Skip to main content

Anthrax in the Ear, Nose, and Throat Area in Children

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pediatric ENT Infections

Abstract

Anthrax is a zoonosis that causes disease in herbivores. Human anthrax most often occurs in agricultural areas where anthrax is common in animals. However, the global importance of Bacillus anthracis has increased as a potential bioterrorism agent following the “anthrax letter” events of 2001 in the United States (US) [1]. Human cases acquired through natural routes are usually associated with contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products [1]. Anthrax has three main clinical forms, depending on the type of exposure: cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalation anthrax. Each can lead to a visit to a pediatrician or an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Martin GJ, Friedlander AM. Bacillus anthracis (anthrax). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, editors. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2020. p. 2550–69.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bratcher DF. Bacillus species (anthrax). In: Long SS, Prober CG, Fischer M, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018. p. 770–3.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. Pilo P, Frey J. Pathogenicity, population genetics and dissemination of Bacillus anthracis. Infect Genet Evol. 2018;64:115–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Cooper IA, Russell P, Thwaite JE. Bacillus: anthrax; food poisoning. In: Barer MR, Irving W, Swann A, Perera N, editors. Medical microbiology: a guide to microbial infections. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2021. p. 169–77.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bradley PJ, Ferlito A, Brandwein MS, Benninger MS, Rinaldo A. Anthrax: what should the otolaryngologist know? Acta Otolaryngol. 2002;122:580–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Edwards MS. Anthrax. In: Cherry JD, Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL, Steinbach WJ, Hotez PJ, editors. Feigin and Cherry's textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019. p. 938–41.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Doganay M, Metan G. Human anthrax in Turkey from 1990 to 2007. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2009;9:131–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Swartz MN. Recognition and management of anthrax--an update. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1621–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Doganay M, Demirarslan H. Human anthrax as a re-emerging disease. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2015;10:10–29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Freedman A, Afonja O, Chang MW, et al. Cutaneous anthrax associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and coagulopathy in a 7-month-old child. JAMA. 2002;287:869–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Inglesby TV, O'Toole T, Henderson DA, Working Group on Civilian Biodefense, et al. Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management. JAMA. 2002;287:2236–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Kman NE, Nelson RN. Infectious agents of bioterrorism: a review for emergency physicians. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2008;26:517–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Bhatnagar R, Batra S. Anthrax toxin. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2001;27:167–200.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wirtschafter A, Cherukuri S, Benninger MS. Anthrax: ENT manifestations and current concepts. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;126:8–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Moayeri M, Leppla SH, Vrentas C, Pomerantsev AP, Liu S. Anthrax pathogenesis. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2015;69:185–208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Akbayram S, Doğan M, Akgün C, et al. Clinical findings in children with cutaneous anthrax in eastern Turkey. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010;27:600–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Heyworth B, Ropp ME, Voos UG, Meinel HI, Darlow HM. Anthrax in the Gambia: an epidemiological study. BMJ. 1975;4:79–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bradley JS, Peacock G, Krug SE, et al. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on infectious diseases and disaster preparedness advisory council. Pediatric anthrax clinical management. Pediatrics. 2014;133:e1411–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Karahocagil MK, Akdeniz N, Akdeniz H, et al. Cutaneous anthrax in eastern Turkey: a review of 85 cases. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2008;33:406–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. World Health Organization Anthrax Working Group. Anthrax in humans. In: Turnbull P, editor. Anthrax in humans and animals. 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. p. 36–52.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Navacharoen N, Sirisanthana T, Navacharoen W, Ruckphaopunt K. Oropharyngeal anthrax. J Laryngol Otol. 1985;99:1293–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Veraldi S, Nazzaro G, Çuka E, Drago L. Anthrax of the lower lip. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;116:e490–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Sirisanthana T, Brown AE. Anthrax of the gastrointestinal tract. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:649–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Doganay M, Almac A, Hanagasi R. Primary throat anthrax. A report of six cases. Scand J Infect Dis. 1986;18:415–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sirisanthana T, Navachareon N, Tharavichitkul P, Sirisanthana V, Brown AE. Outbreak of oral-oropharyngeal anthrax: an unusual manifestation of human infection with Bacillus anthracis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984;33:144–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hicks CW, Sweeney DA, Cui X, Li Y, Eichacker PQ. An overview of anthrax infection including the recently identified form of disease in injection drug users. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:1092–104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bell DM, Kozarsky PE, Stephens DS. Clinical issues in the prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment of anthrax. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:222–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. American Academy of Pediatrics. Anthrax. In: Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS, editors. Red Book: 2018: report of the committee on infectious diseases. 31st ed. Itaska: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2018. p. 214–20.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L, the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. 2007 Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings, June 2007, http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/isolation2007.pdf. Accessed 21 Nov 2020.

  30. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA. Bacillus. In: Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2021. p. 210–6.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bower WA, Schiffer J, Atmar RI, et al. Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices, 2019. MMWR. 2019;68:1–14.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bayhan, G.İ., Arısoy, E.S., Edwards, M.S. (2022). Anthrax in the Ear, Nose, and Throat Area in Children. In: Cingi, C., Arısoy, E.S., Bayar Muluk, N. (eds) Pediatric ENT Infections. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80691-0_67

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80691-0_67

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-80690-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-80691-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics