Abstract
The use of primates as pets and entertainers has a long history and spans many cultures; this perspective may confuse public understanding of primates as wild animals. Legislation concerning primate welfare varies wherever primates are kept in captivity. A growing concern about the psychological and physical impact of the pet and entertainment trades on primate welfare is reflected by calls from scientists and the public to end these practices. This chapter looks at the evidence from a variety of stakeholders and concludes that education and legislation are both necessary to prevent the suffering that is the inevitable outcome of primates being kept in a domestic setting or used as “actors.”
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Admyre C, Johansson SM, Rahman K et al (2019) Exosomes with immune modulatory features are present in human breast milk. J Immunol 179(3):1969–1978. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1969
Agoramoorthy G, Hsu MJ (2005) Use of nonhuman primates in entertainment in Southeast Asia. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 8(2):141–149. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327604jaws0802_6
Aldrich BC (2015) Facial expressions in performing primates. Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies. University of Edinburgh
American Academy of Pediatrics (2012) Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics 129(3):e827–e841. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3552
Ares BE (2019) Wild animals in circuses (No 2) Bill
AVMA (2012) Single policy on teeth reduction and removal adopted. Am Vet Med Assoc https://www.avma.org/News/JAVMANews/Pages/130115r.aspx. Accessed 5 Dec 2016
Bassett L, Buchanan-smith HM (2007) Effects of predictability on the welfare of captive animals §. Appl Anim Behav Sci 102(3–4):223–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.029
Bayne K, Hau J, Morris T (2022) The welfare impact of regulations, policies, guidelines and directives and nonhuman primate welfare. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 629–646
Beerda B, Schilder MBH, van Hooff JARAM, de Vries HW (1997) Manifestations of chronic and acute stress in dogs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 52(3-4):307–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01131-8
Bigiu N et al (2018) Maternal depletion syndrome. Gineco.eu 11(2):98–103. https://doi.org/10.18643/gieu.2015.98
Blue Cross and The Born Free Foundation One Click Away, An investigation into the online sale of exotic animlas as pets. https://www.bornfree.org.uk/storage/media/content/files/Publications/ONE_CLICK_AWAY_REPORT_SPREADS.pdf
Bodmer RE, Eisenberg JF, Redford KH (2002) Hunting and the likelihood of extinction of Amazonian mammals. Conserv Biol 11(2):460–466. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96022.x
Bollen KS, Novak MA (2000) A survey of abnormal behavior in captive zoo primates. Am J Primatol 51(S1):47. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(2000)51:1+%3C33::AID-AJP3%3E3.0.CO;2-F
Borgi M, Cirulli F (2016) Pet face: mechanisms underlying human-animal relationships. Front Psychol 7:298. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00298
Born Free USA Get The Facts: The Facts about Primates as ‘Pets’. http://www.bornfreeusa.org/facts.php?p=2913&more=1. Accessed 30 Nov 2016
Box HO (1999) Temperament and socially mediated learning among primates. In: Box HO, Gibson KR (eds) Mammalian social learning: comparative and ecological perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 33–56
Broom DM (1986) Indicators of poor welfare. Br Vet J 142(6):524–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(86)90109-0
Broom DM (1991) Animal welfare: concepts and measurement. J Anim Sci 69(10):4167–4175. https://doi.org/10.2527/1991.69104167x
Broom D (2007) Quality of life means welfare: how is it related to other concepts and assessed? Anim Welf 16(9):45–53
BVA (2014) British Veterinary Association Policy statement. https://www.bva.co.uk/media/1160/primates-as-pets.pdf
Carr N, Cohen S (2011) The public face of zoos: images of entertainment education and conservation. Anthrozoös 24(2):175–189. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303711X12998632257620
Ceballos-Mago N, González C, Chivers D (2010) Impact of the pet trade on the Margarita capuchin monkey Cebus apella margaritae. Endanger Species Res 12:57–68. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00289
Chapman CA, Chapman LJ (1990) Dietary variability in primate populations. Primates 31:121–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381035
Chapman CA, Rothman JM (2009) Within-species differences in primate social structure: evolution of plasticity and phylogenetic constraints. Primates:12–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-008-0123-0
Charpentier MJE, Widdig A, Alberts SC (2007) Inbreeding depression in non-human primates: a historical review of methods used and empirical data. Am J Primatol 69(12):1370–1386. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20445
Chauncey HH, Muench ME, Kapur KKWA (1984) The effect of the loss of teeth on diet and nutrition. Int Dent J 34(2):98–104
CITES (2016) Notification to the Parties No. 2016/043. https://cites.org/sites/default/files/notif/E-Notif-2016-043.pdf
Clutton-Brock J (1999) A natural history of domesticated mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
European Commission (2002) The welfare of non-human primates used in research. Report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare. Adopted on 17 December 2002
Corning S (2005) Public health and safety risks involved in the keeping and trade of primates as pets. Born to be wild primates are not pets international fund animal welfare
Dantzer R, Cohen S, Russo SJ, Dinan TG (2018) Resilience and immunity. Brain Behav Immun 74:28–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2018.08.010
Davenport RK, Rogers CM, Rumbaugh DM (1973) Long-term cognitive deficits in chimpanzees associated with early impoverished rearing. Dev Psychol 9(3):343–347. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034877
Dawkins MS (2006) A user’s guide to animal welfare science. Trends Ecol Evol 21(2):77–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TREE.2005.10.017
Defra (2019) The welfare of primates as pets in England: call for evidence. https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/welfare-of-primates-as-pets-in-england-call-for-evidence/the-welfare-of-primates-as-pets-in-england-call-for-evidence. Accessed 17 Jan 2020
Dhawan V, Brookes ZLS, Kaufman S (2004) Long-term effects of repeated pregnancies (multiparity) on blood pressure regulation. Cardiovasc Res 64(1):179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.06.018
Diamond J (2002) Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal domestication. Nature 418(6898):700–707. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01019
Dixson AF (1980) Androgens and aggressive in primates: a review. Aggress Behav 6(1):37–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1980)6:1%3C37::AID-AB2480060106%3E3.0.CO;2-7
Driscoll CA, Macdonald DW, O’Brien SJ (2009) From wild animals to domestic pets, an evolutionary view of domestication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(Suppl):9971–9978. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901586106
Endcap (2012) Wild pets in the European Union
Eurogroup for Animals (2013) Why Europe needs ‘positive lists’ to regulate the sale and keeping of exotic animals as pets. https://www.granalacantadvertiser.com/why-europe-needs-positive-lists. Accessed 18 May 2022
Ferreira RG, Mendl M, Wagner PGC et al (2016) Coping strategies in captive capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.). Appl Anim Behav Sci 176:120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2015.12.007
Ferreira RG, Ruiz-Miranda C, Sita S, Sánchez-López S, Pissinatti A, Corte S, Jerusalinsky L, Wagner PG, Maas C (2022) Primates under human care in developing countries: examples from Latin America. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 145–170
Fleagle JG (1998) Primate adaptation and evolution, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Friedl KE, Holmes WN (1986) The effect of relative humidity on osmoregulation in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Primates 27:465–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381891
Federation of European Vets (2013) Conference outcomes and recommendations. https://fve.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/CWA-Conference-outcomes-and-recommendations-June-2013-2.pdf. Accessed 20 Jun 2022
Goodall J. Chimpanzees in entertainment. http://www.janegoodall.org.uk/chimpanzees/chimpanzee-central/15-chimpanzees/chimpanzee-central/27-chimpanzees-in-entertainment. Accessed 30 Nov 2016
Gosling SD (2001) From mice to men: What can we learn about personality from animal research? Psychol Bull 127(1):45–86. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.45
Goudsmit J, Brandon-Jones D (1999) Mummies of olive baboons and Barbary macaques in the Baboon Catacomb of the Sacred Animal Necropolis at North Saqqara. J Egypt Archaeol: 45–53
Hanson S (2014) Primates as pets: investigating aspects of regulation throughout the European Union. MSc Primate Conservation, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford
Hanson LA, Söderström T (1981) Human milk: defense against infection. Prog Clin Biol Res 61:147–159
Hare B, Brown M, Williamson C, Tomasello M (2002) The domestication of social cognition in dogs. Science 298(5598):1634–1636. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072702
Herbert TB, Cohen S (1993) Stress and immunity in humans: a meta-analytic review. Psychosom Med 55(4):364–379. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199307000-00004
Hevesi R (2005) Welfare and health implications for primates kept as pets. In: Born to be wild: Primates are not pets. International Fund for Animal Welfare (ed), London, pp 18–29
Heymann EW (2006) Special issue: the neglected sense — primate olfaction in primate behavior, ecology, and evolution. Am J Primatol 68(6):519–661. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20249
Ho NT, Li F, Lee-Sarwar KA et al (2018) Effects of exclusive breastfeeding on infant gut microbiota: a meta-analysis across studies and populations. Nat Commun 9(1):4169. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06473-x
Hosey G (2022) The history of primates in Zoos. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 3–30
Humane Society International (2019) No Title
IFAW (2005) In Born to be wild: primates are not pets. International Fund for Animal Welfare
International Primatological Society. http://18.117.158.79/policy-statements-and-guidelines/private-ownership-ofnonhuman-primates/, http://18.117.158.79/policy-statements-and-guidelines/nonhuman-primates-in-media/
Wallenfeldt J (2018) Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ringling-Bros-and-Barnum-and-Bailey-Combined-Shows
Jungle Friends (2016) Jungle Friends rescue centre. www.junglefriends.org. Accessed 12 Dec 2016
Jungle Friends Nonhuman Primates in the Private Sector. www.junglefriends.org/monkey-topics/understanding-the-issues/private-sector.html. Accessed 20 Oct 2020
Kessler MJ, Wang Q, Cerroni AM, Grynpas MD, Gonzalez Velez OD, Rawlins RG, Ethun KF, Wimsatt JH, Kensler TB, Pritzker KPH (2016) Long-term effects of castration on the skeleton of male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Am J Primatol 78(1):152–166. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22399
Khan H, Kunutsor S, Franco OH, Chowdhury R (2013) Vitamin D, type 2 diabetes and other metabolic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Proc Nutr Soc 72(1):89–97. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665112002765
Koene P, de Mol RM, Ipema B (2016) Behavioral ecology of captive species: using bibliographic information to assess pet suitability of mammal species. Front Vet Sci 3:35. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2016.00035
Kozorovitskiy Y, Gross CG, Kopil C et al (2005) Experience induces structural and biochemical changes in the adult primate brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(48):17478–17482. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0508817102
Kruzer, AR (2016) Pet capuchin monkeys. http://exoticpets.com. Accessed 12 Dec 2016
Kumar R (2018) Metabolic bone diseases of captive mammal, reptile and birds. Approaches Poultry Dairy Vet Sci 3:1–5. https://doi.org/10.31031/apdv.2018.03.000563
Lazaro-Perea C (2001) Intergroup interactions in wild common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus: Territorial defence and assessment of neighbours. Anim Behav 62(1):11–21. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2000.1726
Leighty KA, Valuska AJ, Grand AP et al (2015) Impact of visual context on public perceptions of non-human primate performers. PLoS One 10(2):e0118487. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118487
Lenzi C, Speiran SI, Grasso C (2020) “Let me take a selfie”: reviewing the implications of social media for public perceptions of wild animals. Soc Anim. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-BJA10023
Lewis JCM (2000) Preventative health measures for primates and keeping staff in British and Irish zoological collections. A report to the British and Irish Primate Taxon Advisory Group (B&I PTAG), London
Lewis MH, Gluck JP, Petitto JM, Hensley LL, Ozer H (2000) Early social deprivation in nonhuman primates: long-term effects on survival and cell-mediated immunity. Biol Psychiatry 47(2):119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00238-3
Liu J, Raine A, Venables PH et al (2003) Malnutrition at age 3 years and lower cognitive ability at age 11 years: independence from psychosocial adversity. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157(6):593–600. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.157.6.593
Llorente M, Riba D, Ballesta S et al (2015) Rehabilitation and socialization of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) used for entertainment and as pets: an 8-year study at Fundació Mona. Int J Primatol 36:605–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-015-9842-4
Lopresti-Goodman S, Kameka M, Dube A (2012) Stereotypical behaviors in chimpanzees rescued from the African bushmeat and pet trade. Behav Sci 3(1):1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs3010001
Ludlage E, Mansfield K (2003) Overview clinical care and diseases of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Comp Med 53(4):369–382
Lutz CK, Baker KC (2022) Using behavior to assess primate welfare. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 171–206
Mason GJ, Rushen J (2008) Stereotypic animal behaviour: fundamentals and applications to welfare and beyond. CAB International, Cambridge, MA
McGrew WC (1981) Social and cognitive capabilities of nonhuman primates: lessons from the wild to captivity. Int J Study Anim Probl 2(3):138–149
Miller G (1931) The Primate basis of human sexual behavior. Q Rev Biol 6(4):379–410. https://doi.org/10.1086/394387
Moss A, Esson M (2013) The educational claims of zoos: where do we go from here? Zoo Biol 32(1):13–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21025
Nekaris KAI, Sanchez KL, James S et al (2008) Javan slow loris Nycticebus javanicus É. Geoffroy, 1812 Indonesia. In: Mittermeier RA, Wallis J, Rylands AB, Ganzhorn JU, Oates JF, Williamson EA, Palacios E, Heymann EW, MCM K, Yongchen L, Supriatna J, Roos C, Walker S, Cortéz-Ortiz L, Schwitzer C (eds) 25 World’s most endangered primates. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI), Arlington, VA, pp 44–46
Nekaris BKAI, Campbell N, Coggins TG et al (2013) Tickled to death: analysing public perceptions of “cute” videos of threatened species (slow lorises - Nycticebus spp.) on web 2.0 sites. PLoS One 8(7):e69215. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069215
Nijman V (2009) An assessment of trade in gibbons and orang-utans in Sumatra, Indonesia. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/3986/sumatran-gibbons-orangutans.pdf
Nittono H, Fukushima M, Yano A, Moriya H (2012) The power of Kawaii: viewing cute images promotes a careful behavior and narrows attentional focus. PLoS One 7(9):e46362. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046362
Osterberg P, Nekaris KAI (2015) The use of animals as photo props to attract tourists in Thailand: a case study of the slow loris Nycticebus spp. TRAFFIC Bull 27(1):13–18
Peres CA (1990) Effects of hunting on western Amazonian primate communities. Biol Conserv 54:47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(90)90041-M
Peres CA (2000) Effects of subsistence structure in hunting on vertebrate forests community. Conserv Biol 14(1):240–253. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98485.x
Perry S (1998) A case report of a male rank reversal in a group of wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Primates 39:51–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02557743itle
Prescott MJ, Sussex W, Buchanan-smith HM (2003) Guest editors’ introduction training nonhuman primates using positive reinforcement techniques. Anim Welf 6(3):157–161. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327604JAWS0603
Rails K, Ballou J (1982) Effects of inbreeding on infant mortality in captive primates. Int J Primatol 3:491–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02693747
Redmond I (2005) The primate pet trade and its impact on biodiversity conservation. In: Born to be wild: primates are not pets. International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), London
Reinhardt V (1997) Lighting conditions for laboratory monkeys: are they accurate? AWIC Newsletter 8(2):3–6
Renfrew MJ et al (2012) Preventing disease and saving resources: the potential contribution of increasing breastfeeding rates in the UK. UNICEF UK. http://www.unicef.org.uk/Documents/Baby_Friendly/Research/Preventing_disease_saving_resources.pdf?epslanguage=en
Roberts SC (2012) On the relationship between scent-marking and territoriality in callitrichid primates. Int J Primatol 33:749–761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-012-9604-5
Robinson LM, Weiss A (2022) Primate personality and welfare. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 387–402
RSPCA (2016) Do you give a monkey’s? The need for a ban on pet primates
Russell N (2002) The wild side of domestication. Soc Anim 10(3):285–302. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853002320770083
Sackett GP (1972) Prospects for research on schizophrenia. 3. Neurophysiology. Isolation-rearing in primates. Neurosci Res Prog Bull 10(4):388–392
Sanchez KL (2008) Indonesia’s slow lorises suffer in trade. International Primate Protection League News 35(2):10
Schroepfer KK, Rosati AG, Chartrand T, Hare B (2011) Use of “entertainment” chimpanzees in commercials distorts public perception regarding their conservation status. PLoS One 6(10):e26048. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026048
Schuppli CA, Fraser D (2000) A framework for assessing the suitability of different species as companion animals. Anim Welf 9:359–372
Segerstrom SC, Miller G (2004) Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychol Bull 130(4):601–630. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.601
Smith AS (2006) Optimalising the role of animal rescue centres by researching the source of the problem. In: Zgrabczynska E, Cwiertniz P, Ziomek J (eds) Animals, zoos and conservation. Zoological Garden in Poznan, Poznan, pp 111–117
Silberg MA (2016) The physical and psychological effects of tooth loss. http://www.pittsburghdentalimplants.com/
Silk JB (2007) Social components of fitness in primate groups. Science 317(5843):1347–1351. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1140734
Sommerfield AJ, Deary IJ, Frier BM (2004) Acute hyperglycemia alters mood state and impairs cognitive performance in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27(10):2335–2340. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.10.2335
Soulsbury CD, Iossa G, Kennell S, Harris S (2009) The welfare and suitability of primates kept as pets. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 12(1):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888700802536483
Stiles D et al (2013) Stolen apes - the illicit trade in chimpanzees, gorillas, bonobos and orangutans. A Rapid Response Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal. www.grida.no
Stuebe A (2009) The risks of not breastfeeding for mothers and infants. Rev Obstet Gynecol 2(4):222–231. https://doi.org/10.3909/riog0093
Stuyven DE (2009) Faculteit diergeneeskunde academiejaar 2008–2009 oorzaken van een verzwakt immuunsysteem bij berberapen door ieteke verhoeven
Stuyven DE (2010) Faculteit diergeneeskunde academiejaar 2009–2010 het meten van immuniteitsproblemen bij berberapen die mogelijk gerelateerd zijn aan chronische stress door ieteke verhoeven
UN-Grasp (2016) The apes seizure database. https://database.un-grasp.org/
United Nations (1992) Convention on biological diversity. https://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-en.pdf
United Nations Environment Programme (2010) The last stand of the gorilla: environmental crime and conflict in the Congo basin. https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/7842
van Lavieren E (2008) The illegal trade in Barbary macaques from Morocco. TRAFFIC Bull 21(3):123–130
Vanautryve E (2014) Safety FC Keeping of exotic animals in Belgium: the “positive list”: 1–15
Wallen K (1990) Desire and ability: hormones and the regulation of female sexual-behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 14(2):233–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80223-4
Wallen K (2001) Sex and context: hormones and primate sexual motivation. Horm Behav 40(2):339–357. https://doi.org/10.1006/hbeh.2001.1696
Weiss A (2017) Personality traits: a view from the animal kingdom. J Pers 86(1):12–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12310
Westlund K (2015) Training laboratory primates – benefits and techniques. Primate Biol 2(1):119–132. https://doi.org/10.5194/pb-2-119-2015
Wich SA, Marshall AJ (2016) An introduction to primate conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Wild Futures (2014a) It’s time to end the primate pet trade
Wild Futures (2014b) Written Evidence for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee. Eleventh report, primates as pets. Available at: http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/WrittenEvidence.svc/EvidenceHtml/4964
Wild Futures and RSPCA (2012) Primates as pets: is there a case for regulation?
Wilson M (2007) Intergroup aggression in wild primates. Behaviour 144(12):1469–1471. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853907782512083
Wilson DE, Reeder DM eds. (2005) Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (vol 1). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD
Wilson AP, Vessey SH (1968) Behavior of free-ranging castrated rhesus monkeys. Folia Primatol 9(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1159/000155164
Wolfe ND, Escalante AA, Karesh WB et al (1998) Wild primate populations in emerging infectious disease research: The missing link? Emerg Infect Dis 4(2):149–158. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0402.980202
Wolfensohn S (2022) Humane end points and end of life in primates used in laboratories. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 369–386
Wolfensohn S, Honess P (2008) Handbook of primate husbandry and welfare. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford
World Health Organization. Diabetes. https://www.who.int/diabetes/action_online/basics/en/index3.html. Accessed 3 Jun 2019
Zeder MA (2006) Central questions in the domestication of plants and animals. Evol Anthropol 15(3):105–117. https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.20101
Acknowledgements
The author thanks Sarah Hanson.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hevesi, R. (2023). The Welfare of Primates Kept as Pets and Entertainers. In: Robinson, L.M., Weiss, A. (eds) Nonhuman Primate Welfare. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82708-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82708-3_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-82707-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-82708-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)