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Arginine, Agmatine, and Polyamines: Key Regulators of Conceptus Development in Mammals

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Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1332))

Abstract

Arginine is a key amino acid in pregnant females as it is the precursor for nitric oxide (NO) via nitric oxide synthase and for polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) by either arginase II and ornithine decarboxylase to putrescine or via arginine decarboxylase to agmatine and agmatine to putrescine via agmatinase. Polyamines are critical for placental growth and vascularization. Polyamines stabilize DNA and mRNA for gene transcription and mRNA translation, stimulate proliferation of trophectoderm, and formation of multinucleated trophectoderm cells that give rise to giant cells in the placentae of species such as mice. Polyamines activate MTOR cell signaling to stimulate protein synthesis and they are important for motility through modification of beta-catenin phosphorylation, integrin signaling via focal adhesion kinases, cytoskeletal organization, and invasiveness or superficial implantation of blastocysts. Physiological levels of arginine, agmatine, and polyamines are critical to the secretion of interferon tau for pregnancy recognition in ruminants. Arginine, polyamines, and agmatine are very abundant in fetal fluids, fetal blood, and tissues of the conceptus during gestation. The polyamines are thus available to influence a multitude of events including activation of development of blastocysts, implantation, placentation, fetal growth, and development required for the successful establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in mammals.

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Abbreviations

ADC:

Arginine decarboxylase

AGMAT:

Agmatinase

AMD1:

S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase

Azin1:

Antizyme inhibitor 1

AZI:

Antienzymes

DFMO:

Difluoromethylornithine

eIF5A:

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1

IFNT:

Interferon tau

LE:

Uterine luminal epithelia

MAO:

Morpholino antisense oligonucleotide

MTOR:

Mechanistic target of rapamycin

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinases

NFKB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

NO:

Nitric oxide

NOS:

Nitric oxide synthases

OAZ1:

Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme 1

ODC:

Ornithine decarboxylase-1

oTr1:

Ovine trophectoderm

Paox:

Peroxisomal N1-acetyl-spermine/spermidine oxidase

SAM:

S-Adenosylmethionine

SAT1:

Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1

sGE:

Superficial glandular epithelia

Smox:

Spermine oxidase

SMS:

Spermine synthase

SRM:

Spermidine synthase

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Acknowledgements

Work in our laboratories was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grants (Nos. 2016-67015-24958 and 2018-67015-28093) from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

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The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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  1. Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA

    Katherine M. Halloran, Claire Stenhouse, Guoyao Wu & Fuller W. Bazer

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Correspondence to Fuller W. Bazer .

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    Guoyao Wu

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Halloran, K.M., Stenhouse, C., Wu, G., Bazer, F.W. (2021). Arginine, Agmatine, and Polyamines: Key Regulators of Conceptus Development in Mammals. In: Wu, G. (eds) Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1332. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74180-8_6

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