Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss the problems of the human now, that attracted much attention in the XX century, and a number of their comprehensive accounts proposed at the beginning of the XXI century. We combine these accounts under the term temporal experience or temporal consciousness and analyze them in detail. During this analysis, in parallel, we formulate some of the main premises making up the gist of our account of the human temporality and describe the basic elements of individual temporal dimension attributed to the mind. In particular, the following issues are discussed in detail:
-
The structure of a single unit of temporal experience.
-
How these units are combined into the stream of experiences and form the diachronic unit of temporal experience.
-
The available experimental data elucidating the details and particular time scales characterizing the experiential now.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
This name is know from the Principles of Psychology (1980) by William James, where he enigmatically and misleadingly refers to “E. R. Clay” as a person anonymously published a book introducing the notion of specious present. However, there is no known person such as “E. R. Clay,” which is discussed in detail, e.g., by Andersen and Grush (2009), Andersen (2014).
- 2.
The basic concepts of phenomenology and their relation to the problem analyzed within the present book are discussed in more details in Sect. 3.2.
- 3.
The idea that atomic experience may have a finite duration was also discussed by Broad (1925).
- 4.
We already discussed this issue and related ones in Sect. 1.1.
- 5.
The term diachronic is understood as an aspect involving in itself different moments of time and treating them as something with internal integrity.
- 6.
The relationship between the perception of event temporal arrangement and neurophysiological processes in the brain will be discussed in Sect. 2.5.
- 7.
In particular, we have met the necessity of employing this 4D-phase space for describing human actions in the car-following process based our experiments with car-driving simulator (Lubashevsky 2017, Sect. 7.6).
- 8.
This averaged estimate of perception threshold can be explained turning to the temporal binding by gamma-band synchrony hypothesis (Singer 1993; Singer and Gray 1995; Gray 1999). This binding hypothesis states that neurons in anatomically distinct regions can synchronously encode different features of an external stimulus by firing together in a single gamma cycle (see for a review Engel et al. 2001; Buzsáki and Draguhn 2004; Ahmed and Cash 2013). In humans the gamma type neural oscillations are characterized by the 25–100 Hz frequency-band, which corresponds to time scales about 10–40 ms (Gold 1999; Hughes 2008, for are veiw). The relationship between gamma oscillations and cognitive phenomena was also analyzed by Joliot et al. (1994), Başar-Eroglu et al. (1996), Fries et al. (2007), Ehm et al. (2011).
- 9.
The time-shrinking phenomenon in auditory time perception has been first reported by Nakajima and ten Hoopen in (1988) in Japanese.
- 10.
This issue is discussed in detail in Sect. 5.6 and underlies the principle of self-consistency of human perception on different time scales.
- 11.
The conscious level of this aggregation, however, may be regarded as the very basic one for the human mind. In some sense, this aggregation is implemented at the boundary between unconscious and conscious processes.
- 12.
In the cited publications short-term consolidation is analyzed mainly for visual working memory or cases where visual modality plays the governing role. However, this phenomenon observed also within other modalities, in particular, for auditory working memory (e.g., Shen and Alain 2011).
- 13.
Depending on specific external conditions this distribution of attention should make one neurophysiological factors dominant and depress others at the level of cognition. It may explain the existence of ceteris paribus laws—the observed regularities in human behavior in spite of many features being outside the direct control—even without reference to the cooperative interaction between the members of some community (for details see Lubashevsky 2017).
- 14.
A more detailed classification of such memory states taking into account the cognition-induced top-down modulation has be proposed by Jacob et al. (2015).
- 15.
- 16.
- 17.
- 18.
- 19.
In the given context the discussion of the cognitive penetrability problem is focused actually on the cognitive impenetrability of the early stage of perception which is related to the properties of immediate future. We will return to the cognitive penetrability problem again within the context of the diachronic unit.
- 20.
- 21.
Meta-stable phantom percepts—the perception of a sensory experience in the absence of a physical stimulus—may be also explained turning to the interaction between bottom-up compensation and top-down updating of the model with some failure in one or both mechanisms, resulting in a constant prediction-error. A reader may be referred to a review Mohan and Vanneste (2017) for theoretical models and various sensory modalities.
- 22.
Other postulates and the core notions of the predictive coding paradigm such as
-
the Bayesian brain (e.g., Friston 2003, 2009; Clark 2013; Hohwy 2013),
-
the active inference process (e.g., Friston et al. 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2016),
-
the principle of free-energy minimization developed by Friston (2003, 2009, 2010), Friston and Stephan (2007), Feldman and Friston (2010) for describing human perception and behavior
will be discussed below within a relevant context.
-
- 23.
In this sense, the predictive coding paradigm is rooted in the account of Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894), a German physician and physicist, who first seized on the idea of the brain as a hypothesis tester (for details see, e.g., Hohwy 2013).
- 24.
Below we will use the terms action strategy and strategy of actions interchangeably.
- 25.
For a discussion of action strategies as cognitive phenomenon and the underlying neurological mechanisms a reader may be referred to Overgaard and Mogensen (2014), Mogensen and Overgaard (2017, 2018) and references therein. The notions of the connected past and the connected future are elaborated in Sect. 3.1 as temporal entities related but not belonging to the experiential now.
- 26.
For a detail comparison of various accounts of cognitive penetrability a reader may be referred to Raftopoulos (2019).
- 27.
Speaking about a sensory image we mean sensation rather than categorization, e.g., sensory image of the red color is the redness as a sensational quality of “being red” rather than a component of color pallet.
- 28.
The concept of material point is justified for classical physics; quantum physics treats physical particles as some kind of spatial clouds—wave functions—but in temporal dimensions they are not extended.
- 29.
Here the phase space of a system in question is understood as space whose points represent all the possible states of this system at a given instant of time. In other words, the collection of phase variables specifies the properties that can be attributed to the given system at a single time moment. Generally, no particular properties of the system dynamics are attributed to the phase space.
- 30.
In the present book, we consider human actions on physical objects which move in space as whole entities without their division into components characterized by individual dynamics. For this reason, to avoid unnecessary over-complication in particular mathematical constructions, we regard the analyzed physical objects as material points. The stated indivisibility of the space-time cloud is the case for physical objects of this type only. For complex physical objects, e.g., a fan with rotating blades, a more sophisticated structure of multicomponent space-time clouds is required.
- 31.
The idea that human perception of motion is characterized by higher order time derivatives, in particular, the acceleration a of the perceived moving object and its jerk \(j=da/dt\) is not new. For example, the acceleration of car motion may be included in the list of phase variables determining the driver behavior (for a general review including of models and empirical data see, e.g., Kerner 2009, 2017; Treiber and Kesting 2013). In particular, driving simulator experiments on car-following demonstrated that the acceleration and jerk must be regarded as additional independent phase variables for modeling driver actions (Lubashevsky 2017; Lubashevsky and Morimura 2019). The jerk as a phase variable may be taken into account in describing sensorimotor control (for a review see, e.g., Todorov 2004; Liu and Todorov 2007; Biess et al. 2007, 2011; Biess 2013). The description of mental processes based on free energy also assumes that the acceleration, jerk, and other higher-order time derivatives may be included in the list of phase variables (e.g., Friston 2008; Friston et al. 2008, 2009, 2010; Buckley et al. 2017), in particular, it concerns emotion modeling (Joffily and Coricelli 2013; Friston et al. 2018).
References
Adams, R. A., Shipp, S., & Friston, K. J. (2013). Predictions not commands: Active inference in the motor system. Brain Structure and Function, 218(3), 611–643.
Aggelopoulos, N. C. (2015). Perceptual inference. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 55, 375–392.
Aghdaee, S. M., Battelli, L., & Assad, J. A. (2014). Relative timing: From behaviour to neurons. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 369(1637), 20120472 (11 pages).
Ahmed, O. J., & Cash, S. S. (2013). Finding synchrony in the desynchronized EEG: The history and interpretation of gamma rhythms. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 7, Article 58 (7 pages).
Aitchison, L., & Lengyel, M. (2017). With or without you: Predictive coding and Bayesian inference in the brain. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 46, 219–227. Special Issue: Computational Neuroscience.
Andersen, H. (2014). The development of the “specious present’’ and James’s views on temporal experience. In V. Arstila & D. Lloyd (Eds.), Subjective time: The philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience of temporality (pp. 25–42). Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Andersen, H., & Grush, R. (2009). A brief history of time-consciousness: Historical precursors to James and Husserl. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 47(2), 277–307.
Arstila, V. (2018). When is cognitive penetration a plausible explanation? Consciousness and Cognition, 59, 78–86.
Baars, B. J., & Franklin, S. (2003). How conscious experience and working memory interact. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(4), 166–172.
Babkoff, H., & Fostick, L. (2013). The role of tone duration in dichotic temporal order judgment. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 75(4), 654–660.
Baddeley, A. (2012). Working memory: Theories, models, and controversies. Annual Review of Psychology, 63(1), 1–29.
Bae, G. Y., & Flombaum, J. I. (2013). Two items remembered as precisely as one: How integral features can improve visual working memory. Psychological Science, 24(10), 2038–2047.
Bahrick, L. E. (2010). Amodal perception. In E. B. Goldstein (Ed.), Encyclopedia of perception (Vol. 1, pp. 44–46). Los Angeles: SAGE Publishers Inc.
Bahrick, L. E., & Lickliter, R. (2010). Perceptual development: Intermodal perception. In E. B. Goldstein (Ed.), Encyclopedia of perception (Vol. 2, pp. 753–756). Los Angeles: SAGE Publishers Inc.
Bakhurin, K. I., Goudar, V., Shobe, J. L., Claar, L. D., Buonomano, D. V., & Masmanidis, S. C. (2017). Differential encoding of time by prefrontal and striatal network dynamics. Journal of Neuroscience, 37(4), 854–870.
Balaban, H., Drew, T., & Luria, R. (2018). Delineating resetting and updating in visual working memory based on the object-to-representation correspondence. Neuropsychologia, 113, 85–94.
Bao, Y., & Pöppel, E. (2007). Two spatially separated attention systems in the visual field: Evidence from inhibition of return. Cognitive Processing, 8(1), 37–44.
Başar-Eroglu, C., Strüber, D., Schürmann, M., Stadler, M., & Başar, E. (1996). Gamma-band responses in the brain: A short review of psychophysiological correlates and functional significance. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 24(1), 101–112. New Advances in EEG and cognition.
Bayliss, D. M., Bogdanovs, D. M., & Jarrold, C. (2015). Consolidating working memory: Distinguishing the effects of consolidation, rehearsal and attentional refreshing in a working memory span task. Journal of Memory and Language, 81, 34–50.
Bayne, T. (2005). Divided brains and unified phenomenology: A review essay on michael tye’s consciousness and persons. Philosophical Psychology, 18(4), 495–512.
Bayne, T. (2010). The unity of consciousness. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Bayne, T. J., & Chalmers, D. J. (2003). What is the unity of consciousness? In A. Cleeremans (Ed.), The unity of consciousness: Binding, integration, and dissociation (pp. 23–58). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Bergström, F., & Eriksson, J. (2014). Maintenance of non-consciously presented information engages the prefrontal cortex. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, Article 938 (10 pages).
Bergström, F., & Eriksson, J. (2015). The conjunction of non-consciously perceived object identity and spatial position can be retained during a visual short-term memory task. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article 1470 (19 pages).
Bermúdez, J. L. (2014). Cognitive science: An introduction to the science of the mind (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Biess, A. (2013). Shaping of arm configuration space by prescription of non-Euclidean metrics with applications to human motor control. Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, 87(1), 012729 (15 pages).
Biess, A., Flash, T., & Liebermann, D. G. (2011). Riemannian geometric approach to human arm dynamics, movement optimization, and invariance. Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, 83(3), 031927 (11 pages).
Biess, A., Liebermann, D. G., & Flash, T. (2007). A computational model for redundant human three-dimensional pointing movements: Integration of independent spatial and temporal motor plans simplifies movement dynamics. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(48), 13045–13064.
Blalock, L. D. (2013). Mask similarity impacts short-term consolidation in visual working memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(6), 1290–1295.
Block, R. A., & Grondin, S. (2014). Timing and time perception: A selective review and commentary on recent reviews. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, Article 648 (3 pages).
Block, N. (1995). On a confusion about a function of consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 18(2), 227–247.
Block, N. (2007). Consciousness, accessibility, and the mesh between psychology and neuroscience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(5–6), 481–499.
Borst, G., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2008). Visual mental imagery and visual perception: Structural equivalence revealed by scanning processes. Memory & Cognition, 36(4), 849–862.
Bowman, H., & Wyble, B. (2007). The simultaneous type, serial token model of temporal attention and working memory. Psychological Review, 114(1), 38–70.
Briscoe, R. E. (2011). Mental imagery and the varieties of amodal perception. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 92(2), 153–173.
Broad, C. D. (1923). Scientific thought. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Broad, C. D. (1925). The mind and its place in nature. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Broad, C. D. (1938). An examination of McTaggart’s philosophy (Vol. II, Part I). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brook, A., & Raymont, P. (2017). The unity of consciousness. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, summer (2017th ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
Brosch, R. (2018). What we ‘see’ when we read: Visualization and vividness in reading fictional narratives. Cortex, 105, 135–143. Special Issue: The Eye’s Mind - visual imagination, neuroscience and the humanities.
Brown, H., Friston, K., & Bestmann, S. (2011). Active inference, attention, and motor preparation. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, Article 218 (10 pages).
Bruno, A., & Cicchini, G. M. (2016). Multiple channels of visual time perception. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 8, 131–139. Time in perception and action.
Bubic, A., Von Cramon, D. Y., & Schubotz, R. (2010). Prediction, cognition and the brain. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, 25 (15 pages).
Buckley, C. L., Kim, C. S., McGregor, S., & Seth, A. K. (2017). The free energy principle for action and perception: A mathematical review. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 81, 55–79.
Buonomano, D. V. (2000). Decoding temporal information: A model based on short-term synaptic plasticity. Journal of Neuroscience, 20(3), 1129–1141.
Buonomano, D. V. (2014). Neural dynamics based timing in the subsecond to seconds range. In H. Merchant & V. de Lafuente (Eds.), Neurobiology of interval timing (pp. 101–117). New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media.
Buonomano, D. V., Bramen, J., & Khodadadifar, M. (2009). Influence of the interstimulus interval on temporal processing and learning: Testing the state-dependent network model. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 364(1525), 1865–1873.
Buonomano, D. V., & Maass, W. (2009). State-dependent computations: Spatiotemporal processing in cortical networks. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 113.
Buonomano, D. V., & Mauk, M. D. (1994). Neural network model of the cerebellum: Temporal discrimination and the timing of motor responses. Neural Computation, 6(1), 38–55.
Buonomano, D. V., & Merzenich, M. M. (1995). Temporal information transformed into a spatial code by a neural network with realistic properties. Science, 267(5200), 1028–1030.
Burr, D. C., & Santoro, L. (2001). Temporal integration of optic flow, measured by contrast and coherence thresholds. Vision Research, 41(15), 1891–1899.
Buzsáki, G., & Draguhn, A. (2004). Neuronal oscillations in cortical networks. Science, 304(5679), 1926–1929.
Cao, L., Veniero, D., Thut, G., & Gross, J. (2017). Role of the cerebellum in adaptation to delayed action effects. Current Biology, 27(16), 2442–2451.e1–e3.
Cecchi, A. S. (2018). Cognitive penetration of early vision in face perception. Consciousness and Cognition, 63, 254–266.
Chuard, P. (2011). Temporal experiences and their parts. Philosophers’ Imprint, 11(11), 1–28.
Chuard, P. (2017). The snapshot conception of temporal experiences. In I. Phillips (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of philosophy of temporal experience (pp. 121–132). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Cisek, P. (2009). Internal models. In M. D. Binder, N. Hirorawa, & U. Windhorst (Eds.), Encyclopedia of neuroscience (pp. 2009–2012). Berlin: Springer-Verlag GmbH.
Clark, A. (2013). Whatever next? predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36(03), 181–204.
Colombo, B. (2012). Mental imagery. In N. M. Seel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning (pp. 2187–2191). LLC, London: Springer Science+Business Media.
Cooper, L. A. (1990). Manipulation of visual information. In J. I. Elkind, S. K. Card, J. Hochberg, & B. M. Huey (Eds.), Human performance models for computer-aided engineering (pp. 144–158). San Diego, CA: Academic Press Inc.
Cooper, L. A., & Shepard, R. N. (1984). Turning something over in the mind. Scientific American, 251(6), 106–114.
Cowan, N. (2008). Sensory memory. In J. H. E. Byrne, & H. L. V. Roediger III (Eds.), Learning and memory: A comprehensive reference (Vol. 2, pp. 23–32). Cognitive psychology of memory. Oxford: Academic Press.
Cowan, N. (2017b). Working memory: The information you are now thinking of. In J. H. e. Byrne, & J. T. v. Wixted (Eds.), Learning and memory: A comprehensive reference (2nd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 147–161). Cognitive psycholoogy of memory. Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd.
Cowan, N. (1984). On short and long auditory stores. Psychological Bulletin, 96(2), 341–370.
Cowan, N. (1988). Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information-processing system. Psychological Bulletin, 104(2), 163–191.
Cowan, N. (1999). An embedded-processes model of working memory. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control (pp. 62–101). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(1), 87–114.
Cowan, N. (2015). Sensational memorability: Working memory for things we see, hear, feel, or somehow sense. In P. Jolicoeur, C. Lefebvre, & J. Martinez-Trujillo (Eds.), Mechanisms of sensory working memory: Attention and performance XXV (pp. 5–22). San Diego: Academic Press.
Craston, P., Wyble, B., Chennu, S., & Bowman, H. (2009). The attentional blink reveals serial working memory encoding: Evidence from virtual and human event-related potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21(3), 550–566.
Dainton, B. (2006). Stream of consciousness: Unity and continuity in conscious experience (6th ed.). London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Rev. ed. 2006.
Dainton, B. (2008). Sensing change. Philosophical. Issues, 18(1), 362–384.
Dainton, B. (2010). Time and space (2nd ed.). Durham: Acumen.
Dainton, B. (2017a). Temporal consciousness. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, winter (2018th ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
Dainton, B. (2017b). William Stern’s “Psychische Präsenzzeit.” In I. Phillips (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of philosophy of temporal experience (pp. 107–118). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group: Abingdon, Oxon.
D’Angiulli, A., & Reeves, A. (2002). Generating visual mental images: Latency and vividness are inversely related. Memory & Cognition, 30(8), 1179–1188.
D’Angiulli, A., Runge, M., Faulkner, A., Zakizadeh, J., Chan, A., & Morcos, S. (2013). Vividness of visual imagery and incidental recall of verbal cues, when phenomenological availability reflects long-term memory accessibility. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 1 (18 pages).
De Schrijver, S., & Barrouillet, P. (2017). Consolidation and restoration of memory traces in working memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(5), 1651–1657.
Dennett, D. C. (1991). Consciousness explained. New York, NY: Back Bay Books, Little, Brown and Company.
Dharani, K. (2015). The biology of thought: A neuronal mechanism in the generation of thought–a new molecular model (pp. 53–74) Chap. 3, Memory. San Diego: Academic Press.
Dutta, A., Shah, K., Silvanto, J., & Soto, D. (2014). Neural basis of non-conscious visual working memory. NeuroImage, 91, 336–343.
Dux, P. E., & Marois, R. (2009). The attentional blink: A review of data and theory. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 71(8), 1683–1700.
Ehm, W., Bach, M., & Kornmeier, J. (2011). Ambiguous figures and binding: EEG frequency modulations during multistable perception. Psychophysiology, 48(4), 547–558.
Eitam, B., Hassin, R. R., & Schul, Y. (2008). Nonconscious goal pursuit in novel environments: The case of implicit learning. Psychological Science, 19(3), 261–267.
Elliott, M. A., & Giersch, A. (2016). What happens in a moment. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article 1905 (7 pages).
Engel, A. K., Fries, P., & Singer, W. (2001). Dynamic predictions: Oscillations and synchrony in top-down processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(10), 704–716.
Engle, R. W. (2002). Working memory capacity as executive attention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(1), 19–23.
Feldman, H., & Friston, K. J. (2010). Attention, uncertainty, and free-energy. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, Article 215 (23 pages).
Fink, M., Ulbrich, P., Churan, J., & Wittmann, M. (2006). Stimulus-dependent processing of temporal order. Behavioural Processes, 71(2), 344–352. Interval timing: The current status.
Finke, R. (1989). Principles of mental imagery, A Bradford book. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Finke, R. A. (1980). Levels of equivalence in imagery and perception. Psychological Review, 87(2), 113–132.
Firestone, C., & Scholl, B. J. (2016). Cognition does not affect perception: Evaluating the evidence for “top-down’’ effects. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 39, e229.
Fodor, J. A., & Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1981). How direct is visual perception?: Some reflections on Gibson’s “ecological approach’’. Cognition, 9(2), 139–196.
Foster, J. (1979). In Self-defence.In G. F. Macdonald (Ed.), Perception and identity: Essays presented to A. J. Ayer with his replies to them (pp. 161–185). London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
Foster, J. (1982). The case for idealism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Foster, J. (1991). The immaterial self: A defence of the Cartesian dualist conception of the mind. London: Routledge.
Franklin, D. W., & Wolpert, D. M. (2011). Computational mechanisms of sensorimotor control. Neuron, 72(3), 425–442.
Fries, P., Nikolić, D., & Singer, W. (2007). The gamma cycle. Trends in Neurosciences, 30(7), 309–316. July INMED/TINS special issue–Physiogenic and pathogenic oscillations: The beauty and the beast.
Friston, K. (2003). Learning and inference in the brain. Neural Networks, 16(9), 1325–1352. Neuroinformatics.
Friston, K. (2005). A theory of cortical responses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 360(1456), 815–836.
Friston, K. (2008). Hierarchical models in the brain. PLOS Computational Biology, 4(11), e100021 (24 pages).
Friston, K. (2009). The free-energy principle: A rough guide to the brain? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(7), 293–301.
Friston, K. (2010). The free-energy principle: A unified brain theory? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(2), 127–138.
Friston, K. (2018). Does predictive coding have a future? Nature Neuroscience, 21(8), 1019–1021.
Friston, K. J., Daunizeau, J., & Kiebel, S. J. (2009). Reinforcement learning or active inference?. PloS ONE, 4(7), e6421.
Friston, K., Schwartenbeck, P., Fitzgerald, T., Moutoussis, M., Behrens, T., & Dolan, R. J. (2013). The anatomy of choice: Active inference and agency. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(598), Article 598, 1–18.
Friston, K. J., Daunizeau, J., Kilner, J., & Kiebel, S. J. (2010). Action and behavior: A free-energy formulation. Biological Cybernetics, 102(3), 227–260.
Friston, K., FitzGerald, T., Rigoli, F., Schwartenbeck, P., O’Doherty, J., & Pezzulo, G. (2016). Active inference and learning. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 68, 862–879.
Friston, K. J., Joffily, M., Barrett, L. F., & Seth, A. K. (2018). Active inference and emotions. In A. S. Fox, R. C. Lapate, A. J. Shackman, & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotions: Fundamental questions (2nd ed., pp. 28–33). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Friston, K., Schwartenbeck, P., FitzGerald, T., Moutoussis, M., Behrens, T., & Dolan, R. J. (2014). The anatomy of choice: Dopamine and decision-making. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1655), 20130481.
Friston, K. J., & Stephan, K. E. (2007). Free-energy and the brain. Synthese, 159(3), 417–458.
Friston, K. J., Trujillo-Barreto, N., & Daunizeau, J. (2008). Dem: A variational treatment of dynamic systems. NeuroImage, 41(3), 849–885.
Galdo-Alvarez, S., Bonilla, F. M., González-Villar, A. J., & de-la Peña, M. T. C. (2016). Functional equivalence of imagined vs. real performance of an inhibitory task: An EEG/ERP study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, Article 467.
Gallagher, S. (1998). The inordinance of time. Ivanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.
Gallagher, S., & Zahavi, D. (2012). The phenomenological mind (2nd ed.). London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Ganis, G., Thompson, W. L., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2004). Brain areas underlying visual mental imagery and visual perception: An fMRI study. Cognitive Brain Research, 20(2), 226–241.
García-Pérez, M. A., & Alcalá-Quintana, R. (2018). Perceived temporal order and simultaneity: Beyond psychometric functions. In A. Vatakis, F. Balcı, D. M. Luca, & A. Correa (Eds.), Timing and time perception: Procedures, measures, and applications (pp. 263–294). Leiden: Brill.
Glennerster, A. (2007). Marr’s vision: Twenty-five years on. Current Biology, 17(11), R397–R399.
Goel, A., & Buonomano, D. V. (2014). Timing as an intrinsic property of neural networks: evidence from in vivo and in vitro experiments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 369(1637), 20120460 (12 pages).
Gold, I. (1999). Does 40-Hz oscillation play a role in visual consciousness? Consciousness and Cognition, 8(2), 186–195.
Gori, M., Sciutti, A., Jacono, M., Sandini, G., Morrone, C., & Burr, D. C. (2013). Long integration time for accelerating and decelerating visual, tactile and visual-tactile stimuli. Multisensory Research, 26(1–2), 53–68.
Goudar, V., & Buonomano, D. V. (2018). Encoding sensory and motor patterns as time-invariant trajectories in recurrent neural networks. eLife, 7, e31134 (28 pages).
Gray, C. M. (1999). The temporal correlation hypothesis of visual feature integration. Neuron, 24(1), 31–47.
Grondin, S., Hasuo, E., Kuroda, T., & Nakajima, Y. (2018). Auditory time perception. In R. A. Bader (Ed.), Springer handbook of systematic musicology (pp. 423–440). Germany: Springer-Verlag GmbH. Chap. 21, S. Koelschy (Ed.), Part C: Music psychology-physiolog.
Grondin, S. (2010). Timing and time perception: A review of recent behavioral and neuroscience findings and theoretical directions. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 72(3), 561–582.
Gross, S. (2017). Cognitive penetration and attention. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 221 (12 pages).
Grush, R. (2004). The emulation theory of representation: Motor control, imagery, and perception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27(3), 377–396.
Grush, R. (2005). Internal models and the construction of time: Generalizing from state estimation to trajectory estimation to address temporal features of perception, including temporal illusions. Journal of Neural Engineering, 2(3), S209–S218.
Grush, R. (2006). How to, and how not to, bridge computational cognitive neuroscience and Husserlian phenomenology of time consciousness. Synthese, 153(3), 417–450.
Grush, R. (2007). Time and experience. In T. Müller (Ed.), Philosophie der zeit: Neue analytische ansätze (pp. 27–44). Frankfurt a. M.: Klostermann.
Grush, R. (2008). Temporal representation and dynamics. New Ideas in Psychology, 26(2), 146–157. Dynamics and Psychology.
Guell, X., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Schmahmann, J. D. (2018). Embodied cognition and the cerebellum: Perspectives from the dysmetria of thought and the universal cerebellar transform theories. Cortex, 100, 140–148. Embodiment disrupted: Tapping into movement disorders through syntax and action semantics.
Gupta, D. S. (2014). Processing of sub- and supra-second intervals in the primate brain results from the calibration of neuronal oscillators via sensory, motor, and feedback processes. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, Aritcle 816 (16 pages).
Hardman, K. O., Vergauwe, E., & Ricker, T. J. (2017). Categorical working memory representations are used in delayed estimation of continuous colors. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 43(1), 30–54.
Hass, J., & Durstewitz, D. (2014). Neurocomputational models of time perception. In H. Merchant & V. de Lafuente (Eds.), Neurobiology of interval timing, Advances in experimental medicine and biology (Vol. 829, pp. 49–71). NY, New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
Hassin, R. R. (2005). Nonconscious control and implicit working memory. Oxford series in social cognition and social neuroscience. In R. R. Hassin, J. S. Uleman, & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The new unconscious (pp. 196–222). New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc.
Hassin, R. R., Aarts, H., Eitam, B., Custers, R., & Kleiman, T. (2008). Non-conscious goal pursuit and the effortful control of behavior. In E. Morsella, J. A. Bargh, & P. M. Gollwitzer (Eds.), Oxford handbook of human action (pp. 549–566). New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc.
Hassin, R. R., Bargh, J. A., Engell, A. D., & McCulloch, K. C. (2009). Implicit working memory. Consciousness and Cognition, 18(3), 665–678.
Hassin, R. R., Bargh, J. A., & Zimerman, S. (2009). Automatic and flexible: The case of nonconscious goal pursuit. Social Cognition, 27(1), 20–36.
Hestevold, H. S. (2008). Presentism: Through thick and thin. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 89(3), 325–347.
Hoerl, C. (2013). A succession of feelings, in and of itself, is not a feeling of succession. Mind, 122(486), 373–417.
Hohwy, J. (2013). The predictive mind. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Howard, M. W. (2018). Memory as perception of the past: Compressed time in mind and brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(2), 124–136.
Hughes, J. R. (2008). Gamma, fast, and ultrafast waves of the brain: Their relationships with epilepsy and behavior. Epilepsy & Behavior, 13(1), 25–31.
Husserl, E. (1991). On the phenomenology of the consciousness of internal time (1893–1917) (J. B. Brough, Trans.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Hyun, J.-S., & Luck, S. J. (2007). Visual working memory as the substrate for mental rotation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(1), 154–158.
Ishikawa, T., Tomatsu, S., Izawa, J., & Kakei, S. (2016). The cerebro-cerebellum: Could it be loci of forward models?. Neuroscience Research, 104, 72–79. Body representation in the brain.
Ivry, R. B., & Schlerf, J. E. (2008). Dedicated and intrinsic models of time perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(7), 273–280.
Jacob, J., Jacobs, C., & Silvanto, J. (2015). Attention, working memory, and phenomenal experience of wm content: memory levels determined by different types of top-down modulation. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article 1603 (7 pages).
Jacobs, C., & Silvanto, J. (2015). How is working memory content consciously experienced? the ‘conscious copy’ model of WM introspection. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 55, 510–519.
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology (Vol. 1). New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Ji, E., Lee, K. M., & Kim, M.-S. (2017). Independent operation of implicit working memory under cognitive load. Consciousness and Cognition, 55, 214–222.
Joffily, M., & Coricelli, G. (2013). Emotional valence and the free-energy principle. PLOS Computational Biology, 9(6), e1003094 (14 pages).
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1989). Mental models. A Bradford book. In M. I. Posner (Ed.), The foundations of cognitive science (pp. 469–499). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1998). Imagery, visualization, and thinking. In J. Hochberg (Ed.), Perception and cognition at century’s end (pp. 441–467). San Diego: Academic Press.
Jolicœur, P., & Dell’Acqua, R. (1998). The demonstration of short-term consolidation. Cognitive Psychology, 36(2), 138–202.
Joliot, M., Ribary, U., & Llinás, R. (1994). Human oscillatory brain activity near 40 Hz coexists with cognitive temporal binding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91(24), 11748–11751.
Kanizsa, G. (1955). Margini quasi-percettivi in campi con stimolazione omogenea. Rivista di Psicologia, 49(1), 7–30. English translation: Quasi-perceptual margins in homogenously stimulated fields. In S. Petry, & G. E. Meyer (Eds.), (1987). The perception of illusory contours (pp. 40–49). New York: Springer.
Karmarkar, U. R., & Buonomano, D. V. (2007). Timing in the absence of clocks: Encoding time in neural network states. Neuron, 53(3), 427–438.
Kaya, E. M., & Elhilali, M. (2017). Modelling auditory attention. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 372(1714), 20160101.
Keller, A. (2011). Attention and olfactory consciousness. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, Article 380 (13 pages).
Kerner, B. S. (2009). Introduction to modern traffic flow theory and control: The long road to three-phase traffic theory. Berlin: Springer.
Kerner, B. S. (2017). Breakdown in traffic networks: Fundamentals of transportation science. Berlin: Springer.
Kosslyn, S. (1994). Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Kosslyn, S. M. (1980). Image and mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [Revised edition is published in 1986].
Kosslyn, S. M. (2005). Mental images and the brain. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22(3–4), 333–347.
Kosslyn, S. M. (2007). Remembering images. In M. A. Gluck, J. R. Anderson, & S. M. Kosslyn (Eds.), Memory and mind: A Festschrift for Gordon H. Bower (Chap. 7, pp. 93–109). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Taylor & Francis Group.
Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., & Alpert, N. M. (1997). Neural systems shared by visual imagery and visual perception: A positron emission tomography study. NeuroImage, 6(4), 320–334.
Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., & Ganis, G. (2006). The case for mental imagery. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Lagroix, H. E. P., Spalek, T. M., Wyble, B., Jannati, A., & Di Lollo, V. (2012). The root cause of the attentional blink: First-target processing or disruption of input control? Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 74(8), 1606–1622.
Lamme, V. A. F. (2003). Why visual attention and awareness are different. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(1), 12–18.
Lammers, N. A., de Haan, E. H., Pinto, Y. (2017). No evidence of narrowly defined cognitive penetrability in unambiguous vision. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 852 (6 pages).
Langerock, N., Vergauwe, E., Dirix, N., & Barrouillet, P. (2018). Is memory better for objects than for separate single features? the temporal hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44(6), 898–917.
Le Poidevin, R. (2007). The images of time: An essay on temporal representation. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
Lee, G. (2014). Extensionalism, atomism, and continuity. In L. N. Oaklander (Ed.), Debates in the metaphysics of time (pp. 149–173). Bloomsbury Academic.
Lee, G. (2014). Temporal experience and the temporal structure of experience. Philosophers’ Imprint, 14(3), 1–21.
Lee, G. (2014). Experiences and their parts. In D. Bennett & C. Hill (Eds.), Sensory integration and the unity of consciousness (pp. 287–321). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Lee, T. S., & Mumford, D. (2003). Hierarchical Bayesian inference in the visual cortex. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 20(7), 1434–1448.
Lemaire, B., & Portrat, S. (2018). A computational model of working memory integrating time-based decay and interference. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 416 (16 pages).
Lewis-Peacock, J. A., Kessler, Y., & Oberauer, K. (2018). The removal of information from working memory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1424(1), 33–44.
Li, J., Qian, J., & Liang, F. (2018). Evidence for the beneficial effect of perceptual grouping on visual working memory: an empirical study on illusory contour and a meta-analytic study. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 13864 (20 pages).
Liu, D., & Todorov, E. (2007). Evidence for the flexible sensorimotor strategies predicted by optimal feedback control. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(35), 9354–9368.
Lloyd, D. (2004). Radiant cool: A novel theory of consciousness. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Lloyd, D. (2012). Neural correlates of temporality: Default mode variability and temporal awareness. Consciousness and Cognition, 21(2), 695–703.
Lubashevsky, I. (2017). Physics of the human mind. AG, Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Lubashevsky, I., & Morimura, K. (2019). Physics of mind and car-following problem. In B. S. Kerner (Ed.), Complex dynamics of traffic management, Encyclopedia of complexity and systems science series (pp. 559–592). New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Maljkovic, V., & Nakayama, K. (1994). Priming of pop-out: I. role of features. Memory & Cognition, 22(6), 657–672.
Maljkovic, V., & Nakayama, K. (2000). Priming of popout: III. a short-term implicit memory system beneficial for rapid target selection. Visual Cognition, 7(5), 571–595.
Maljkovic, V., & Martini, P. (2005). Short-term memory for scenes with affective content. Journal of Vision, 5, 215–229.
Mance, I., Becker, M. W., & Liu, T. (2012). Parallel consolidation of simple features into visual short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38(2), 429–438.
Marek, S., Siegel, J. S., Gordon, E. M., Raut, R. V., Gratton, C., Newbold, D. J., Ortega, M., Laumann, T. O., Adeyemo, B., Miller, D. B., Zheng, A., Lopez, K. C., Berg, J. J., Coalson, R. S., Nguyen, A. L., Dierker, D., Van, A. N., Hoyt, C. R., McDermott, K. B., Norris, S. A., Shimony, J. S., Snyder, A. Z., Nelson, S. M., Barch, D. M., Schlaggar, B. L., Raichle, M. E., Petersen, S. E., Greene, D. J., & Dosenbach, N. U. F. (2018). Spatial and temporal organization of the individual human cerebellum. Neuron, 100(4), 977–993.e1–e7.
Marr, D. (1982). Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information, W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco. In 2010 the MIT press re-published the book with a foreword from Shimon Ullmann and an afterword from Tomaso Poggio under ISBN 9780262514620.
Martens, S., & Wyble, B. (2010). The attentional blink: Past, present, and future of a blind spot in perceptual awareness. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(6), 947–957.
Mauk, M. D., & Buonomano, D. V. (2004). The neural basis of temporal processing. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27(1), 307–340.
Mauk, M. D., & Donegan, N. H. (1997). A model of Pavlovian eyelid conditioning based on the synaptic organization of the cerebellum. Learning & Memory, 4(1), 130–158.
McKone, E. (1995). Short-term implicit memory for words and nonwords. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(5), 1108–1126.
McKone, E. (1998). The decay of short-term implicit memory: Unpacking lag. Memory & Cognition, 26(6), 1173–1186.
McKone, E., & Dennis, C. (2000). Short-term implicit memory: Visual, auditory, and cross-modality priming. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7(2), 341–346.
Medina, J. F., & Mauk, M. D. (2000). Computer simulation of cerebellar information processing. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 1205–1211.
Merchant, H., Harrington, D. L., & Meck, W. H. (2013). Neural basis of the perception and estimation of time. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 36(1), 313–336.
Miall, R., & Wolpert, D. M. (1996). Forward models for physiological motor control. Neural Networks, 9(8), 1265–1279. Four Major Hypotheses in Neuroscience.
Michon, J. A. (1985). The compleat time experiencer. In J. A. Michon & J. L. Jackson (Eds.), Time, Mind, and Behavior (pp. 20–52). Berlin: Springer.
Miyauchi, R., & Nakajima, T. (2005). Bilateral assimilation of two neighboring empty time intervals. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 22(3), 411–424.
Mogensen, J., & Overgaard, M. (2017). Reorganization of the connectivity between elementary functions - a model relating conscious states to neural connections. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 625 (21 pages).
Mogensen, J., & Overgaard, M. (2018). Reorganization of the connectivity between elementary functions as a common mechanism of phenomenal consciousness and working memory: From functions to strategies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 373(1755), 20170346 (11 pages).
Mohan, A., & Vanneste, S. (2017). Adaptive and maladaptive neural compensatory consequences of sensory deprivation-from a phantom percept perspective. Progress in Neurobiology, 153, 1–17.
Moore, B. C. J., & Gockel, H. E. (2012). Properties of auditory stream formation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 367(1591), 919–931.
Morey, C. C., & Cowan, N. (2018). Can we distinguish three maintenance processes in working memory? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1424(1), 45–51.
Mori, K., Manabe, H., Narikiyo, K., & Onisawa, N. (2013). Olfactory consciousness and gamma oscillation couplings across the olfactory bulb, olfactory cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 743 (13 pages).
Moulton, S. T., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2009). Imagining predictions: Mental imagery as mental emulation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1521), 1273–1280.
Mundle, C. W. K. (1966). Augustine’s pervasive error concerning time. Philosophy, 41(156), 165–168.
Münsterberg, H. (1889). Beiträge zur experimentellen Psychologie: Heft 2. Mohr, Freiburg: Akademische Verlagsbuchhandlung von J. C. B.
Nagaike, A., Mitsudo, T., Nakajima, Y., Ogata, K., Yamasaki, T., Goto, Y., & Tobimatsu, S. (2016). ‘Time-shrinking perception’ in the visual system: A psychophysical and high-density ERP study. Experimental Brain Research, 234(11), 3279–3290.
Nakajima, Y., & ten Hoopen, G. (1988). The effect of preceding time intervals on duration perception. Proceedings of the Autumn Meeting of Acoustical Society of Japan, 381–382. https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10003864756/en/.
Nakajima, Y., ten Hoopen, G., & Van Der Wilk, R. (1991). A new illusion of time perception. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 8(4), 431–448.
Nanay, B. (2010). Perception and imagination: Amodal perception as mental imagery. Philosophical Studies, 150(2), 239–254.
Nanay, B. (2018). Multimodal mental imagery. Cortex, 105, 125–134. Special Issue: The Eye’s Mind - visual imagination, neuroscience and the humanities.
Nanay, B. (2018a). The importance of amodal completion in everyday perception. i-Perception, 9(4), Article 2041669518788887 (16 pages).
Newen, A., & Vetter, P. (2017). Why cognitive penetration of our perceptual experience is still the most plausible account. Consciousness and Cognition, 47, 26–37. Cognitive Penetration and Predictive Coding.
Newen, A., Marchi, F., & Brössel, P. (2017a). Introduction—cognitive penetration and predictive coding. Pushing the debate forward with the recent achievements of cognitive science. Consciousness and Cognition, 47, 1–5. Cognitive Penetration and Predictive Coding.
Newen, A., Marchi, F., & Brössel, P. (Eds.). (2017b). Cognitive Penetration and Predictive Coding, 47. Consciousness and Cognition, Special Issue, 112 pages.
Nieuwenstein, M., & Wyble, B. (2014). Beyond a mask and against the bottleneck: Retroactive dual-task interference during working memory consolidation of a masked visual target. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(3), 1409–1427.
Oberauer, K. (2002). Access to information in working memory: Exploring the focus of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(3), 411–421.
O’Callaghan, C., Kveraga, K., Shine, J. M., Adams, R. B., & Bar, M. (2017). Predictions penetrate perception: Converging insights from brain, behaviour and disorder. Consciousness and Cognition, 47, 63–74. Cognitive Penetration and Predictive Coding.
Olivers, C. N. L., & Meeter, M. (2008). A boost and bounce theory of temporal attention. Psychological Review, 115(4), 836–863.
Olivers, C. N. L., van der Stigchel, S., & Hulleman, J. (2007). Spreading the sparing: Against a limited-capacity account of the attentional blink. Psychological Research, 71(2), 126–139.
O’Reilly, J. X., Mesulam, M. M., & Nobre, A. C. (2008). The cerebellum predicts the timing of perceptual events. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28(9), 2252–2260.
Overgaard, M. (2018). Phenomenal consciousness and cognitive access. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 373(1755), 20170353 (6 pages).
Overgaard, M., & Mogensen, J. (2014). Visual perception from the perspective of a representational, non-reductionistic, level-dependent account of perception and conscious awareness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1641), Article 20130209 (12 pages).
Palmiero, M., Piccardi, L., Giancola, M., Nori, R., D’Amico, S., & Olivetti Belardinelli, M. (2019). The format of mental imagery: From a critical review to an integrated embodied representation approach. Cognitive Processing, 20(3), 277–289.
Paton, J. J., & Buonomano, D. V. (2018). The neural basis of timing: Distributed mechanisms for diverse functions. Neuron, 98(4), 687–705.
Pearson, J., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2015). The heterogeneity of mental representation: Ending the imagery debate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(33), 10089–10092.
Pearson, J., Clifford, C. W. G., & Tong, F. (2008). The functional impact of mental imagery on conscious perception. Current Biology, 18(13), 982–986.
Pearson, J., Naselaris, T., Holmes, E. A., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2015). Mental imagery: Functional mechanisms and clinical applications. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(10), 590–602.
Pearson, J., & Westbrook, F. (2015). Phantom perception: Voluntary and involuntary nonretinal vision. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(5), 278–284.
Peters, M. (1989). The relationship between variability of intertap intervals and interval duration. Psychological Research, 51(1), 38–42.
Peterson, D. J., & Berryhill, M. E. (2013). The gestalt principle of similarity benefits visual working memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(6), 1282–1289.
Phillips, I. (2010). Perceiving temporal properties. European Journal of Philosophy, 18(2), 176–202.
Phillips, I. (2014). The temporal structure of experience. In V. Arstila & D. Lloyd (Eds.), Subjective time: The philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience of temporality (pp. 139–158). Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Phillips, I. (2014). Experience of and in time. Philosophy Compass, 9(2), 131–144.
Pilz, K. S., Zimmermann, C., Scholz, J., & Herzog, M. H. (2013). Long-lasting visual integration of form, motion, and color as revealed by visual masking. Journal of Vision, 13(10), 12 (11 pages).
Pincham, H. L., Bowman, H., & Szucs, D. (2016). The experiential blink: Mapping the cost of working memory encoding onto conscious perception in the attentional blink. Cortex, 81, 35–49.
Pinto, Y., Sligte, I. G., Shapiro, K. L., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2013). Fragile visual short-term memory is an object-based and location-specific store. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(4), 732–739.
Pitt, D. (2020). Mental representation. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, Spring 2020 ed. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
Pöppel, E. (1997). A hierarchical model of temporal perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1(2), 56–61.
Pöppel, E. (2009). Pre-semantically defined temporal windows for cognitive processing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1525), 1887–1896.
Pöppel, E., & Bao, Y. (2014). Temporal windows as a bridge from objective to subjective time. In V. Arstila & D. Lloyd (Eds.), Subjective time the philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience of temporality (pp. 241–261). Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Pressnitzer, D., & Hupé, J.-M. (2006). Temporal dynamics of auditory and visual bistability reveal common principles of perceptual organization. Current Biology, 16(13), 1351–1357.
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1980). Computation and cognition: Issues in the foundations of cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(1), 111–132.
Raftopoulos, A. (2009). Cognition and perception: How do psychology and neural science inform philosophy?, A Bradford Book. London, England: The MIT Press.
Raftopoulos, A. (2011). Late vision: Processes and epistemic status. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, Article 382 (12 pages).
Raftopoulos, A. (2014). The cognitive impenetrability of the content of early vision is a necessary and sufficient condition for purely nonconceptual content. Philosophical Psychology, 27(5), 601–620.
Raftopoulos, A. (2015). The cognitive impenetrability of perception and theory-ladenness. Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 46(1), 87–103.
Raftopoulos, A. (2017). Pre-cueing, the epistemic role of early vision, and the cognitive impenetrability of early vision. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 1156 (12 pages).
Raftopoulos, A., & Lupyan, G. (Eds.). (2018). Pre-cueing Effects on Perception and Cognitive Penetrability, Frontiers Media, Frontiers in Psychology, Lausanne.
Raftopoulos, A. (2019). Cognitive penetrability and the epistemic role of perception. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rammsayer, T. H., Borter, N., & Troche, S. J. (2015). Visual-auditory differences in duration discrimination of intervals in the subsecond and second range. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article 1626 (7 pages).
Rammsayer, T. H., & Grondin, S. (2000). Psychophysics of human timing. In R. Miller (Ed.), Time and the brain (pp. 181–194). Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Rammsayer, T. H., & Troche, S. J. (2014). Elucidating the internal structure of psychophysical timing performance in the sub-second and second range by utilizing confirmatory factor analysis. In H. Merchant & V. de Lafuente (Eds.), Neurobiology of interval timing (pp. 33–47). New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media.
Rao, R. P. N., & Ballard, D. H. (1999). Predictive coding in the visual cortex: A functional interpretation of some extra-classical receptive-field effects. Nature Neuroscience, 2(1), 79–87.
Rashbrook, O. (2013). An appearance of succession requires a succession of appearances. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 87(3), 584–610.
Rashbrook, O. (2013). The continuity of consciousness. European Journal of Philosophy, 21(4), 611–640.
Rashbrook, O. (2013). Diachronic and synchronic unity. Philosophical Studies, 164(2), 465–484.
Rashbrook-Cooper, O. (2017). Atomism, extensionalism and temporal presence. In I. Phillips (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of philosophy of temporal experience (pp. 133–145). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., & Arnell, K. M. (1992). Temporary suppression of visual processing in an rsvp task: An attentional blink? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18(3), 849–860.
Repp, B. H. (2005). Sensorimotor synchronization: A review of the tapping literature. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12(6), 969–992.
Repp, B. H. (2006). Rate limits of sensorimotor synchronization. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 2(2–3), 163–181.
Repp, B. H., & Su, Y.-H. (2013). Sensorimotor synchronization: A review of recent research (2006–2012). Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(3), 403–452.
Rhodes, S., & Cowan, N. (2018). Attention in working memory: Attention is needed but it yearns to be free. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1424(1), 52–63.
Ricker, T. J., & Cowan, N. (2014). Differences between presentation methods in working memory procedures: A matter of working memory consolidation. Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition,40(2), 417–428.
Ricker, T. J. (2015). The role of short-term consolidation in memory persistence. AIMS Neuroscience, 2(4), 259–279.
Ricker, T. J., & Hardman, K. O. (2017). The nature of short-term consolidation in visual working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146(11), 1551–1573.
Ricker, T. J., Nieuwenstein, M. R., Bayliss, D. M., & Barrouillet, P. (2018). Working memory consolidation: Insights from studies on attention and working memory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1424(1), 8–18.
Rideaux, R., Apthorp, D., & Edwards, M. (2015). Evidence for parallel consolidation of motion direction and orientation into visual short-term memory. Journal of Vision, 15(2), Article 17 (12 pages).
Roediger, H. L., Zaromb, F. M., & Lin, W. (2017). A typology of memory terms. In J. H. e. i. c. Byrne, & R. v. e. Menzel (Eds.), Learning and memory: A comprehensive reference (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 7–19). Learning theory and behavior. Amsterda: Elsevier Ltd.
Sasaki, T., Nakajima, Y., & ten Hoopen, G. (1998). Categorical rhythm perception as a result of unilateral assimilation in time-shrinking. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 16(2), 201–222.
Scarry, E. (2001). Dreaming by the book. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Scharnowski, F., Rüter, J., Jolij, J., Hermens, F., Kammer, T., & Herzog, M. H. (2009). Long-lasting modulation of feature integration by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of Vision, 9(6), 1 (10 pages).
Schmahmann, J. D. (2019). The cerebellum and cognition. Neuroscience Letters, 688, 62–75. The Cerebellum in Health and Disease.
Schneider, K. A., & Bavelier, D. (2003). Components of visual prior entry. Cognitive Psychology, 47(4), 333–366.
Schröger, E., Kotz, S., & SanMiguel, I. (Eds.). (2015). Predictive and Attentive Processing in Perception and Action, 1626. Brain Research, Special Issue, 280 pages.
Sergent, C. (2018). The offline stream of conscious representations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 373(1755), 20170349 (13 pages).
Sergent, C., Wyart, V., Babo-Rebelo, M., Cohen, L., Naccache, L., & Tallon-Baudry, C. (2013). Cueing attention after the stimulus is gone can retrospectively trigger conscious perception. Current Biology, 23(2), 150–155.
Seth, A. K. (2014). A predictive processing theory of sensorimotor contingencies: Explaining the puzzle of perceptual presence and its absence in synesthesia. Cognitive Neuroscience, 5(2), 97–118.
Shapiro, K. L., Raymond, J. E., & Arnell, K. M. (1997). The attentional blink. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1(8), 291–296.
Shen, D., & Alain, C. (2011). Temporal attention facilitates short-term consolidation during a rapid serial auditory presentation task. Experimental Brain Research, 215(3–4), 285–292.
Shepard, R. N., & Cooper, L. A. (1982). Mental images and their transformations, A Bradford book. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Shepard, R. N. (1978). The mental image. American Psychologist, 33(2), 125–137.
Shepard, R. N., & Metzler, J. (1971). Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science, 171(3972), 701–703.
Shepard, S., & Metzler, D. (1988). Mental rotation: Effects of dimensionality of objects and type of task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 14(1), 3–11.
Sima, J. F., Schultheis, H., & Barkowsky, T. (2013). Differences between spatial and visual mental representations. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 240.
Singer, W. (1993). Synchronization of cortical activity and its putative role in information processing and learning. Annual Review of Physiology, 55(1), 349–374.
Singer, W., & Gray, C. M. (1995). Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 18(1), 555–586.
Singh, I., & Howard, M. W. (2017). Recency order judgments in short term memory: Replication and extension of hacker (1980). bioRxiv.
Singh, I., Tiganj, Z., & Howard, M. W. (2018). Is working memory stored along a logarithmic timeline? converging evidence from neuroscience, behavior and models. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 153, Part A, 104–110. MCCS 2018: Time and Memory.
Singh, M. (2004). Modal and amodal completion generate different shapes. Psychological Science, 15(7), 454–459.
Sligte, I., Vandenbroucke, A., Scholte, H. S., & Lamme, V. (2010). Detailed sensory memory, sloppy working memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, Article 175 (10 pages).
Soteriou, M. (2010). Perceiving events. Philosophical Explorations, 13(3), 223–241.
Soteriou, M. (2013). The mind’s construction: The ontology of mind and mental action. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Soto, D., Mäntylä, T., & Silvanto, J. (2011). Working memory without consciousness. Current Biology, 21(22), R912–R913.
Soto, D., & Silvanto, J. (2014). Reappraising the relationship between working memory and conscious awareness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(10), 520–525.
Spencer, R. M. C., Karmarkar, U., & Ivry, R. B. (2009). Evaluating dedicated and intrinsic models of temporal encoding by varying context. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 364(1525), 1853–1863.
Sperling, G. (1960). The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 74(11). Whole No., 498, 1–29.
Sprigge, T. L. S. (1984). The vindication of absolute idealism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Stelmach, L. B., & Herdman, C. M. (1991). Directed attention and perception of temporal order. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17(2), 539–550.
Sternberg, S., & Knoll, R. L. (1973). The perception of temporal order: Fundamental issues and a general model. In S. Kornblum (Ed.), Attention and performance: IV (pp. 629–685). New York: Academic Press.
Stevanovski, B., & Jolicœur, P. (2011). Consolidation of multifeature items in visual working memory: Central capacity requirements for visual consolidation. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 73(4), 1108–1119.
Swanson, L. R. (2016). The predictive processing paradigm has roots in kant. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 10, Article 79 (13 pages).
Tanida, K., & Pöppel, E. (2006). A hierarchical model of operational anticipation windows in driving an automobile. Cognitive Processing, 7(4), 275–287.
ten Hoopen, G., Miyauchi, R., & Nakajima, Y. (2008). Time-based illusions and the auditory mode. In S. Grondin (Ed.), Psychology of time (pp. 139–187). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.
ten Hoopen, G., Sasaki, T., Nakajima, Y., Remijn, G., Massier, B., Rhebergen, K. S., & Holleman, W. (2006). Time-shrinking and categorical temporal ratio perception: Evidence for a 1:1 temporal category. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 24(1), 1–22.
Therrien, A. S., & Bastian, A. J. (2019). The cerebellum as a movement sensor. Neuroscience Letters, 688, 37–40. The Cerebellum in Health and Disease.
Thibault, L., van den Berg, R., Cavanagh, P., & Sergent, C. (2016). Retrospective attention gates discrete conscious access to past sensory stimuli. PLoS ONE, 11(2), e0148504 (13 pages).
Thomas, N. J. T. (2014). Mental imagery. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, Summer 2019 ed. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
Todorov, E. (2004). Optimality principles in sensorimotor control. Nature Neuroscience, 7(9), 907–915.
Treiber, M., & Kesting, A. (2013). Traffic flow dynamics: Data models and simulation. Berlin: Springer.
Tse, P. U. (1999). Volume completion. Cognitive Psychology, 39(1), 37–68.
Tversky, B. (1993). Cognitive maps, cognitive collages, and spatial mental models. In A. U. Frank, & I. Campari (Eds.), Spatial information theory: A theoretical basis for GIS. COSIT 1993 (Vol. 716, pp. 14–24). Lecture notes in computer science. Berlin: Springer.
Tye, M. (2003). Consciousness and persons: Unity and identity. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Ulbrich, P., Churan, J., Fink, M., & Wittmann, M. (2009). Perception of temporal order: The effects of age, sex, and cognitive factors. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 16(2), 183–202.
van Rijn, H., Gu, B.-M., & Meck, W. H. (2014). Dedicated clock/timing-circuit theories of time perception and timed performance. In H. Merchant & V. de Lafuente (Eds.), Neurobiology of interval timing, Advances in experimental medicine and biology (Vol. 829, pp. 75–99). NY, New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
van Wassenhove, V. (2009). Minding time in an amodal representational space. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 364(1525), 1815–1830.
Vandenbroucke, A. R. E., Sligte, I. G., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2011). Manipulations of attention dissociate fragile visual short-term memory from visual working memory. Neuropsychologia, 49(6), 1559–1568. Attention and Short-Term Memory.
Vatakis, A., & Spence, C. (2007). Crossmodal binding: Evaluating the “unity assumption’’ using audiovisual speech stimuli. Perception & Psychophysics, 69(5), 744–756.
Velichkovsky, B. B. (2017). Consciousness and working memory: Current trends and research perspectives. Consciousness and Cognition, 55, 35–45.
Vogel, E. K., Woodman, G. F., & Luck, S. J. (2006). The time course of consolidation in visual working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32(6), 1436–1451.
Warren, R. M., & Obusek, C. J. (1972). Identification of temporal order within auditory sequences. Perception & Psychophysics, 12(1), 86–90.
Wearden, J. (2016). The psychology of time perception. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Weiß, K., & Scharlau, I. (2011). Simultaneity and temporal order perception: Different sides of the same coin? evidence from a visual prior-entry study. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64(2), 394–416.
White, P. A. (2017). The three-second “subjective present’’: A critical review and a new proposal. Psychological Bulletin, 143(7), 735–756.
White, P. A. (2020). The perceived present: What is it, and what is it there for? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 27(4), 583–601.
Whitehead, A. N. (1929/1978). In D. R. Griffin, & D. W. Sherburne (Eds.), Process and reality: An essay in cosmology, corrected edn. New York: The Free Press, A Division of Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.
Wiese, W. (2017). Predictive processing and the phenomenology of time consciousness: A hierarchical extension of Rick Grush’s trajectory estimation model. In T. K. Metzinger, & W. Wiese (Eds.), Philosophy and predictive processing. MIND Group, Frankfurt am Main, chapter 26, p. (21 pages).
Winlove, C. I. P., Milton, F., Ranson, J., Fulford, J., MacKisack, M., Macpherson, F., & Zeman, A. (2018). The neural correlates of visual imagery: A co-ordinate-based meta-analysis. Cortex, 105, 4–25. Special Issue: The Eye’s Mind - visual imagination, neuroscience and the humanities.
Wittmann, M. (2011). Moments in time,.Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 5, Article 66 (9 pages).
Wittmann, M. (2015). Modulations of the experience of self and time. Consciousness and Cognition, 38, 172–181.
Wittmann, M. (2016). The duration of presence. In B. Mölder, V. Arstila, & P. Øhrstrøm (Eds.), Philosophy and psychology of time (pp. 101–113). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Wittmann, M., von Steinbüchel, N., & Szelag, E. (2001). Hemispheric specialisation for self-paced motor sequences. Cognitive Brain Research, 10(3), 341–344.
Wolpert, D. M., Miall, R. C., & Kawato, M. (1998). Internal models in the cerebellum. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2(9), 338–347.
Wyble, B., Bowman, H., & Nieuwenstein, M. (2009). The attentional blink provides episodic distinctiveness: Sparing at a cost. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35(3), 787–807.
Wyble, B., Potter, M. C., Bowman, H., & Nieuwenstein, M. (2011). Attentional episodes in visual perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140(3), 488–505.
Xia, Y., Morimoto, Y., & Noguchi, Y. (2016). Retrospective triggering of conscious perception by an interstimulus interaction. Journal of Vision, 16(7), 3.
Yang, T., Strasburger, H., Pöppel, E., & Bao, Y. (2018). Attentional modulation of speed-change perception in the perifoveal and near-peripheral visual field. PLOS ONE, 13(8), e0203024 (17 pages).
Yarrow, K., Martin, S. E., Di Costa, S., Solomon, J. A., & Arnold, D. H. (2016). A roving dual-presentation simultaneity-judgment task to estimate the point of subjective simultaneity. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article 416 (19 pages).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lubashevsky, I., Plavinska, N. (2021). Temporal Structure of Now from a Close-Up View. In: Physics of the Human Temporality. Understanding Complex Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82612-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82612-3_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-82611-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-82612-3
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)