Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Systemic Staging (Total Body – When, How)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Modern Breast Cancer Imaging

Abstract

The staging of a neoplasm is an important step for the management of cancer patients and must be established as soon as cancer diagnosis occurs. Systematic staging allows the choice of the most appropriate treatments (local and systemic) and adequate comparison of results between institutions and clinical studies and provides initial prognostic information.

The decision to use imaging exams to assess possible systemic metastatic lesions must be made rationally since these exams led to increased financial costs and are associated with potential risks to patients’ health. On the other hand, the failure to identify a metastatic lesion may lead to a futile indication of locoregional treatments or adjuvant therapies.

This chapter will address the appropriate selection of patients who are candidates for systemic staging by imaging, as well as the choice of the most appropriate complementary exams to be requested.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Breast Cancer (Version 8.2021). https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast.pdf. Accessed September 14, 2021.

  2. Barrios CH, Bedin SR, Reinert T, Tavares M, Sahade M, Cruz M, et al. Mama: Estadiamento. Diretrizes Trat Oncológicos da SBOC. 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. Springer; 2017.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. Cardoso F, Paluch-Shimon S, Senkus E, Curigliano G, Aapro MS, André F, et al. 5th ESO-ESMO international consensus guidelines for advanced breast cancer (ABC 5). Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2020;31(12):1623–49. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0923753420424603

  5. Pan H, Gray R, Braybrooke J, Davies C, Taylor C, McGale P, et al. 20-year risks of breast-cancer recurrence after stopping endocrine therapy at 5 years. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2017;377(19):1836–46. Available at: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1701830.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Breast E, Trialists C; Group C. Relevance of breast cancer hormone receptors and other factors to the efficacy of adjuvant tamoxifen: patient-level meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet [Internet]. 2011;378(9793):771–84. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60993-8.

  7. Piccart-Gebhart MJ, Procter M, Leyland-Jones B, Goldhirsch A, Untch M, Smith I, et al. Trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2005;353(16):1659–72. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16236737.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Andre F, Ismaila N, Stearns V. Use of biomarkers to guide decisions on adjuvant systemic therapy for women with early-stage invasive breast cancer: ASCO clinical practice guideline update summary. J Oncol Pract [Internet]. 2019;15(9):495–7. Available at: http://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JOP.19.00264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Soares G, Pereira A, Vilas Boas M, Vaisberg V, Magalhães M, Linck R, et al. Value of systemic staging in asymptomatic early breast cancer. Rev Bras Ginecol e Obs/RBGO Gynecol Obstet [Internet]. 2018;40(07):403–9. Available at: http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0038-1666997.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin [Internet]. 2021:caac.21660. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21660.

  11. Cardoso F, Spence D, Mertz S, Corneliussen-James D, Sabelko K, Gralow J, et al. Global analysis of advanced/metastatic breast cancer: decade report (2005–2015). Breast [Internet]. 2018;39:131–8. Available at: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S096097761830050X.

  12. Cardoso F, Kyriakides S, Ohno S, Penault-Llorca F, Poortmans P, Rubio IT, et al. Early breast cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(8):1194–220.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ravaioli A, Pasini G, Polselli A, Papi M, Tassinari D, Arcangeli V, et al. Staging of breast cancer: new recommended standard procedure. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002;72(1):53–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Myers RE, Johnston M, Pritchard K, Levine M, Oliver T, Crump RM, et al. Baseline staging tests in primary breast cancer: a practice guideline. CMAJ. 2001;164(10):1439–44.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Fuster D, Duch J, Paredes P, Velasco M, Muñoz M, Santamaría G, et al. Preoperative staging of large primary breast cancer with [ 18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography compared with conventional imaging procedures. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(29):4746–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Groheux D, Giacchetti S, Espié M, Vercellino L, Hamy AS, Delord M, et al. The yield of 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with clinical stage IIA, IIB, or IIIA breast cancer: a prospective study. J Nucl Med. 2011;52(10):1526–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Carkaci S, Macapinlac HA, Cristofanilli M, Mawlawi O, Rohren E, Gonzalez Angulo AM, et al. Retrospective study of 18FFDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of inflammatory breast cancer: preliminary data. J Nucl Med. 2009;50(2):231–8. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.108.056010.

  18. Linden HM, Peterson LM, Fowler AM. Clinical potential of estrogen and progesterone receptor imaging. PET Clin [Internet]. 2018;13(3):415–22. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30100079.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Jones EF, Ray KM, Li W, Chien AJ, Mukhtar RA, Esserman LJ, et al. Initial experience of dedicated breast PET imaging of ER+ breast cancers using [F-18]fluoroestradiol. NPJ Breast Cancer [Internet]. 2019;5:12. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31016232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Van Poznak C, Somerfield MR, Bast RC, Cristofanilli M, Goetz MP, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, et al. Use of biomarkers to guide decisions on systemic therapy for women with metastatic breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2015;33(24):2695–704. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26195705.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Aurilio G, Disalvatore D, Pruneri G, Bagnardi V, Viale G, Curigliano G, et al. A meta-analysis of oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 discordance between primary breast cancer and metastases. Eur J Cancer [Internet]. 2014;50(2):277–89. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24269135.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Pusztai L, Viale G, Kelly CM, Hudis CA. Estrogen and HER-2 receptor discordance between primary breast cancer and metastasis. Oncologist [Internet]. 2010;15(11):1164–8. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21041379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Schootman M, Jeffe DB, Lian M, Aft R, Gillanders WE. Surveillance mammography and the risk of death among elderly breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat [Internet]. 2008;111(3):489–96. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17957465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Rojas MP, Telaro E, Russo A, Moschetti I, Coe L, Fossati R, et al. Follow-up strategies for women treated for early breast cancer. Cochrane database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2005;25(1):CD001768. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15674884.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Khatcheressian JL, Hurley P, Bantug E, Esserman LJ, Grunfeld E, Halberg F, et al. Breast cancer follow-up and management after primary treatment: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2013;31(7):961–5. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23129741.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo ICESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Fabiano de Almeida Costa & Rudinei Diogo Marques Linck

Authors
  1. Fabiano de Almeida Costa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rudinei Diogo Marques Linck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rudinei Diogo Marques Linck .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Breast Imaging Department, Hospital Sírio-Libanês and Instituto de Radiologia (INRAD), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Su Jin Kim Hsieh

  2. Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA

    Elizabeth Anne Morris

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

de Almeida Costa, F., Linck, R.D.M. (2022). Systemic Staging (Total Body – When, How). In: Kim Hsieh, S.J., Morris, E.A. (eds) Modern Breast Cancer Imaging. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84546-9_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84546-9_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-84545-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-84546-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation