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The Colonial Practitioner in British India

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Medical Identities and Print Culture, 1830s–1910s

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Abstract

This chapter focuses on representations of those practising Western medicine in British India. It reads the Indian Medical Gazette and Indian Medical Record, alongside journals published in the metropole, to scrutinise the depiction of a set of distinct (but sometimes overlapping) professional groups: ‘official’ and ‘independent’ medical men; practitioners of Indian and Anglo-Indian descent; and medical women. In this context, medical identities intersected with ideas about race, ethnicity, and gender. Meanwhile, in popular fiction for the British reading public, Henry Martineau Greenhow and Arthur Conan Doyle variously portrayed colonial medical men as imperial heroes or ambivalent and even villainous figures. Reflecting on competing constructions of practice in India, the chapter reveals the aspirations and anxieties that underpinned overarching images of British medicine’s imperialist mission.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Harvey, ‘The Medical Profession’, 1.

  2. 2.

    Andrews and Sutphen, ‘Introduction’, 6.

  3. 3.

    Crozier, Practising Colonial Medicine, 2.

  4. 4.

    Spivak, ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 76.

  5. 5.

    For consistency, this chapter employs the historical place names that feature in the primary sources.

  6. 6.

    Arnold, Colonizing the Body, 12.

  7. 7.

    Harrison, Public Health, 15.

  8. 8.

    Arnold, Colonizing the Body.

  9. 9.

    Pati and Harrison, ‘Introduction’, 2.

  10. 10.

    Johnson and Khalid, Public Health.

  11. 11.

    Finkelstein and Peers, ‘“Great System of Circulation”’, 9-13.

  12. 12.

    ‘Nova et Vetera’, 679. There were also medical journals printed in other languages, such as the Hindustani Hyderabad Medical Journal (1855-60).

  13. 13.

    Initially the enterprise of one man, the IMR was relatively short-lived. It ceased publication with Wallace’s death, but was periodically revived in the first half of the twentieth century. ‘Nova et Vetera’, 679.

  14. 14.

    Heath, Purifying Empire, 157.

  15. 15.

    In the main text I refer to the journals as the Gazette and the Record to distinguish more easily between them. Endnotes use the acronyms IMG and IMR to provide a simple but comprehensive reference.

  16. 16.

    ‘Ourselves’, 1.

  17. 17.

    Fitzpatrick, ‘Tense Networks’, iii.

  18. 18.

    Harrison, Public Health, 7.

  19. 19.

    ‘Medical Administration’, 276.

  20. 20.

    Harrison, Public Health, 31.

  21. 21.

    Crowther and Dupree, Medical Lives, 298.

  22. 22.

    Bynum, ‘The Rise of Science’, 232.

  23. 23.

    ‘Competitive Examination’, 544.

  24. 24.

    Seton and Gould, Indian Medical Service, 1.

  25. 25.

    For an overview, see Pati and Harrison, ‘Introduction’, 3.

  26. 26.

    ‘The First Annual General Meeting’, 53.

  27. 27.

    It was instituted first in Bombay before being extended to other Presidencies in 1914.

  28. 28.

    Ayurveda, thought to have originated in Buddhist monasteries in India, became absorbed into the Hindu tradition. Yunani was a Graeco-Arabic system of medicine, brought into India with Islam during the medieval period. Lal, ‘“The Ignorance of Women”’, 14.

  29. 29.

    Hart, Medical Profession in India, 5.

  30. 30.

    Said, Orientalism, 3.

  31. 31.

    Hart, Medical Profession in India, 11.

  32. 32.

    Sehrawat, Colonial Medical Care, xxxii; Pati and Harrison, ‘Introduction’, 11.

  33. 33.

    ‘The Indian Medical Congress’, 162.

  34. 34.

    Arnold, Colonizing the Body, 9.

  35. 35.

    In the late 1880s, the Lancet carried an occasional column entitled ‘India (From a Correspondent)’, and between 1898 and 1934 it featured another called ‘Notes from India’.

  36. 36.

    ‘The Medical Profession in India’, 3 Mar. 1877, 278.

  37. 37.

    ‘The Medical Profession in India’, 9 Jun. 1877, 729.

  38. 38.

    ‘The Medical Profession in India’, 15 Sept. 1877, 396.

  39. 39.

    ‘Professional Co-operation’, 6.

  40. 40.

    ‘Professional Co-operation’, 6.

  41. 41.

    ‘Reviews and Notices: The Indian Medical Gazette’, 808.

  42. 42.

    ‘Ourselves’, 1.

  43. 43.

    ‘Ourselves’, 1.

  44. 44.

    Bynum, ‘The Rise of Science’, 232.

  45. 45.

    ‘Reviews and Notices of Books: Our Library Table’, 640.

  46. 46.

    ‘Britannicus’, ‘Correspondence’, 406.

  47. 47.

    ‘The First Annual General Meeting’, 53.

  48. 48.

    ‘Independent Medical Practice’, 438.

  49. 49.

    ‘Indian Medical Service Reform’, 422.

  50. 50.

    ‘Independent Medical Practice’, 437-8.

  51. 51.

    Chatterjee, ‘Correspondence’, 350.

  52. 52.

    ‘A Bid for Popularity’, 261.

  53. 53.

    ‘Government Support’, 284-7.

  54. 54.

    ‘Government Support’, 284, 287.

  55. 55.

    ‘The Indian Medical Service’, 11-12.

  56. 56.

    ‘The Political Power’, 1102.

  57. 57.

    ‘Reviews and Notices: The Indian Medical Gazette’, 808.

  58. 58.

    ‘Vaccination in Bengal’, 55.

  59. 59.

    ‘The Indian Medical Service’, 12.

  60. 60.

    [Editorial], 1.

  61. 61.

    ‘Ourselves’, 2.

  62. 62.

    ‘Professional Co-operation’, 6.

  63. 63.

    ‘Ourselves’, 1-2.

  64. 64.

    Crowther and Dupree, Medical Lives, 304.

  65. 65.

    ‘Reviews and Notices: The Indian Medical Gazette’, 808.

  66. 66.

    ‘Clinical Reports in India’, 293.

  67. 67.

    ‘Medical Writers in India’, 100-1.

  68. 68.

    See, for example, ‘Annotations: Medical Essays’, 487; ‘Medical Details in Lay Papers’, 1231-2. For more on the profession’s attempt to ‘regulate and manage the circulation of medical knowledge among the general public’ in Britain, see Frampton, ‘“A Borderland”’, 319.

  69. 69.

    [Editorial], 1.

  70. 70.

    Harrison, Public Health, 7-8.

  71. 71.

    ‘The Indian Medical Service’, 12.

  72. 72.

    ‘1875’, 19.

  73. 73.

    ‘Ourselves’, 2.

  74. 74.

    ‘Business Notices’, ii.

  75. 75.

    ‘Comments and News: The “Indian Medical Record”’, 18.

  76. 76.

    ‘Professional Etiquette Disregarded’, 68-9.

  77. 77.

    ‘Our Sub-Assistant Surgeons’, 76.

  78. 78.

    ‘Our Sub-Assistant Surgeons’, 76.

  79. 79.

    ‘1875’, 20.

  80. 80.

    ‘1875’, 20.

  81. 81.

    Harrison, Public Health, 31-2.

  82. 82.

    Neelameghan, Development of Medical Societies.

  83. 83.

    ‘Comments and News: Indians and the IMS’, 638-9.

  84. 84.

    Mullick, ‘Correspondence’, 1106.

  85. 85.

    Wallace, ‘Correspondence’, 585-6.

  86. 86.

    Wallace, ‘Correspondence’, 585.

  87. 87.

    Harvey, ‘The Indian Medical Service’, 721.

  88. 88.

    ‘European Interests’, 44.

  89. 89.

    ‘Female Medical Practitioners’, 116.

  90. 90.

    Balfour and Young, Work of Medical Women, 15-16.

  91. 91.

    Balfour and Young, Work of Medical Women, 25-6, 23.

  92. 92.

    Hoggan, Medical Women for India, 1.

  93. 93.

    Open University, ‘National Indian Association’.

  94. 94.

    Balfour and Young, Work of Medical Women, 37.

  95. 95.

    Sehrawat, Colonial Medical Care, xxxvi, 106.

  96. 96.

    Hassan, Diagnosing Empire, 78, 67.

  97. 97.

    Barham, ‘Child Marriage in India’, 122-3.

  98. 98.

    ‘Women Doctors for India’, 184-5.

  99. 99.

    ‘Women Doctors for India’, 185.

  100. 100.

    Spivak, ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 102.

  101. 101.

    ‘Women Doctors for India’, 184-5.

  102. 102.

    Sehrawat, Colonial Medical Care, 22.

  103. 103.

    ‘Current Medical Topics’, Feb. 1884, 54.

  104. 104.

    ‘Current Medical Topics: Lady Dufferin’s Scheme’, 212-13.

  105. 105.

    ‘Current Medical Topics: Female Medical Students’, 246.

  106. 106.

    ‘Current Medical Topics: Countess of Dufferin’s Fund’, 248.

  107. 107.

    Sehrawat, ‘Feminising Empire’, 67.

  108. 108.

    ‘Our Picture Gallery’, 334.

  109. 109.

    ‘Medical Extracts’, 37.

  110. 110.

    ‘The Viceroy’, 336.

  111. 111.

    Jayawardena, The White Woman’s Other Burden, 87. Child marriage and the age of consent were also covered in the medical press. See, for example, ‘Child-Wives’, 272-3.

  112. 112.

    ‘Clinical Reports in India’, 293.

  113. 113.

    Dissent, ‘A Mirror of Hospital Practice’; Bonnar, ‘A Mirror of Practice’.

  114. 114.

    ‘Reporter’, ‘Correspondence’, 673.

  115. 115.

    Sehrawat, ‘Feminising Empire’, 68.

  116. 116.

    These concerns led to the movement’s expansion and reorganisation. The Women’s Medical Service was established in 1914 under the auspices of the Dufferin Fund, with improved conditions of service. Balfour and Young, Work of Medical Women, 50-2.

  117. 117.

    ‘The Viceroy’, 336.

  118. 118.

    ‘Female Medical Aid’, 226.

  119. 119.

    ‘Unpopularity’, 158.

  120. 120.

    ‘The Dufferin Hospital’, 664.

  121. 121.

    ‘The Dufferin Hospital’, 664.

  122. 122.

    Sehrawat, Colonial Medical Care, xxxvi.

  123. 123.

    ‘Reporter’, ‘Correspondence’, 673.

  124. 124.

    Hoggan, Medical Women for India, 2.

  125. 125.

    Scott, The Surgeon’s Daughter, 165.

  126. 126.

    Orr, ‘Sir Ronald Ross’.

  127. 127.

    ‘Obituary: Henry Martineau Greenhow’, 1694.

  128. 128.

    [Gregg], ‘Indian Mutiny in Fiction’, 224, 218.

  129. 129.

    Chakravarty, Indian Mutiny, 221.

  130. 130.

    ‘Books and Authors’, 836.

  131. 131.

    ‘Fiction’, 325.

  132. 132.

    Greenhow, Brenda’s Experiment, 86. Hereafter cited in the text.

  133. 133.

    ‘The Physician as a Moralist’, 96.

  134. 134.

    Merriman, Flotsam, 146.

  135. 135.

    Fluet, ‘“Distinct Vocations”’, 136; McClure, Late Imperial Romance, 11.

  136. 136.

    Conan Doyle, ‘The Speckled Band’, 168-9. Hereafter cited in the text.

  137. 137.

    Fluet, ‘“Distinct Vocations”’, 154, 151, 153.

  138. 138.

    Fluet, ‘“Distinct Vocations”’, 146, 141.

  139. 139.

    Conan Doyle, ‘Brown Hand’, 499. Hereafter cited in the text.

  140. 140.

    Briefel, Racial Hand, 2.

  141. 141.

    Briefel, Racial Hand, 36, 38.

  142. 142.

    Briefel, Racial Hand, 40.

  143. 143.

    Fluet, ‘“Distinct Vocations”’, 131.

  144. 144.

    For an overview of postcolonial criticism of The Moonstone see Pykett, Authors in Context, 223-4.

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    Alison Moulds

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Moulds, A. (2021). The Colonial Practitioner in British India. In: Medical Identities and Print Culture, 1830s–1910s. Palgrave Studies in Literature, Science and Medicine. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74345-1_6

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