Abstract
Anthrax is a zoonosis that causes disease in herbivores. Human anthrax most often occurs in agricultural areas where anthrax is common in animals. However, the global importance of Bacillus anthracis has increased as a potential bioterrorism agent following the “anthrax letter” events of 2001 in the United States (US) [1]. Human cases acquired through natural routes are usually associated with contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products [1]. Anthrax has three main clinical forms, depending on the type of exposure: cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalation anthrax. Each can lead to a visit to a pediatrician or an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Martin GJ, Friedlander AM. Bacillus anthracis (anthrax). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, editors. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2020. p. 2550–69.
Bratcher DF. Bacillus species (anthrax). In: Long SS, Prober CG, Fischer M, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018. p. 770–3.
Pilo P, Frey J. Pathogenicity, population genetics and dissemination of Bacillus anthracis. Infect Genet Evol. 2018;64:115–25.
Cooper IA, Russell P, Thwaite JE. Bacillus: anthrax; food poisoning. In: Barer MR, Irving W, Swann A, Perera N, editors. Medical microbiology: a guide to microbial infections. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2021. p. 169–77.
Bradley PJ, Ferlito A, Brandwein MS, Benninger MS, Rinaldo A. Anthrax: what should the otolaryngologist know? Acta Otolaryngol. 2002;122:580–5.
Edwards MS. Anthrax. In: Cherry JD, Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL, Steinbach WJ, Hotez PJ, editors. Feigin and Cherry's textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019. p. 938–41.
Doganay M, Metan G. Human anthrax in Turkey from 1990 to 2007. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2009;9:131–40.
Swartz MN. Recognition and management of anthrax--an update. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1621–6.
Doganay M, Demirarslan H. Human anthrax as a re-emerging disease. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2015;10:10–29.
Freedman A, Afonja O, Chang MW, et al. Cutaneous anthrax associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and coagulopathy in a 7-month-old child. JAMA. 2002;287:869–74.
Inglesby TV, O'Toole T, Henderson DA, Working Group on Civilian Biodefense, et al. Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management. JAMA. 2002;287:2236–52.
Kman NE, Nelson RN. Infectious agents of bioterrorism: a review for emergency physicians. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2008;26:517–47.
Bhatnagar R, Batra S. Anthrax toxin. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2001;27:167–200.
Wirtschafter A, Cherukuri S, Benninger MS. Anthrax: ENT manifestations and current concepts. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;126:8–13.
Moayeri M, Leppla SH, Vrentas C, Pomerantsev AP, Liu S. Anthrax pathogenesis. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2015;69:185–208.
Akbayram S, Doğan M, Akgün C, et al. Clinical findings in children with cutaneous anthrax in eastern Turkey. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010;27:600–6.
Heyworth B, Ropp ME, Voos UG, Meinel HI, Darlow HM. Anthrax in the Gambia: an epidemiological study. BMJ. 1975;4:79–82.
Bradley JS, Peacock G, Krug SE, et al. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on infectious diseases and disaster preparedness advisory council. Pediatric anthrax clinical management. Pediatrics. 2014;133:e1411–36.
Karahocagil MK, Akdeniz N, Akdeniz H, et al. Cutaneous anthrax in eastern Turkey: a review of 85 cases. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2008;33:406–11.
World Health Organization Anthrax Working Group. Anthrax in humans. In: Turnbull P, editor. Anthrax in humans and animals. 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. p. 36–52.
Navacharoen N, Sirisanthana T, Navacharoen W, Ruckphaopunt K. Oropharyngeal anthrax. J Laryngol Otol. 1985;99:1293–5.
Veraldi S, Nazzaro G, Çuka E, Drago L. Anthrax of the lower lip. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;116:e490–2.
Sirisanthana T, Brown AE. Anthrax of the gastrointestinal tract. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:649–51.
Doganay M, Almac A, Hanagasi R. Primary throat anthrax. A report of six cases. Scand J Infect Dis. 1986;18:415–9.
Sirisanthana T, Navachareon N, Tharavichitkul P, Sirisanthana V, Brown AE. Outbreak of oral-oropharyngeal anthrax: an unusual manifestation of human infection with Bacillus anthracis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984;33:144–50.
Hicks CW, Sweeney DA, Cui X, Li Y, Eichacker PQ. An overview of anthrax infection including the recently identified form of disease in injection drug users. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:1092–104.
Bell DM, Kozarsky PE, Stephens DS. Clinical issues in the prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment of anthrax. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:222–5.
American Academy of Pediatrics. Anthrax. In: Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS, editors. Red Book: 2018: report of the committee on infectious diseases. 31st ed. Itaska: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2018. p. 214–20.
Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L, the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. 2007 Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings, June 2007, http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/isolation2007.pdf. Accessed 21 Nov 2020.
Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA. Bacillus. In: Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2021. p. 210–6.
Bower WA, Schiffer J, Atmar RI, et al. Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices, 2019. MMWR. 2019;68:1–14.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bayhan, G.İ., Arısoy, E.S., Edwards, M.S. (2022). Anthrax in the Ear, Nose, and Throat Area in Children. In: Cingi, C., Arısoy, E.S., Bayar Muluk, N. (eds) Pediatric ENT Infections. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80691-0_67
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80691-0_67
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-80690-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-80691-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)