Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Psychopathy, Trauma, and PTSD Symptoms: Theory and Evidence

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Complexity of Psychopathy

Part of the book series: Dangerous Behavior in Clinical and Forensic Psychology ((DBCFP))

  • 1718 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter reviews literature on intersections of psychopathy, traumatic experiences, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and weighs evidence for putative causal models explaining these relationships. Existing research indicates that experiences of trauma vary with dimension of psychopathic traits, with impulsive-antisocial traits more consistently related to trauma histories, relative to interpersonal-affective traits. There is also evidence that the relationship between interpersonal-affective traits and trauma is more positively related in men than in women, though future work should investigate this possibility. Various models can help explain links between psychopathy and trauma, including those involving gene-environment correlations and interactions, modeling and learning, emotional blunting and instability, and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Though more research is needed, emotional blunting and emotional instability following a traumatic experience, and possibly as a consequence of TBI, are promising potential mechanisms for the development of interpersonal-affective and impulsive-antisocial psychopathic traits, respectively. Treatments targeting emotional dysregulation may be helpful for individuals who exhibit impulsive-antisocial traits and report experiencing trauma, as might assessment for TBI and treatment of post-concussive symptoms. Future work would benefit from investigating emotional blunting and instability as explanatory in the relationships between psychopathy and trauma, and the potential role of TBI and gender in these relationships.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abram, K. M., Washburn, J. J., Teplin, L. A., Emanuel, K. M., Romero, E. G., & McClelland, G. M. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychiatric comorbidity among detained youths. Psychiatric Services, 58(10), 1311–1316.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al Sayegh, A., Sandford, D., & Carson, A. J. (2010). Psychological approaches to treatment of postconcussion syndrome: A systematic review. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 81(10), 1128–1134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Author.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, N. E., & Kiehl, K. A. (2012). The psychopath magnetized: Insights from brain imaging. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(1), 52–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arditti, J. A., Lambert-Shute, J., & Joest, K. (2003). Saturday morning at the jail: Implications of incarceration for families and children. Family Relations, 52(3), 195–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baguley, I. J., Cooper, J., & Felmingham, K. (2006). Aggressive behavior following traumatic brain injury: How common is common? The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 21(1), 45–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1963). Vicarious reinforcement and imitative learning. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(6), 601–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Ezra, M., & Aluf, D. (2006). Traumatic events v. life events: Does it really matter? The British Journal of Psychiatry, 188(1), 83–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, D. C., & Kerig, P. K. (2014). Investigating the construct of trauma-related acquired callousness among delinquent youth: Differences in emotion processing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(4), 415–422.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., & Iacono, W. G. (2005). Psychopathy, startle blink modulation, and electrodermal reactivity in twin men. Psychophysiology, 42(6), 753–762.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, D. M. (2002). Information processing difficulty long after self-reported concussion. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8(5), 673–682.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, I. H., Ellason, J. W., Ross, C. A., & Vanderlinden, J. (2001). On the dimensionalities of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and the Dissociation Questionnaire (DIS-Q). Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2(3), 101–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Björkqvist, K. (1997). Learning aggression from models: From a social learning toward a cognitive theory of modeling. In S. Feshbach & J. Zagrodzka (Eds.), Aggression (The plenum series in social/clinical psychology) (pp. 69–81). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. J. R., & Cipolotti, L. (2000). Impaired social response reversal: A case of ‘acquired sociopathy’. Brain, 123(6), 1122–1141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blonigen, D. M., Sullivan, E. A., Hicks, B. M., & Patrick, C. J. (2012). Facets of psychopathy in relation to potentially traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder among female prisoners: The mediating role of borderline personality disorder traits. Personality Disorders, 3(4), 406–414.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Blumer, D., & Benson, D. F. (1975). Personality changes with frontal and temporal lobe lesions. In D. F. Benson & D. Blumer (Eds.), Psychiatric aspects of neurological disease (pp. 151–170). Grune & Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bornovalova, M. A., Huibregtse, B. M., Hicks, B. M., Keyes, M., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. (2013). Tests of a direct effect of childhood abuse on adult borderline personality disorder traits: A longitudinal discordant twin design. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(1), 180–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Briere, J., Agee, E., & Dietrich, A. (2016). Cumulative trauma and current posttraumatic stress disorder status in general population and inmate samples. Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy, 8(4), 439–446.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, A., Stefanovics, E., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2018). Correlates of reduced violent behavior among patients receiving intensive treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Psychiatric Services, 69(4), 424–430.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, D., Foy, D., Bwanausi, C., Johnson, J., & Moore, L. (1994). The relationship between traumatic exposure, family dysfunction, and post-traumatic stress symptoms in male juvenile offenders. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7(1), 83–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byrd, A. L., & Manuck, S. B. (2014). MAOA, childhood maltreatment and antisocial behavior: Meta-analysis of a gene-environment interaction. Biological Psychiatry, 75(1), 9–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cale, E. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2006). Psychopathy factors and risk for aggressive behavior: A test of the “threatened egotism” hypothesis. Law and Human Behavior, 30(1), 51–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, K. F., Kehle, S. M., Meis, L. A., Greer, N., MacDonald, R., Rutks, I., Sayer, N. A., Dobscha, S. K., & Wilt, T. J. (2011). Prevalence, assessment, and treatment of mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review of the evidence. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 26(2), 103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2006). Gene–environment interactions in psychiatry: Joining forces with neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(7), 583–590.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., Taylor, A., & Poulton, R. (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297(5582), 851–854.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cauffman, E., Feldman, S., Watherman, J., & Steiner, H. (1998). Posttraumatic stress disorder among female juvenile offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(11), 1209–1216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chua, K. S., Ng, Y. S., Yap, S. G., & Bok, C. W. (2007). A brief review of traumatic brain injury rehabilitation. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 36(1), 31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cicerone, K. D., Langenbahn, D. M., Braden, C., Malec, J. F., Kalmar, K., Fraas, M., Felicetti, T., Laatsch, L., Harley, J. P., Bergquist, T., Azulay, J., Cantor, J., & Ashman, T. (2011). Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: Updated review of the literature from 2003 through 2008. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 92(4), 519–530.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cima, M., Smeets, T., & Jelicic, M. (2008). Self-reported trauma, cortisol levels, and aggression in psychopathic and non-psychopathic prison inmates. Biological Psychology, 78(1), 75–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, J. J., & Bailey, S. L. (1990). Traumatic stress disorder and violent behavior. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3(2), 203–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, S. L., Smith, S. G., Tusher, C. P., & Raiford, J. (2005). Self-reports of traumatic events in a random sample of incarcerated women. Women & Criminal Justice, 16(1–2), 107–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craparo, G., Schimmenti, A., & Caretti, V. (2013). Traumatic experiences in childhood and psychopathy: A study on a sample of violent offenders from Italy. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.21471

  • D’Silva, K., Duggan, C., & McCarthy, L. (2004). Does treatment really make psychopaths worse? A review of the evidence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18(2), 163–177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, A. R. (2000). A neural basis for sociopathy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(2), 128–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dargis, M., & Koenigs, M. (2017). Witnessing domestic violence during childhood is associated with psychopathic traits in adult male criminal offenders. Law and Human Behavior, 41(2), 173–179.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dargis, M., & Koenigs, M. (2018). Two subtypes of psychopathic criminals differ in negative affect and history of childhood abuse. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(4), 444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dargis, M., Newman, J., & Koenigs, M. (2016). Clarifying the link between childhood abuse history and psychopathic traits in adult criminal offenders. Personality Disorders, 7(3), 221–228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, T., Ammons, C., Dahl, A., & Kliewer, W. (2015). Community violence exposure and callous-unemotional traits in adolescents: Testing parental support as a promotive versus protective factor. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 7–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • de Sousa, A., McDonald, S., Rushby, J., Li, S., Dimoska, A., & James, C. (2010). Why don’t you feel how I feel? Insight into the absence of empathy after severe traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychologia, 48(12), 3585–3595.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Sousa, A., McDonald, S., Rushby, J., Li, S., Dimoska, A., & James, C. (2011). Understanding deficits in empathy after traumatic brain injury: The role of affective responsivity. Cortex, 47(5), 526–535.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Sousa, A., McDonald, S., & Rushby, J. (2012). Changes in emotional empathy, affective responsivity, and behavior following severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 34(6), 606–623.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Derringer, J., Krueger, R. F., Irons, D. E., & Iacono, W. G. (2010). Harsh discipline, childhood sexual assault, and MAOA genotype: An investigation of main and interactive effects on diverse clinical externalizing outcomes. Behavior Genetics, 40(5), 639–648.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dikmen, S. S., Corrigan, J. D., Levin, H. S., Machamer, J., Stiers, W., & Weisskopf, M. G. (2009). Cognitive outcome following traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 24(6), 430–438.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiLalla, L. F., & Gottesman, I. I. (1991). Biological and genetic contributors to violence: Widom’s untold tale. Psychological Bulletin, 109(1), 125–129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, L. E., & Keller, M. C. (2011). A critical review of the first 10 years of candidate gene-by-environment interaction research in psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(10), 1041–1049.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eaves, L. J., Prom, E. C., & Silberg, J. L. (2010). The mediating effect of parental neglect on adolescent and young adult anti-sociality: A longitudinal study of twins and their parents. Behavior Genetics, 40(4), 425–437.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ehring, T., & Quack, D. (2010). Motion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: The role of trauma type and PTSD symptom severity. Behavior Therapy, 41(4), 587–598.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eierud, C., Craddock, R. C., Fletcher, S., Aulakh, M., King-Casas, B., Kuehl, D., & LaConte, S. M. (2014). Neuroimaging after mild traumatic brain injury: Review and meta-analysis. NeuroImage: Clinical, 4, 283–294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eme, R. (2013). MAOA and male antisocial behavior: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(3), 395–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erwin, B. A., Newman, E., McMackin, R. A., Morrissey, C., & Kaloupek, D. G. (2000). PTSD, malevolent environment, and criminality among criminally involved male adolescents. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27(2), 196–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ettenhofer, M. L., & Abeles, N. (2009). The significance of mild traumatic brain injury to cognition and self-reported symptoms in long-term recovery from injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31(3), 363–372.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, C. J., & Savage, J. (2012). Have recent studies addressed methodological issues raised by five decades of television violence research? A critical review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(2), 129–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, C. J., San Miguel, C., & Hartley, R. D. (2009). A multivariate analysis of youth violence and aggression: The influence of family, peers, depression, and media violence. The Journal of Pediatrics, 155(6), 904–908.e3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Ridder, E. M. (2005). Show me the child at seven: The consequences of conduct problems in childhood for psychosocial functioning in adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(8), 837–849.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., Horwood, L. J., Miller, A. L., & Kennedy, M. A. (2011). MAOA, abuse exposure and antisocial behaviour: 30-year longitudinal study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 198(6), 457–463.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ficks, C. A., & Waldman, I. D. (2014). Candidate genes for aggression and antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis of association studies of the 5HTTLPR and MAOA-uVNTR. Behavior Genetics, 44(5), 427–444.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forouzan, E., & Nicholls, T. L. (2015). Childhood and adolescent characteristics of women with high versus low psychopathy scores: Examining developmental precursors to the malignant personality disorder. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(4), 307–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forsman, M., & Långström, N. (2012). Child maltreatment and adult violent offending: Population-based twin study addressing the ‘cycle of violence’ hypothesis. Psychological Medicine, 42(9), 1977–1983.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frewen, P. A., & Lanius, R. A. (2006). Toward a psychobiology of posttraumatic self-dysregulation: Reexperiencing, hyperarousal, dissociation, and emotional numbing. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071(1), 110–124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frodi, A., Dernevik, M., Sepa, A., Philipson, J., & Bragesjö, M. (2001). Current attachment representations of incarcerated offenders varying in degree of psychopathy. Attachment & Human Development, 3(3), 269–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García-Sancho, E., Salguero, J. M., & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (2014). Relationship between emotional intelligence and aggression: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(5), 584–591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ge, X., Conger, R. D., Cadoret, R. J., Neiderhiser, J. M., Yates, W., Troughton, E., & Stewart, M. A. (1996). The developmental interface between nature and nurture: A mutual influence model of child antisocial behavior and parent behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32(4), 574–589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, A. L., Johnson, A. K., & Raine, A. (2013). Antisocial personality disorder: A current review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15(12), 427.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, S. D., Marx, B. P., Soler-Baillo, J. M., & Sloan, D. M. (2005). Is life stress more traumatic than traumatic stress? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(6), 687–698.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, R. D., & Hamilton, S. P. (2003). Lifetime comorbidity of antisocial personality disorder and anxiety disorders among adults in the community. Psychiatry Research, 117(2), 159–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorenstein, E. E., & Newman, J. P. (1980). Disinhibitory psychopathology: A new perspective and a model for research. Psychological Review, 87(3), 301–315.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, N., Kimonis, E. R., Wasserman, A. L., & Kline, S. M. (2012). Associations among childhood abuse and psychopathy facets in male sexual offenders. Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3(1), 66–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, B. L. (1990). Defining trauma: Terminology and generic stressor dimensions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20(20), 1632–1642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haberstick, B. C., Lessem, J. M., Hopfer, C. J., Smolen, A., Ehringer, M. A., Timberlake, D., & Hewitt, J. K. (2005). Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and antisocial behaviors in the presence of childhood and adolescent maltreatment. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 135B(1), 59–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haberstick, B. C., Lessem, J. M., Hewitt, J. K., Smolen, A., Hopfer, C. J., Halpern, C. T., Killeya-Jones, L. A., Boardman, J. D., Tabor, J., Siegler, I. C., Williams, R. B., & Mullan Harris, K. (2014). MAOA genotype, childhood maltreatment, and their interaction in the etiology of adult antisocial behaviors. Biological Psychiatry, 75(1), 25–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halligan, S. L., Michael, T., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder following assault: The role of cognitive processing, trauma memory, and appraisals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(3), 419–431.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D. (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised: Manual. Multi-Health Systems, Incorporated.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D. (2003). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist—Revised. Multi-Health Systems, Incorporated.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D., & McPherson, L. M. (1984). Violent and aggressive behavior by criminal psychopaths. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 7(1), 35–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harpur, T. J., Hare, R. D., & Hakstian, A. R. (1989). Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: Construct validity and assessment implications. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 6–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haugebrook, S., Zgoba, K. M., Maschi, T., Morgen, K., & Brown, D. (2010). Trauma, stress, health, and mental health issues among ethnically diverse older adult prisoners. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 16(3), 220–229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawes, D. J., Dadds, M. R., Frost, A. D., & Hasking, P. A. (2011). Do childhood callous-unemotional traits drive change in parenting practices? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40(4), 507–518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hemphill, J. F., Hart, S. D., Hare, D., & R. (1994). Psychopathy and substance use. Journal of Personality Disorders, 8(3), 169–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herrenkohl, T. I., Huang, B., Tajima, E. A., & Whitney, S. D. (2003). Examining the link between child abuse and youth violence: An analysis of mediating mechanisms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(10), 1189–1208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks, B. M., & Patrick, C. J. (2006). Psychopathy and negative emotionality: Analyses of suppressor effects reveal distinct relations with emotional distress, fearfulness, and anger-hostility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(2), 276.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks, B. M., Vaidyanathan, U., & Patrick, C. J. (2010). Validating female psychopathy subtypes: Differences in personality, antisocial and violent behavior, substance abuse, trauma, and mental health. Personality Disorders, 1(1), 38–57.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Holz, N. E., Zohsel, K., Laucht, M., Banaschewski, T., Hohmann, S., & Brandeis, D. (2018). Gene x environment interactions in conduct disorder: Implications for future treatments. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 91, 239–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, A. L., Kimonis, E. R., Muñoz, L. C., & Frick, P. J. (2012). Violence exposure mediates the relation between callous-unemotional traits and offending patterns in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(8), 1237–1247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huizinga, D., Haberstick, B. C., Smolen, A., Menard, S., Young, S. E., Corley, R. P., Stallings, M. C., Grotpeter, J., & Hewitt, J. K. (2006). Childhood maltreatment, subsequent antisocial behavior, and the role of monoamine oxidase A genotype. Biological Psychiatry, 60(7), 677–683.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ingoldsby, E. M., Shaw, D. S., Winslow, E., Schonberg, M., Gilliom, M., & Criss, M. M. (2006). Neighborhood disadvantage, parent–child conflict, neighborhood peer relationships, and early antisocial behavior problem trajectories. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(3), 293–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaffee, S. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Taylor, A. (2004). Physical maltreatment victim to antisocial child: Evidence of an environmentally mediated process. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(1), 44–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaffee, S. R., Strait, L. B., & Odgers, C. L. (2012). From correlates to causes: Can quasi-experimental studies and statistical innovations bring us closer to identifying the causes of antisocial behavior? Psychological Bulletin, 138(2), 272.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jang, K. L., Stein, M. B., Taylor, S., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Livesley, W. J. (2003). Exposure to traumatic events and experiences: Aetiological relationships with personality function. Psychiatry Research, 120(1), 61–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jonson-Reid, M., Presnall, N., Drake, B., Fox, L., Bierut, L., Reich, W., Kane, P., Todd, R. D., & Constantino, J. N. (2010). Effects of child maltreatment and inherited liability on antisocial development: An official records study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(4), 321–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, B. K., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., & Caddell, J. M. (1996). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among incarcerated women: II. Convicted felons entering prison. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(6), 513–519.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karpman, B. (1941). On the need of separating psychopathy into two distinct clinical types: The symptomatic and the idiopathic. Journal of Criminal Psychopathology, 3, 112–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karpman, B. (1955). Psychodynamics of child delinquency further contributions: Round table, 1953. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 25(2), 238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerig, P. K., & Modrowski, C. A. (2018). Testing gender-differentiated models of the mechanisms linking polyvictimization and youth offending: Numbing and callousness versus dissociation and borderline traits. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 19(3), 347–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerig, P. K., Bennett, D. C., Thompson, M., & Becker, S. P. (2012). “Nothing really matters”: Emotional numbing as a link between trauma exposure and callousness in delinquent youth. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 272–279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiehl, K. A., Smith, A. M., Hare, R. D., Mendrek, A., Forster, B. B., Brink, J., & Liddle, P. F. (2001). Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 50(9), 677–684.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(6), 706–716.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim-Cohen, J., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., Williams, B., Newcombe, R., Craig, I., & Moffitt, T. (2006). MAOA, maltreatment, and gene–environment interaction predicting children’s mental health: New evidence and a meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry, 11(10), 903.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Munoz, L. C., & Aucoin, K. J. (2008). Callous-unemotional traits and the emotional processing of distress cues in detained boys: Testing the moderating role of aggression, exposure to community violence, and histories of abuse. Development and Psychopathology, 20(2), 569–589.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimonis, E. R., Skeem, J. L., Cauffman, E., & Dmitrieva, J. (2011). Are secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy more reactively violent and less psychosocially mature than primary variants? Law and Human Behavior, 35(5), 381–391.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Cauffman, E., Goldweber, A., & Skeem, J. (2012). Primary and secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy differ in emotional processing. Development and Psychopathology, 24(03), 1091–1103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimonis, E. R., Cross, B., Howard, A., & Donoghue, K. (2013). Maternal care, maltreatment and callous-unemotional traits among urban male juvenile offenders. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(2), 165–177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koenen, K. C., Fu, Q. J., Lyons, M. J., Toomey, R., Goldberg, J., Eisen, S. A., True, W., & Tsuang, M. (2005). Juvenile conduct disorder as a risk factor for trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(1), 23–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koivisto, H., & Haapasalo, J. (1996). Childhood maltreatment and adulthood psychopathy in light of file-based assessments among mental state examinees. Studies on Crime & Crime Prevention, 5(1), 91–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, M. F., Susmaras, T., Caughlin, B. P., Walker, C. J., Sweeney, J. A., & Little, D. M. (2007). White matter integrity and cognition in chronic traumatic brain injury: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Brain, 130(10), 2508–2519.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krischer, M. K., & Sevecke, K. (2008). Early traumatization and psychopathy in female and male juvenile offenders. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31(3), 253–262.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Patrick, C. J., Benning, S. D., & Kramer, M. D. (2007). Linking antisocial behavior, substance use, and personality: An integrative quantitative model of the adult externalizing spectrum. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(4), 645–666.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Krysinska, K., & Lester, D. (2010). Post-traumatic stress disorder and suicide risk: A systematic review. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(1), 1–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster, S. L., Melka, S. E., & Rodriguez, B. F. (2009). An examination of the differential effects of the experience of DSM-IV defined traumatic events and life stressors. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(5), 711–717.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leon-Carrion, J., & Ramos, F. J. C. (2003). Blows to the head during development can predispose to violent criminal behaviour: Rehabilitation of consequences of head injury is a measure for crime prevention. Brain Injury, 17(3), 207–216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linehan, M. M. (1993). Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder. Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luntz, B. K., & Widom, C. S. (1994). Antisocial personality disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(5), 670–674.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maas, C., Herrenkohl, T. I., & Sousa, C. (2008). Review of research on child maltreatment and violence in youth. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 9(1), 56–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maas, A. I. R., Menon, D. K., Adelson, P. D., Andelic, N., Bell, M. J., Belli, A., … Zumbo, F. (2017). Traumatic brain injury: Integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research. The Lancet Neurology, 16(12), 987–1048.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mäki-Marttunen, V., Kuusinen, V., Brause, M., Peräkylä, J., Polvivaara, M., dos Santos Ribeiro, R., Öhman, J., & Hartikainen, K. M. (2015). Enhanced attention capture by emotional stimuli in mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 32(4), 272–279.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Malterer, M. B., Glass, S. J., & Newman, J. P. (2008). Psychopathy and trait emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(3), 735–745.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maneta, E. K., White, M., & Mezzacappa, E. (2017). Parent-child aggression, adult-partner violence, and child outcomes: A prospective, population-based study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 68, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, L. A., & Cooke, D. J. (1999). The childhood experiences of psychopaths: A retrospective study of familial and societal factors. Journal of Personality Disorders, 13(3), 211–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, A. D., Martin, E. K., Warfield, G. A., Doron-Lamarca, S., Niles, B. L., & Taft, C. T. (2010). The impact of antisocial personality characteristics on anger management treatment for veterans with PTSD. Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy, 2(3), 224–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, L., Rosen, L. N., Durand, D. B., Knudson, K. H., & Stretch, R. H. (2000). Psychological and physical health effects of sexual assaults and nonsexual traumas among male and female United States Army soldiers. Behavioral Medicine, 26(1), 23–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathias, J. L., & Wheaton, P. (2007). Changes in attention and information-processing speed following severe traumatic brain injury: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology, 21(2), 212–223.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McAllister, T. W., Saykin, A. J., Flashman, L. A., Sparling, M. B., Johnson, S. C., Guerin, S. J., Mamourian, A. C., Weaver, J. B., & Yanofsky, N. (1999). Brain activation during working memory 1 month after mild traumatic brain injury: A functional MRI study. Neurology, 53(6), 1300–1300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McBride, M. L. (1998). Individual and familial risk factors for adolescent psychopathy. University of British Columbia.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDermott, R., Tingley, D., Cowden, J., Frazzetto, G., & Johnson, D. D. P. (2009). Monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) predicts behavioral aggression following provocation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(7), 2118–2123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, S. (2013). Impairments in social cognition following severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19(3), 231–246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, S., Whyte, J., & D’Esposito, M. (1997). Working memory impairments in traumatic brain injury: Evidence from a dual-task paradigm. Neuropsychologia, 35(10), 1341–1353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McHugh, D. L., & Wood, R. L. (2008). Using a temporal discounting paradigm to measure decision-making and impulsivity following traumatic brain injury: A pilot study. Brain Injury, 22(9), 715–721.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, R. J., Witkiewitz, K., & Kotler, J. S. (2010). Predictive validity of callous-unemotional traits measured in early adolescence with respect to multiple antisocial outcomes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(4), 752–763.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McMillan, T. M., Williams, W. H., & Bryant, R. (2003). Post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury: A review of causal mechanisms, assessment, and treatment. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 13(1–2), 149–164.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meehl, P. E. (1962). Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 17, 827–838.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menon, D. K., Schwab, K., Wright, D. W., & Maas, A. I. (2010). Position statement: Definition of traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(11), 1637–1640.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Buckholtz, J. W., Kolachana, B., Hariri, A. R., Pezawas, L., Blasi, G., Wabnitz, A., Honea, R., Verchinski, B., Callicott, J. H., Egan, M., Mattay, V., & Weinberger, D. R. (2006). Neural mechanisms of genetic risk for impulsivity and violence in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(16), 6269–6274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, D. R., & Carey, G. (1997). Genetic and environmental architecture on human aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(1), 207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L. S., Wasserman, G. A., Neugebauer, R., Gorman-Smith, D., & Kamboukos, D. (1999). Witnessed community violence and antisocial behavior in high-risk, urban boys. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(1), 2–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., Ross, J., & Peters, L. (2006). Trauma, PTSD, and substance use disorders: Findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 652–658.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E. (2005). The new look of behavioral genetics in developmental psychopathology: Gene-environment interplay in antisocial behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 533–554.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monahan, K. C., Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (2009). Affiliation with antisocial peers, susceptibility to peer influence, and antisocial behavior during the transition to adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 45(6), 1520–1530.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morrell, R. F., Merbitz, C. T., Jain, S., & Jain, S. (1998). Traumatic brain injury in prisoners. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 27(3–4), 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munley, P. H., Bains, D. S., Frazee, J., & Schwartz, L. T. (1994). Inpatient PTSD treatment: A study of pretreatment measures, treatment dropout, and therapist ratings of response to treatment. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7(2), 319–325.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J., Ehlers, A., & Mayou, R. A. (2002). Dissociation and post-traumatic stress disorder: Two prospective studies of road traffic accident survivors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180(4), 363–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, M. L., Lidz, V., & Heilbrun, K. (2003). Adolescents with psychopathic characteristics in a substance abusing cohort: Treatment process and outcomes. Law and Human Behavior, 27(3), 299–313.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, T. G., Deater-Deckard, K., Fulker, D., Rutter, M., & Plomin, R. (1998). Genotype–environment correlations in late childhood and early adolescence: Antisocial behavioral problems and coercive parenting. Developmental Psychology, 34(5), 970.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orsillo, S. M., Theodore-Oklota, C., Luterek, J. A., & Plumb, J. (2007). The development and psychometric evaluation of the emotional reactivity and numbing scale. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(10), 830–836.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ouimette, P. C., Brown, P. J., & Najavits, L. M. (1998). Course and treatment of patients with both substance use and posttraumatic stress disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 23(6), 785–795.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panayiotou, G. (2015). The bold and the fearless among us: Elevated psychopathic traits and levels of anxiety and fear are associated with specific aberrant driving behaviors. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 79, 117–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, D. R., & Rogers, R. W. (1981). Observation and performance of aggression: Effects of multiple models and frustration. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7(2), 302–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, C. J., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1993). Emotion in the criminal psychopathy: Startle reflex modulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(1), 82–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, C. J., Zempolich, K. A., & Levenston, G. K. (1997). Emotionality and violent behavior in psychopaths. In A. Raine, P. A. Brennan, D. P. Farrington, & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Biosocial bases of violence (pp. 145–161). Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Perron, B. E., & Howard, M. O. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of traumatic brain injury among delinquent youths. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 18(4), 243–255.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, A. B., Xu, L., Daugherty, J., & Breiding, M. J. (2019). Surveillance report of traumatic brain injury-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths, United States, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pham, T. H. (2012). Psychopathy and traumatic stress. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(2), 213–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., & Loehlin, J. C. (1977). Genotype-environment interaction and correlation in the analysis of human behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 84(2), 309–322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, S. (1996). Without conscience or without active conscience? The etiology of psychopathy revisited. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1(2), 179–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poythress, N. G., & Skeem, J. L. (2006). Disaggregating psychopathy. In Handbook of Psychopathy (pp. 172–192). The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poythress, N. G., Skeem, J. L., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2006). Associations among early abuse, dissociation, and psychopathy in an offender sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(2), 288–297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prichard, Z., Mackinnon, A., Jorm, A. F., & Easteal, S. (2008). No evidence for interaction between MAOA and childhood adversity for antisocial behavior. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 147(2), 228–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Lee, L., Yang, Y., & Colletti, P. (2010). Neurodevelopmental marker for limbic maldevelopment in antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(3), 186–192.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ramos, S. D., Oddy, M., Liddement, J., & Fortescue, D. (2018). Brain injury and offending: The development and field testing of a linkworker intervention. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(7), 1854–1868.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ray, B., & Richardson, N. J. (2017). Traumatic brain injury and recidivism among returning inmates. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 44(3), 472–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reidy, D. E., Kearns, M. C., & DeGue, S. (2013). Reducing psychopathic violence: A review of the treatment literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(5), 527–538.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rhee, S. H., & Waldman, I. D. (2002). Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychological Bulletin, 128(3), 490–529.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, H. J., Casey, J. O., & Lucente, S. W. (2003). Psychopathy and treatment response in incarcerated female substance abusers. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30(2), 251–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riley, G. A., Brennan, A. J., & Powell, T. (2004). Threat appraisal and avoidance after traumatic brain injury: Why and how often are activities avoided? Brain Injury, 18(9), 871–888.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roscigno, C. I., & Swanson, K. M. (2011). Parents’ experiences following children’s moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: A clash of cultures. Qualitative Health Research, 21(10), 1413–1426.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, H., McDonald, S., Dethier, M., Kessels, R. P., & Westbrook, R. F. (2014). Facial emotion recognition deficits following moderate–severe traumatic brain injury (TBI): Re-examining the valence effect and the role of emotion intensity. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20(10), 994–1003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sadeh, N., & Verona, E. (2008). Psychopathic personality traits associated with abnormal selective attention and impaired cognitive control. Neuropsychology, 22(5), 669–680.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sadeh, N., Javdani, S., Jackson, J. J., Reynolds, E. K., Potenza, M. N., Gelernter, J., Lejuez, C. W., & Verona, E. (2010). Serotonin transporter gene associations with psychopathic traits in youth vary as a function of socioeconomic resources. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(3), 604–609.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Salekin, R. T., Worley, C., & Grimes, R. D. (2010). Treatment of psychopathy: A review and brief introduction to the mental model approach for psychopathy. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 28(2), 235–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sareen, J., Stein, M. B., Cox, B. J., & Hassard, S. T. (2004). Understanding comorbidity of anxiety disorders with antisocial behavior: Findings from two large community surveys. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(3), 178–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sartor, C. E., Mccutcheon, V. V., Pommer, N. E., Nelson, E. C., Duncan, A. E., Waldron, M., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., & Heath, A. C. (2010). Posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence in young women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 71(6), 810–818.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, J. C., McDonald, S., & Richardson, R. (2006). Loss of emotional experience after traumatic brain injury: Findings with the startle probe procedure. Neuropsychology, 20(2), 224–231.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schimmenti, A., Di Carlo, G., Passanisi, A., & Caretti, V. (2015). Abuse in childhood and psychopathic traits in a sample of violent offenders. Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy, 7(4), 340–347.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schraft, C. V., Kosson, D. S., & McBride, C. K. (2013). Exposure to violence within home and community environments and psychopathic tendencies in detained adolescents. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 40(9), 1027–1043.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, S., & Galai-Gat, T. (1993). Uncontrolled pain following physical injury as the core-trauma in post-traumatic stress disorder. Pain, 54(1), 107–110.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schretlen, D. J., & Shapiro, A. M. (2003). A quantitative review of the effects of traumatic brain injury on cognitive functioning. International Review of Psychiatry, 15(4), 341–349.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, N., Murphy, B., & Verona, E. (2016). Gender differences in psychopathy links to drug use. Law and Human Behavior, 40(2), 159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz-Heik, R. J., Rhee, S. H., Silvern, L. E., Haberstick, B. C., Hopfer, C., Lessem, J. M., & Hewitt, J. K. (2010). The association between conduct problems and maltreatment: Testing genetic and environmental mediation. Behavior Genetics, 40(3), 338–348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, J. A. (2021). A longitudinal assessment of head injuries as a source of acquired neuropsychological deficits and the implications for criminal persistence. Justice Quarterly, 38(2), 196–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2019.1599044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segalowitz, S. J., Bernstein, D. M., & Lawson, S. (2001). P300 event-related potential decrements in well-functioning university students with mild head injury. Brain and Cognition, 45(3), 342–356.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sellbom, M. (2015). Elucidating the complex associations between psychopathy and post-traumatic stress disorder from the perspective of trait negative affectivity. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 14(2), 85–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sellbom, M., & Verona, E. (2007). Neuropsychological correlates of psychopathic traits in a non-incarcerated sample. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(2), 276–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Semiz, U. B., Basoglu, C., Ebrinc, S., & Cetin, M. (2007). Childhood trauma history and dissociative experiences among Turkish men diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(11), 865–873.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serin, R. C. (1991). Psychopathy and violence in criminals. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6(4), 423–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sevecke, K., Franke, S., Kosson, D., & Krischer, M. (2016). Emotional dysregulation and trauma predicting psychopathy dimensions in female and male juvenile offenders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 10(1), 43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sharf, A., Kimonis, E. R., & Howard, A. (2014). Negative life events and posttraumatic stress disorder among incarcerated boys with callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 36(3), 401–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, D. J., Scott, G., & Leech, R. (2014). Network dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. Nature Reviews Neurology, 10(3), 156–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe, M., Baldwin, D., & Walker, J. (2010). 17—Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders. In E. C. Johnstone, D. C. Owens, S. M. Lawrie, A. M. McIntosh, & M. Sharpe (Eds.), Companion to psychiatric studies (8th ed., pp. 453–491). Elsevier.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Skeem, J. L., Monahan, J., & Mulvey, E. P. (2002). Psychopathy, treatment involvement, and subsequent violence among civil psychiatric patients. Law and Human Behavior, 26(6), 577–603.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skeem, J. L., Poythress, N., Edens, J. F., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Cale, E. M. (2003). Psychopathic personality or personalities? Exploring potential variants of psychopathy and their implications for risk assessment. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 8(5), 513–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slaughter, B., Fann, J. R., & Ehde, D. (2003). Traumatic brain injury in a county jail population: Prevalence, neuropsychological functioning and psychiatric disorders. Brain Injury, 17(9), 731–741.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. S., & Newman, J. P. (1990). Alcohol and drug abuse-dependence disorders in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic criminal offenders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99(4), 430.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sousa, C., Herrenkohl, T. I., Moylan, C. A., Tajima, E. A., Klika, J. B., Herrenkohl, R. C., & Russo, M. J. (2011). Longitudinal study on the effects of child abuse and children’s exposure to domestic violence, parent-child attachments, and antisocial behavior in adolescence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(1), 111–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, J., Javdani, S., Sadeh, N., Newman, J. P., & Verona, E. (2012). Borderline personality disorder as a female phenotypic expression of psychopathy? Personality Disorders, 3(2), 127–139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M. B., & McAllister, T. W. (2009). Exploring the convergence of posttraumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(7), 768–776.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tatar, J. R., Cauffman, E., Kimonis, E. R., & Skeem, J. L. (2012). Victimization history and posttraumatic stress: An analysis of psychopathy variants in male juvenile offenders. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 5(2), 102–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tate, R. L. (1999). Executive dysfunction and characterological changes after traumatic brain injury: Two sides of the same coin? Cortex, 35(1), 39–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toro, P. A., Urberg, K. A., & Heinze, H. J. (2004). Antisocial behavior and affiliation with deviant peers. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(2), 336–346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tottenham, N., Hare, T. A., Quinn, B. T., McCarry, T. W., Nurse, M., Gilhooly, T., Millner, A., Galvan, A., Davidson, M. C., Eigsti, I.-M., Thomas, K. M., Freed, P. J., Booma, E. S., Gunnar, M. R., Altemus, M., Aronson, J., & Thomas, K. M. (2010). Prolonged institutional rearing is associated with atypically large amygdala volume and difficulties in emotion regulation. Developmental Science, 13(1), 46–61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Trull, T. J., Jahng, S., Tomko, R. L., Wood, P. K., & Sher, K. J. (2010). Revised NESARC personality disorder diagnoses: Gender, prevalence, and comorbidity with substance dependence disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 24(4), 412–426.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vakil, E. (2005). The effect of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) on different aspects of memory: A selective review. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27(8), 977–1021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Horn, H. J., Liemburg, E. J., Aleman, A., Spikman, J. M., & van der Naalt, J. (2016). Brain networks subserving emotion regulation and adaptation after mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 33(1), 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn, M. G., Salas-Wright, C. P., DeLisi, M., & Perron, B. (2014). Correlates of traumatic brain injury among juvenile offenders: A multi-site study. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 24(3), 188–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verona, E., & Bresin, K. (2015). Aggression proneness: Transdiagnostic processes involving negative valence and cognitive systems. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 98(2), 321–329.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verona, E., Patrick, C. J., & Joiner, T. E. (2001). Psychopathy, antisocial personality, and suicide risk. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(3), 462–470.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verona, E., Hicks, B. M., & Patrick, C. J. (2005). Psychopathy and suicidality in female offenders: Mediating influences of personality and abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 1065–1073.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Verona, E., Sprague, J., & Sadeh, N. (2012). Inhibitory control and negative emotional processing in psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(2), 498–510.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verona, E., Hoffmann, A., & Edwards, B. (2018). Psychopathic traits and substance use: Co-occurrence and overlapping etiological pathways. In Routledge international handbook of psychopathy and crime (pp. 493–507). Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, M., & Keith, S. (2015). Vicarious peer victimization and adolescent violence: Unpacking the effects of social learning, general strain, and peer group selection. Deviant Behavior, 36(10), 834–852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vonderlin, R., Kleindienst, N., Alpers, G. W., Bohus, M., Lyssenko, L., & Schmahl, C. (2018). Dissociation in victims of childhood abuse or neglect: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Medicine, 48(15), 2467–2476.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waldman, I. D., Rhee, S. H., LoParo, D., & Park, Y. (2018). Genetic and environmental influences on psychopathy and antisocial behaivior. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 335–353). The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, L. E., Sippel, L. M., Pietrzak, R. H., Hoff, R., & Harpaz-Rotem, I. (2018). Clinically significant change in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms is associated with lower levels of aggression after residential treatment discharge. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(2), 265–272.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weder, N., Yang, B. Z., Douglas-Palumberi, H., Massey, J., Krystal, J. H., Gelernter, J., & Kaufman, J. (2009). MAOA genotype, maltreatment, and aggressive behavior: The changing impact of genotype at varying levels of trauma. Biological Psychiatry, 65(5), 417–424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiler, B. L., & Widom, C. S. (1996). Psychopathy and violent behaviour in abused and neglected young adults. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 6(3), 253–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, H. R., & Widom, C. S. (2003). Intimate partner violence among abused and neglected children in young adulthood: The mediating effects of early aggression, antisocial personality, hostility and alcohol problems. Aggressive Behavior, 29(4), 332–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widom, C. S. (1989). The cycle of violence. Science, 244(4901), 160–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Widom, C. S. (1997). Child abuse, neglect, and witnessing violence. In Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 159–170). Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widom, C. S., & Maxfield, M. G. (1996). A prospective examination of risk for violence among abused and neglected children. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 794(1), 224–237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willemsen, J., De Ganck, J., & Verhaeghe, P. (2012). Psychopathy, traumatic exposure, and lifetime posttraumatic stress. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 56(4), 505–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, W. H., Mewse, A. J., Tonks, J., Mills, S., Burgess, C. N. W., & Cordan, G. (2010). Traumatic brain injury in a prison population: Prevalence and risk for re-offending. Brain Injury, 24(10), 1184–1188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, W. H., Chitsabesan, P., Fazel, S., McMillan, T., Hughes, N., Parsonage, M., & Tonks, J. (2018). Traumatic brain injury: A potential cause of violent crime? The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(10), 836–844.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, J. B., Heilman, K. M., Porges, E., Lamb, D., & Porges, S. W. (2013). A possible mechanism for PTSD symptoms in patients with traumatic brain injury: Central autonomic network disruption. Frontiers in Neuroengineering, 6, 13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, H. W., Stover, C. S., & Berkowitz, S. J. (2009). The relationship between childhood violence exposure and juvenile antisocial behavior: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(7), 769–779.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y., & Raine, A. (2009). Prefrontal structural and functional brain imaging findings in antisocial, violent, and psychopathic individuals: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 174(2), 81–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zlotnick, C. (1997). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), PTSD comorbidity, and childhood abuse among incarcerated women. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185(12), 761–763.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zlotnick, C. (1999). Antisocial personality disorder, affect dysregulation and childhood abuse among incarcerated women. Journal of Personality Disorders, 13(1), 90–95.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

    Lauren F. Fournier & Edelyn Verona

Authors
  1. Lauren F. Fournier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Edelyn Verona
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lauren F. Fournier .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Hampden–Sydney College, Farmville, VA, USA

    Jennifer E. Vitale

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Fournier, L.F., Verona, E. (2022). Psychopathy, Trauma, and PTSD Symptoms: Theory and Evidence. In: Vitale, J.E. (eds) The Complexity of Psychopathy. Dangerous Behavior in Clinical and Forensic Psychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83156-1_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation