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Salivary C-Reactive Protein as a Biomarker and Implications for Diabetes

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Biomarkers in Diabetes

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Abstract

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein synthesized by the liver due to inflammation. Higher CRP concentration has been linked to the increased risk of developing diabetes. Saliva is a biofluid rich in more analytes, proteins, peptides, and an alternative for serum/plasma to identify disease markers. Increased salivary CRP concentration is due to the low-grade inflammation associated with type 2-diabetes (T2D). This chapter focuses on the extent of CRP in different pathogenic conditions, explicitly discussing the CRP relationship with diabetes. The circulating CRP is used as a biomarker to diagnose the extent of disease. The salivary and serum association of CRP shows a positive correlation, and it helps to include saliva as a noninvasive body fluid to measure the biomarkers. The salivary sample is easy to collect from children noninvasively, repetitive sample collection from the patients or participants to measure the CRP for early detection or to know the prognosis and therapy of the disease condition. The finding of risk factors over time reports salivary CRP as an essential biomarker to measure T2D screening.

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Abbreviations

1,5-AG:

1,5-anhydroglucitol

A2MG:

α-2-macroglobulin

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

ADA:

American Diabetes Association

AMD:

Age-related macular degeneration

AUC:

Area under the curve

CHD:

Coronary heart disease

CRP:

C-reactive protein

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

FDA-NIH:

Food and Drug Administration-National Institutes of Health

GDF15:

Growth differentiation factor 15

HbA1c:

Hemoglobin A1c

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

IFG:

Impaired fasting glucose

IGFBP-2:

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2

IL-1RA:

Interleukin receptor-1 antagonist

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

MI:

Myocardial infarction

NW:

Normal weight

OW/OB:

Overweight/obese

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PE:

Phycoerythrin

ROC:

Receiver-operating characteristics

SLE:

Systemic lupus erythematosus

T2D:

Type 2-diabetes

TMB:

Tetramethylbenzidine

TNF-αR2:

Tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 2

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA

    Vaithinathan Selvaraju, Jeganathan Ramesh Babu & Thangiah Geetha

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  1. Vaithinathan Selvaraju
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  2. Jeganathan Ramesh Babu
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  3. Thangiah Geetha
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Correspondence to Thangiah Geetha .

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  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Franklin-Wilkins Bldg, Rm 4.101, 4th Fl, Kings Coll London, Sch Biomed Health Sci, London, UK

    Victor R. Preedy

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Selvaraju, V., Babu, J.R., Geetha, T. (2022). Salivary C-Reactive Protein as a Biomarker and Implications for Diabetes. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R. (eds) Biomarkers in Diabetes. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81303-1_17-1

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