Nuno M, Ko A, Barmparas G, Lewis AV, Margulies DR. Weaker gun state laws are associated with higher rates of suicide secondary to firearms. J Surg Res. 2018;221:135–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Ghiani M, Hawkins SS, Baum CF. Associations between gun Laws and Suicides. Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188(7):1254–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Timsina LR, Qiao N, Mongalo AC, Vetor AN, Carroll AE, Bell TM. National instant criminal background check and youth gun carrying. Pediatrics. 2020;145(1).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Xuan Z, Hemenway D. State gun law environment and youth gun carrying in the United States. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(11):1024–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Johnson RM, Barber C, Azrael D, Clark DE, Hemenway D. Who are the owners of firearms used in adolescent suicides? Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2010;40(6):609–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Hanlon TJ, Barber C, Azrael D, Miller M. Type of firearm used in suicides: findings from 13 states in the National Violent Death Reporting System, 2005-2015. J Adolesc Health. 2019;65(3):366–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Robertson L, Skegg K, Poore M, Williams S, Taylor B. An adolescent suicide cluster and the possible role of electronic communication technology. Crisis. 2012;33(4):239–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. David-Ferdon C, Crosby A, Caine E, Hindman J, Reed J, Iskander J. CDC grand rounds: preventing suicide through a comprehensive public health approach. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep [Internet]. 2016:65;894–7. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6534a2.htm.

  46. Amitai M, Apter A. Social aspects of suicidal behavior and prevention in early life: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9(3):985–94.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Zenere FJ. Suicide clusters and contagion. Princ Leadersh. 2009;10:12–6.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Cunningham RM, Carter PM, Ranney ML, Walton M, Zeoli AM, Alpern ER, et al. Prevention of firearm injuries among children and adolescents: consensus-driven research agenda from the firearm safety among children and teens (FACTS) consortium. JAMA Pediatr. 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Dowd MD, Sege RD. Council on injury V, poison prevention executive C, American Academy of P. firearm-related injuries affecting the pediatric population. Pediatrics. 2012;130(5):e1416–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. AAFP. Prevention of gun violence. Americal Academy of Family Physicians; 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Butkus R, Doherty R, Bornstein SS. Reducing firearm injuries and deaths in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170(12):911–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Bauchner H, Rivara FP, Bonow RO, Bressler NM, Disis ML, Heckers S, et al. Death by gun violence—a public health crisis. JAMA. 2017;318(18):1763–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. McLean RM, Harris P, Cullen J, Maier RV, Yasuda KE, Schwartz BJ, et al. Firearm-related injury and death in the United States: a call to action from the Nation's leading physician and public health professional organizations. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171(8):573–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. McClendon S, Hurwitz J. ANA applauds introduction of bipartisan gun bill.2019. Available from: https://www.nursingworld.org/news/news-releases/2019-news-releases/ana-applauds-introduction-of-bipartisan-gun-bill/.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Bulger EM, Kuhls DA, Campbell BT, Bonne S, Cunningham RM, Betz M, et al. Proceedings from the medical summit on firearm injury prevention: a public health approach to reduce death and disability in the US. J Am Coll Surg. 2019;229(4):415–30. e12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alyssa H. Silver .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Silver, A.H., Yeates, E.F.A. (2021). Gun Violence as an Infectious Disease. In: Dodson, N.A. (eds) Adolescent Gun Violence Prevention. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84710-4_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics