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Circulating Glutamate as a Potential Biomarker of Central Fat Accumulation and Concomitant Cardiometabolic Alterations

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Biomarkers in Nutrition

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Abstract

Accumulation of excess lipids in ectopic locations such as visceral adipose tissue (VAT), liver, skeletal muscle, and pancreas contributes to a higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases or complications including steatohepatitis, type 2 diabetes, and heart diseases. In the last decade, many studies have reported that circulating concentration of the amino acid glutamate is positively associated with measurements of the amount of visceral or abdominal fat. Therefore, this analyte has been suggested as a potential biomarker for these conditions. Yet, the pathophysiology of the association between circulating glutamate and visceral/abdominal obesity has not been elucidated. Dietary glutamate is extensively used by enterocytes, resulting in a very small proportion reaching the bloodstream. Therefore, increased dietary glutamate intake, in the form of monosodium glutamate or other, is unlikely to explain the association between circulating glutamate and central adiposity. Branched-chain amino acids are known to be elevated in obesity through downregulation of their catabolism in this condition. Because glutamate is a by-product of this pathway, and not a substrate, it is unlikely that lower BCAA catabolism increases circulating glutamate levels. Additional pathways may contribute to explain the link between glutamate and abdominal, visceral obesity. The uncertainty regarding the basis of this association underscores the necessity of performing additional research to firmly establish the biological plausibility and biomarker potential of circulating glutamate concentration.

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Abbreviations

aKG:

Alpha-ketoglutarate

BCAAs:

Branched-chain amino acids

BCAT:

Branched-chain aminotransferase

BCKA:

Branched-chain ketoacid

BCKD:

Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase

BMI:

Body mass index

CT:

Computed tomography

CVD:

Cardiovascular diseases

DXA:

Dual energy absorptiometry

HbA1c:

Glycated hemoglobin

HDL:

High density lipoprotein

HOMA-IR:

Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

MetS:

Metabolic syndrome

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MSG:

Monosodium glutamate

NAFLD:

Nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases

SAT:

Subcutaneous adipose tissue

SD:

Standard deviation

T2D:

Type 2 diabetes

VAT:

Visceral adipose tissue

VLDL:

Very-low-density lipoprotein

WC:

Waist circumference

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Québec, QC, Canada

    Ina Maltais-Payette & André Tchernof

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  1. Ina Maltais-Payette
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  2. André Tchernof
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Correspondence to André Tchernof .

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  1. Biomedical Science, University of Westminster, London, UK

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Franklin-Wilkins Bldg, Rm 4.101, 4th Fl, Kings Coll London, Sch Biomed Health Sci, London, UK

    Victor R. Preedy

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Maltais-Payette, I., Tchernof, A. (2022). Circulating Glutamate as a Potential Biomarker of Central Fat Accumulation and Concomitant Cardiometabolic Alterations. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R. (eds) Biomarkers in Nutrition . Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81304-8_56-1

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