Abstract
The need for using multifunctional nanomaterials and nanobiotechnologies is determined by a broad development of modern industries like agriculture, pharmaceutics, and medicine. However, the non-addressed action of anticancer drugs causes severe adverse effects in the body, which is a big problem in antitumor chemotherapy. This problem might be circumvented via immobilization of traditional antitumor drugs on the nanoplatforms of various structure that might increase the effectiveness of action of antitumor drugs, as well as reduce their overall toxicity in the organism. Another problem that appears upon using traditional antitumor chemotherapy is rapid development of multiple drug resistance of malignant neoplasms, mainly caused by functioning of special transport system in plasma membrane of cells. Developed nanocarriers could make the anticancer drugs “invisible” for this system.
At first glance, the problem of poor water solubility of many natural (e.g., taxol) and synthetic (various heterocyclic compounds) antitumor substances appears simple, but in fact, it is quite difficult to solve. These substances are well soluble only in organic solvents (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide) that are highly toxic to the body. The use of specific nanoplatforms for immobilization of biologically active substances, poorly soluble in water, has a number of advantages, including biocompatibility, the ability to choose the desired size, architecture of the molecule, and its chemical functionalization. Chemical and physicochemical properties of these nanoplatforms are designed to make them convenient for conjugation of various medicines, including antitumor drugs.
Up until recent decades, the environmental impact of nanomaterials widely used for the biomedical goals got out of the scope of investigators. However, presently, it is clearly understandable that due to an increased effectiveness of the biological action, the biomedical nanomaterials might be even more dangerous for the living organisms, including humans, than the traditional medicines.
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Abbreviations
- ALT:
-
Alаnine aminotransferase
- AST:
-
Aspartate aminotransferase
- AST/ALT:
-
De Ritis coefficient
- BBB:
-
Blood-brain barrier
- BTB:
-
Blood-tumor barrier
- CPP:
-
Cell-penetrating peptide
- DMAEM:
-
2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- D-Pt:
-
D-pantethine
- ED50:
-
Half-maximal effective dose
- EGF-R:
-
Epidermal growth factor receptor
- EPR:
-
Enhanced Permeability and Retention
- EROD:
-
Microsomal 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase
- FDA:
-
Food and Drug Administration
- FITC:
-
Fluorescein isothiocyanate
- HER-2:
-
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- LDH:
-
Lactate dehydrogenase
- MDR:
-
Multiple drug resistance
- Me-NC:
-
Metal-containing nanocomposite
- mіRNA:
-
Micro ribonucleic acid
- MPS:
-
Mononuclear phagocytic system
- mRNA:
-
Messenger ribonucleic acid
- MRP:
-
Multidrug resistance associated protein
- MTs:
-
Metallothioneins
- NA:
-
Nuclear abnormalities
- NC:
-
Nanocomposite
- p53KO:
-
Knock-out in p53 gene
- PARP:
-
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
- PD:
-
Pharmacodynamics
- PEG:
-
Polyethylene glycol
- Pgp:
-
P-glycoprotein
- PK:
-
Pharmacokinetics
- poly(VEP-GMA)-graft-PEG:
-
Synthetic polymer
- RECOOP HST:
-
Regional Cooperation in the Fields of Health, Science and Technology
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SeMet:
-
Selenomethionine
- Sna:
-
Snail, zinc-finger transcription factor
- TD50:
-
Half-maximal toxic dose
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
- Vtg-LP:
-
Vitellogenin-like proteins
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Acknowledgements
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center’s International Research and Innovation in Medicine Program and the Association for Regional Cooperation in the Fields of Health, Science, and Technology (RECOOP HST) Association is acknowledged for providing the conference platform for the discussion of the NanoBioTech problems that arose in this work. The author thanks Nataliya Finiuk, PhD, for her help in the preparation of the reference list.
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Stoika, R. (2022). Basic Principles of Nanotoxicology. In: Stoika, R.S. (eds) Biomedical Nanomaterials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76235-3_7
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