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Trends 8–14

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Religion in the Age of Re-Globalization

Part of the book series: Culture and Religion in International Relations ((CRIR))

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Abstract

An eighth trend is the apparent—although often still “weak” but widespread—liberalization process within some of the politically and socially most authoritarian and strict religious societies.

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Notes

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  3. 3.

    The Japan Times: The Dalai Lama Pushes Reform. March 19, 2011, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2011/03/19/editorials/the-dalai-lama-pushes-reform/#.XjybOBdCd0t (last accessed October 27, 2020).

  4. 4.

    Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Religious Diversity (Pluralism). November 2, 2020, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/religious-pluralism/ (last accessed October 27, 2020).

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    Priyanka Boghani: The Paradox of Saudi Arabia’s Social Reforms. In: PBS Frontline, October 1, 2019, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-paradox-of-saudi-arabias-social-reforms/ (last accessed October 27, 2020).

  6. 6.

    BBC News: Landmark Islamic Funeral Held for Sex Worker in Bangladesh, February 12, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-51472606 (last accessed October 27, 2020).

  7. 7.

    Ibid.

  8. 8.

    Farnaz Fassihi and David D. Kirkpatrick: Iran Cracks Down as protests Over Downing of Airliner Grow. Remarkably, Some Criticism Is Coming from Some within the Government’s Hard-Line Power Base. In: The New York Times, January 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/12/world/middleeast/iran-plane-protests.html (last accessed November 3, 2020).

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    Simon Tisdall: Repression in Iran Is Getting worse: Trump Must Share the Blame. In: The Guardian, 14 June 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jun/14/iran-nasrin-sotoudeh-trump (last accessed October 27, 2020).

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    BBC News: Saad Lamjarred: Moroccan Singer Faces Third Rape Charge. August 28, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45319394 (last accessed October 27, 2020).

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    Ibid.

  14. 14.

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    Eric R. Wolf: Religious Regimes and State Formation: Perspectives from European Ethnology. State University of New York Press, Albany, 1991.

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  19. 19.

    Ibid.

  20. 20.

    Fouad Gehad Marei and Gabriel Malli: Rewiring the House of God: Religious Self-World Relations in the Digital Environment. Online Workshop, September 15–17, 2021, to be found at: https://architexturez.net/pst/az-cf-217417-1611242533.

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    Dubai Islamic Affairs & Charitable Activities Department (IACAD), https://www.iacad.gov.ae/en/Pages/default.aspx (last accessed October 27, 2020).

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    The New Arab / Alaraby: Virtual Mufti: Dubai Launches ‘First Ever’ Artificial Intelligence-Powered Fatwa Service, loc cit.

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  27. 27.

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  29. 29.

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  31. 31.

    Ibid.

  32. 32.

    James Wood: Kazuo Ishiguro Uses Artificial Intelligence to Reveal the Limits of Our Own. In: The New Yorker, March 1, 2021, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/11/09/does-knowing-god-just-take-practice.

  33. 33.

    Ibid.

  34. 34.

    Ibid.

  35. 35.

    Ibid.

  36. 36.

    Ibid.

  37. 37.

    Ibid.

  38. 38.

    Yuval Noah Harari: New Religions of the Twenty-First Century. Talks at Google. In: YouTube, February 08, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6BK5Q_Dblo (last accessed October 27, 2020).

  39. 39.

    Stan Stalnaker: Technology-Oriented Religions Are Coming. In: Quartz, October 9, 2019, https://qz.com/1723739/technology-oriented-religions-are-coming/ (last accessed October 27, 2020).

  40. 40.

    Cambridge University Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities (CRASSH): The Rise of Data Religion, http://www.crassh.cam.ac.uk/events/26948 (last accessed November 3, 2020).

  41. 41.

    Stan Stalnaker: Technology-oriented religions are coming, loc cit.

  42. 42.

    Yuval Noah Harari: New Religions of the Twenty-First Century, loc cit.

  43. 43.

    Ibid.

  44. 44.

    Ben Murnane: Ayn Rand and the Posthuman. The Mind-Made Future. Palgrave MacMillan / Springer International, Cham, Switzerland, 2018.

  45. 45.

    Cf. Ayn Rand: The Virtue of Selfishness. Signet, New York, 1964.

  46. 46.

    Roland Benedikter, Katja Siepmann and Annabella Mcintosh: Zoltan Istvan’s “Teleological Egocentric Functionalism”: A Libertarian Philosophical Basis For “Transhumanist” Politics. A Viable Approach Towards A Sustainable Political Agenda? In: D. W. Wood and A. J. Karran (eds.): Envisioning Politics 2.0. How AIs, Cyborgs, and Transhumanism Can Enhance Democracy and Improve Society. „Transpolitica“ Book Series, Volume 2, edited by the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (IEET) and Trinity College Hartfort, Connecticut, Hartford 2015, pp. 16–36, http://transpolitica.org/publications/envisioning-politics-2-0/ (last accessed October 19, 2020).

  47. 47.

    Transhumanist Party of the USA: https://transhumanist-party.org/ (last accessed November 3, 2020).

  48. 48.

    Original & historic website of the Transhumanist Party: http://www.zoltanistvan.com/TranshumanistParty.html (last accessed November 3, 2020).

  49. 49.

    Global Future Congress 2045: http://gf2045.com/ (last accessed October 27, 2020).

  50. 50.

    Global Future Congress 2045: Open Letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon: An Appeal by Participants of the Second International Global Future 2045 Congress to United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, March 11, 2013, http://gf2045.com/read/208/ (last accessed October 27, 2020).

  51. 51.

    Ibid.

  52. 52.

    Ibid.

  53. 53.

    Sigal Samuel: How Biohackers Are Trying to Upgrade Their Brains, Their Bodies—And Human Nature. 9 Questions About Biohacking You Were Too Embarrassed to Ask. In: Vox, November 15, 2019, https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/6/25/18682583/biohacking-transhumanism-human-augmentation-genetic-engineering-crispr (last accessed October 27, 2020).

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    James Hamblin: 7 Biohacks to Master Before Worrying About Other Biohacks: Stay Focused. In: The Atlantic, March 13, 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2019/03/top-biohacks/584584/ (last accessed October 27, 2020).

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    Spencer Michels: What Is Biohacking and Why Should We Care? In: PBS News Hour, September 23, 2014, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/biohacking-care (last accessed October 27, 2020).

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    Filippo Guizzetti: Biohacking: Democratization of Science or Just a Quirky Hobby? In: Labiotech.eu, November 07, 2018, https://www.labiotech.eu/in-depth/biohacking-democratisation-science-hobby/ (last accessed October 27, 2020).

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    Alessandro Delfanti: Biohackers: The Politics of Open Science. Pluto Press, London, 2013, to be found at: https://delfanti.org/biohackers/ (last accessed November 4, 2020).

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    Biohackinfo: Universal Declaration of Cyborg Rights, n.d., https://biohackinfo.com/cyborg-rights/ (last accessed October 27, 2020).

  60. 60.

    UN: Universal Declaration of Human Rights, https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ (last accessed October 27, 2020).

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    Karin Harrasser, Daniel Tyradellis, Ashley Hans Scheirl et al.: Körper [Body]. In: Kulturstiftung des Bundes, Magazin #32, https://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/de/magazin/magazin_32.html (last accessed October 27, 2020).

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    Julian Savulescu and Nick Bostrom: Human Enhancement. Oxford University Press Inc., New York, United States, 2009.

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    Cyborg Foundation: The Cyborg Bill of Rights V1.0, https://www.cyborgfoundation.com/ (last accessed October 27, 2020).

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    Zoltan Istvan: Atheism Advocate: Religion Is Harming Society and Lives. In: The Huffington Post, December 6, 2017, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/atheist-presidential-cand_b_11005072?guccounter=1 (last accessed October 27, 2020).

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    Zoltan Istvan: To Ensure a Future of Transhumanism, Atheists Should Confront the Deathist Culture Religion Has Sown. In: The Huffington Post, December 6, 2017, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/should-atheists-confront-_b_9303396 (last accessed October 27, 2020).

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    Zoltan Istvan: The Future of Politics and Transhumanism. In: Future Thinkers Podcast, Episode #015, https://futurethinkers.org/zoltan-istvan-future-politics-transhumanism/ (last accessed October 27, 2020).

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    Fondazione Bruno Kessler: New Spaces and Architectures of the Sacred. Workshop, April 05, 2018, https://isr.fbk.eu/en/events/detail/13795/new-spaces-and-architectures-of-the-sacred-workshop-2018/ (last accessed October 27, 2020).

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  85. 85.

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  86. 86.

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  94. 94.

    Ibid.

  95. 95.

    Ibid.

  96. 96.

    Janka Oertel: On 5G, Brussels is Up to the Job. The EU’s New 5G Toolbox Is an Important Component in Strengthening Its Technological Sovereignty—And Its Array of Defence Mechanisms vis-à-vis China. In: European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), February 3, 2020, https://ecfr.eu/article/commentary_on_5g_brussels_is_up_to_the_job/ (last accessed October 27, 2020).

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    Briar Lipson: Extinction Rebellion: New Zealand’s Newest Religion. In: The New Zealand Initiative, October 11, 2019, https://www.nzinitiative.org.nz/reports-and-media/opinion/extinction-rebellion-new-zealands-newest-religion (last accessed October 27, 2020).

  101. 101.

    Die Welt: „Klimaschutz hat religiöse Züge angenommen“ [“Climate protection has acquired religious traits”], December 23, 2019, https://www.welt.de/vermischtes/article204543006/Kardinal-Woelki-Klimaschutz-hat-religioese-Zuege-angenommen.html (last accessed October 27, 2020).

  102. 102.

    Briar Lipson: Extinction Rebellion: New Zealand’s Newest Religion, loc cit.

  103. 103.

    Cf. Roland Benedikter: Return of the “Perennial Philosophy” in the 21st Century: Fact or Wishful Thinking? Review of John Holman: The Return of the Perennial Philosophy. Watkins Publishing London 2008. In: Journal for the Study of Spirituality (JSS). The Journal of the British Association for the Study of Spirituality, No. 1.1/2011 (May), Equinox Academic Publishers, Sheffield 2011, pp. 129–133.

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Benedikter, R. (2022). Trends 8–14. In: Religion in the Age of Re-Globalization. Culture and Religion in International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80857-0_11

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