Skip to main content

Ginger (Gingerols and 6-Shogaol) Against Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Nutraceuticals and Cancer Signaling

Part of the book series: Food Bioactive Ingredients ((FBC))

  • 712 Accesses

Abstract

Ginger, the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), is one of the most widely consumed spices worldwide due to its pungent smell and taste. It has also traditionally been used since antiquity for the treatment of ailments like common colds, fever, arthritis, rheumatism, gastrointestinal complications, motion sickness, diabetes, infectious diseases, asthma, stroke, cancer, etc. Ginger is composed polyphenolics, such as gingerols, paradols and shogaols, which are associated with its remarkable bioactivity, including cancer. Various laboratory investigations have shown that ginger and its bioactive compounds especially 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol exhibit anticancer activities. In experimental studies, several mechanisms related to the chemopreventive effects of ginger and its active ingredients have been stated. Although ginger is a promising resource for the prevention and treatment of cancer, larger-scale clinical trials are required to support experimental studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adefegha A, Oboh G, Akinyemi A, Ademiluyi A (2010) Inhibitory effects of aqueous extract of two varieties of ginger on some key enzymes linked to type-2 diabetes in vitro. J Food Nutr Res 49(1):14–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Akimoto M, Iizuka M, Kanematsu R, Yoshida M, Takenaga K (2015) Anticancer effect of ginger extract against pancreatic cancer cells mainly through reactive oxygen species-mediated autotic cell death. PLoS One 10(5):e0126605

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akintobi O, Onoh C, Ogele J, Idowu A, Ojo O, Okonko I (2013) Antimicrobial activity of Zingiber officinale (ginger) extract against some selected pathogenic bacteria. Nat Sci 11(1):7–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Abbas NS (2019) Can ginger (Zingiber officinale) aqueous crude extract ınduce apoptotic pathways in drug-resistance acute myeloid leukemia: In vitro study? Adv Biol Chem 9(3):99–109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso F, Huan-Chang L, Turner SD, Lagger S, Merkel O, Kenner L (2018) The role of activator protein-1 (AP-1) family members in CD30-positive lymphomas. Cancers 10(4):93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Tamimi MA, Rastall B, Abu-Reidah IM (2016) Chemical composition, cytotoxic, apoptotic and antioxidant activities of main commercial essential oils in Palestine: a comparative study. Medicines 3(4):27

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Annamalai G, Suresh K (2018) [6]-Shogaol attenuates inflammation, cell proliferation via modulate NF-κB and AP-1 oncogenic signaling in 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene induced oral carcinogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 98:484–490

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anosike CA, Obidoa O, Ezeanyika LU, Nwuba MM (2009) Anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic activity of the ethanol extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Afr J Biochem Res 3(12):379–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansari Damavandi S, Nakhaie S, Karimi M, Ashayeri N (2019) Ginger relieve chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (cinv) in children: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Pediatr 9(1):12785–12794

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansari JA, Ahmad MK, Khan AR, Fatima N, Khan HJ, Rastogi N et al (2016) Anticancer and antioxidant activity of Zingiber officinale Roscoe rhizome. Indian J Exp Biol 54:767–773

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arkun Y, Yasemi M (2018) Dynamics and control of the ERK signaling pathway: sensitivity, bistability, and oscillations. PLoS One 13(4):1–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babasheikhali SR, Rahgozar S, Mohammadi M (2019) Ginger extract has anti-leukemia and anti-drug resistant effects on malignant cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 145(8):1987–1998

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Badr OM, Sakr S, Abd-Eltawab H (2016) Ameliorative effect of ginger extract against pathological alterations induced in mice bearing solid tumors. JBAAR 2(3):185–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Beristain-Bauza SDC, Hernández-Carranza P, Cid-Pérez TS, Ávila-Sosa R, Ruiz-López II, Ochoa-Velasco CE (2019) Antimicrobial activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and its application in food products. Food Rev Int 35(5):407–426

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattarai S, Duke CC (2001) The stability of gingerol and shogaol in aqueous solutions. J Pharm Sci 90(10):1658–1664

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bode AM, Ma W-Y, Surh Y-J, Dong Z (2001) Inhibition of epidermal growth factor-induced cell transformation and activator protein 1 activation by [6]-gingerol. Cancer Res 61(3):850–853

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byun S, Lim S, Mun JY, Kim KH, Ramadhar TR, Farrand L et al (2015) Identification of a dual inhibitor of janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase1 (S6K1) pathways. J Biol Chem 290(39):23553–23562

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen C-Y, Li Y-W, Kuo S-Y (2009) Effect of [10]-gingerol on [ca2+] i and cell death in human colorectal cancer cells. Molecules 14(3):959–969

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Citronberg J, Bostick R, Ahearn T, Turgeon DK, Ruffin MT, Djuric Z et al (2013) Effects of ginger supplementation on cell-cycle biomarkers in the normal-appearing colonic mucosa of patients at increased risk for colorectal cancer: results from a pilot, randomized, and controlled trial. Cancer Prev Res 6(4):271–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Lima RMT, dos Reis AC, de Menezes AAPM, Santos JVO, Filho JWGO, Ferreira JRO et al (2018) Protective and therapeutic potential of ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract and [6]-gingerol in cancer: a comprehensive review. Phytother Res 32(10):1885–1907

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dias M, Spinardi-Barbisan A, Rodrigues M, De Camargo J, Teran E, Barbisan LF (2006) Lack of chemopreventive effects of ginger on colon carcinogenesis induced by 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 44(6):877–884

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dorai T, Aggarwal BB (2004) Role of chemopreventive agents in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 215(2):129–140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dugasani S, Pichika MR, Nadarajah VD, Balijepalli MK, Tandra S, Korlakunta JN (2010) Comparative antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of [6]-gingerol,[8]-gingerol,[10]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol. J Ethnopharmacol 127(2):515–520

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Rahman A, Atef A, El-Shafei S, Elwan H, Alimova F (2017) Ginger essential oil in vitro inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis ın MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells. Zagazig J Agric Res 44(6):2673–2683

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farooqi AA, Attar R, Yaylim I, Qureshi MZ, Todorovska M, Karatoprak GŞ et al (2018) Piperlongumine as anticancer agent: the story so far about killing many birds with one stone. Cell Mol Biol 64(11):102–107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farzin D, Fathiazad F, Fazellian M (2013) Antidepressant effect of methanolic ginger extract in diabetic mice using forced-swim test. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 23(98):208–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganaie MA, Al Saeedan A, Madhkali H, Jan BL, Khatlani T, Sheikh IA et al (2019) Chemopreventive efficacy zingerone (4-[4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl] butan-2-one) in experimental colon carcinogenesis in Wistar rats. Environ Toxicol 34(5):610–625

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gezici S (2019) Flow cytometry based antiproliferatıie, apoptogenic and cellular dna fragmentation activıties of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizomes. In: ISPBS–5 proceedings book, vol 30

    Google Scholar 

  • Govindarajan V, Connell D (1983) Ginger—chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation: part 1. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 17(1):1–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grzanna R, Lindmark L, Frondoza CG (2005) Ginger—an herbal medicinal product with broad anti-inflammatory actions. J Med Food 8(2):125–132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Habib SHM, Makpol S, Hamid NAA, Das S, Ngah WZW, Yusof YAM (2008) Ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects on ethionine-induced hepatoma rats. Clinics 63(6):807–813

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Haniadka R, Rajeev AG, Palatty PL, Arora R, Baliga MS (2012) Zingiber officinale (ginger) as an anti-emetic in cancer chemotherapy: a review. J Altern Complement Med 18(5):440–444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haniadka R, Saldanha E, Sunita V, Palatty PL, Fayad R, Baliga MS (2013) A review of the gastroprotective effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Food Funct 4(6):845–855

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu R, Zhou P, Peng Y-B, Xu X, Ma J, Liu Q et al (2012) 6-Shogaol induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells and exhibits anti-tumor activity in vivo through endoplasmic reticulum stress. PLoS One 7(6):1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hung J-Y, Hsu Y-L, Li C-T, Ko Y-C, Ni W-C, Huang M-S et al (2009) 6-Shogaol, an active constituent of dietary ginger, induces autophagy by inhibiting the AKT/mTOR pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. J Agric Food Chem 57(20):9809–9816

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeena K, Liju VB, Kuttan R (2015) Antitumor and cytotoxic activity of ginger essential oil (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 7(8):341–344

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeong C-H, Bode AM, Pugliese A, Cho Y-Y, Kim H-G, Shim J-H et al (2009) [6]-Gingerol suppresses colon cancer growth by targeting leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Cancer Res 69(13):5584–5591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Y, Turgeon DK, Wright BD, Sidahmed E, Ruffin MT, Brenner DE et al (2013) Effect of ginger root on cyclooxygenase-1 and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase expression in colonic mucosa of humans at normal and increased risk of colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 22(5):455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jolad SD, Lantz RC, Chen GJ, Bates RB, Timmermann BN (2005) Commercially processed dry ginger (Zingiber officinale): composition and effects on LPS-stimulated PGE2 production. Phytochemistry 66(13):1614–1635

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joo J-H, Hong S-S, Cho Y-R, Seo D-W (2016) 10-Gingerol inhibits proliferation and invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through suppression of Akt and p38MAPK activity. Oncol Rep 35(2):779–784

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karaboz I (2010) Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Zingiber officinalis extracts. Fabad J Pharm Sci 33:76–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Karna P, Chagani S, Gundala SR, Rida PC, Asif G, Sharma V et al (2012) Benefits of whole ginger extract in prostate cancer. Br J Nutr 107(4):473–484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katiyar SK, Agarwal R, Mukhtar H (1996) Inhibition of tumor promotion in SENCAR mouse skin by ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale rhizome. Cancer Res 56(5):1023–1030

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan IA, Abourashed EA (2011) Leung’s encyclopedia of common natural ingredients: used in food, drugs and cosmetics. Wiley, New York, pp 320–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Khiewkhern S, Promthet S, Sukprasert A, Eunhpinitpong W, Bradshaw P (2013) Effectiveness of aromatherapy with light thai massage for cellular immunity improvement in colorectal cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 14(6):3903–3907

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kikuzaki H, Nakatani N (1993) Antioxidant effects of some ginger constituents. J Food Sci 58(6):1407–1410

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim E-C, Min J-K, Kim T-Y, Lee S-J, Yang H-O, Han S et al (2005a) [6]-Gingerol, a pungent ingredient of ginger, inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 335(2):300–308

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SO, Kundu JK, Shin YK, Park J-H, Cho M-H, Kim T-Y et al (2005b) [6]-Gingerol inhibits COX-2 expression by blocking the activation of p38 MAP kinase and NF-κ B in phorbol ester-stimulated mouse skin. Oncogene 24(15):2558–2567

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SM, Kim C, Bae H, Lee JH, Baek SH, Nam D et al (2015) 6-Shogaol exerts anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects through the modulation of STAT3 and MAPKs signaling pathways. Mol Carcinog 54(10):1132–1146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koo KL, Ammit AJ, Tran VH, Duke CC, Roufogalis BD (2001) Gingerols and related analogues inhibit arachidonic acid-induced human platelet serotonin release and aggregation. Thromb Res 103(5):387–397

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumara M, Shylajab M, Nazeemc P, Babu T (2017) 6-Gingerol is the most potent anticancerous compound in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). J Dev Drugs 6(1):1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee Y (2016) Cytotoxicity evaluation of essential oil and its component from Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Toxicol Res 32(3):225–230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee D-H, Kim D-W, Jung C-H, Lee YJ, Park D (2014) Gingerol sensitizes TRAIL-induced apoptotic cell death of glioblastoma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 279(3):253–265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Levy AS, Simon O, Shelly J, Gardener M (2006) 6-Shogaol reduced chronic inflammatory response in the knees of rats treated with complete Freund’s adjuvant. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 6(1):12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Q, Wang R, Wang L, Li L, Zhang D (2019) Paradol inhibits proliferation and migration of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Sci Adv Mater 11(10):1467–1473

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang T, He Y, Chang Y, Liu X (2019) 6-shogaol a active component from ginger ınhibits cell proliferation and ınduces apoptosis through ınhibition of STAT-3 translocation in ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780). Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 24(3):560–567

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin Q, Lai R, Chirieac LR, Li C, Thomazy VA, Grammatikakis I et al (2005) Constitutive activation of JAK3/STAT3 in colon carcinoma tumors and cell lines: inhibition of JAK3/STAT3 signaling induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of colon carcinoma cells. Am J Pathol 167(4):969–980

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Q, Peng Y-B, Qi L-W, Cheng X-L, Xu X-J, Liu L-L et al (2012) The cytotoxicity mechanism of 6-shogaol-treated HeLa human cervical cancer cells revealed by label-free shotgun proteomics and bioinformatics analysis. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2012:278652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu D-L, Li X-Z, Dai F, Kang Y-F, Li Y, Ma M-M et al (2014) Influence of side chain structure changes on antioxidant potency of the [6]-gingerol related compounds. Food Chem 165:191–197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lua PL, Salihah N, Mazlan N (2015) Effects of inhaled ginger aromatherapy on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and health-related quality of life in women with breast cancer. Complement Ther Med 23(3):396–404

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lv L, Chen H, Soroka D, Chen X, Leung T, Sang S (2012) 6-Gingerdiols as the major metabolites of 6-gingerol in cancer cells and in mice and their cytotoxic effects on human cancer cells. J Agric Food Chem 60(45):11372–11377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Manju V, Nalini N (2005) Chemopreventive efficacy of ginger, a naturally occurring anticarcinogen during the initiation, post-initiation stages of 1, 2 dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer. Clin Chim Acta 358(1–2):60–67

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mansingh DP, Pradhan S, Biswas D, Barathidasan R, Vasanthi HR (2020) Palliative role of aqueous ginger extract on n-nitroso-n-methylurea-induced gastric cancer. Nutr Cancer 72(1):157–169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin ACB, Fuzer AM, Becceneri AB, da Silva JA, Tomasin R, Denoyer D et al (2017) [10]-gingerol induces apoptosis and inhibits metastatic dissemination of triple negative breast cancer in vivo. Oncotarget 8(42):72260

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mascolo N, Jain R, Jain S, Capasso F (1989) Ethnopharmacologic investigation of ginger (Zingiber officinale). J Ethnopharmacol 27(1–2):129–140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamedin A, Elsayed A, Shakurfow FA (2018) Molecular effects and antibacterial activities of ginger extracts against some drug resistant pathogenic bacteria. Egypt J Bot 58(1):133–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Nazim UM, Park SY (2019) Attenuation of autophagy flux by 6-shogaol sensitizes human liver cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via p53 and ROS. Int J Mol Med 43(2):701–708

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nazim UM, Jeong J-K, Seol J-W, Hur J, Eo S-K, Lee J-H et al (2015) Inhibition of the autophagy flux by gingerol enhances TRAIL-induced tumor cell death. Oncol Rep 33(5):2331–2336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nedungadi D, Binoy A, Vinod V, Vanuopadath M, Nair SS, Nair BG et al (2019) Ginger extract activates caspase independent paraptosis in cancer cells via ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, AIF translocation and DNA damage. Nutr Cancer 5:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Ok S (2012) Chemopreventive and hepatoprotective effects of 6-shogaol in HepG2 cells and diethylnitrosamine-treated mice. Cancer Prev Res 17(2):100–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Panahi Y, Saadat A, Sahebkar A, Hashemian F, Taghikhani M, Abolhasani E (2012) Effect of ginger on acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a pilot, randomized, open-label clinical trial. Integr Cancer Ther 11(3):204–211

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park K-K, Chun K-S, Lee J-M, Lee SS, Surh Y-J (1998) Inhibitory effects of [6]-gingerol, a major pungent principle of ginger, on phorbol ester-induced inflammation, epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity and skin tumor promotion in ICR mice. Cancer Lett 129(2):139–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park YJ, Wen J, Bang S, Park SW, Song SY (2006) [6]-Gingerol induces cell cycle arrest and cell death of mutant p53-expressing pancreatic cancer cells. Yonsei Med J 47(5):688–697

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Park M, Bae J, Lee DS (2008) Antibacterial activity of [10]-gingerol and [12]-gingerol isolated from ginger rhizome against periodontal bacteria. Phytother Res 22(11):1446–1449

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park GH, Park JH, Song HM, Eo HJ, Kim MK, Lee JW et al (2014) Anti-cancer activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) leaf through the expression of activating transcription factor 3 in human colorectal cancer cells. BMC Complement Altern Med 14(1):408

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pashaei-Asl R, Pashaei-Asl F, Gharabaghi PM, Khodadadi K, Ebrahimi M, Ebrahimie E et al (2017) The inhibitory effect of ginger extract on ovarian cancer cell line; application of systems biology. Adv Pharm Bull 7(2):241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pazarbaşı A, Kasap M, Kasap H (2011) Kanser Yolakları. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi 20(4):187–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng F, Tao Q, Wu X, Dou H, Spencer S, Mang C et al (2012) Cytotoxic, cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of isolated phenolic compounds from fresh ginger. Fitoterapia 83(3):568–585

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porta C, Paglino C, Mosca A (2014) Targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in cancer. Front Oncol 4:64

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad S, Tyagi AK (2015) Ginger and its constituents: role in prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal cancer. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radhakrishnan E, Bava SV, Narayanan SS, Nath LR, Thulasidasan AKT, Soniya EV et al (2014) [6]-Gingerol induces caspase-dependent apoptosis and prevents PMA-induced proliferation in colon cancer cells by inhibiting MAPK/AP-1 signaling. PLoS One 9(8):e104401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen A, Murphy K, Hoskin DW (2019) 10-Gingerol inhibits ovarian cancer cell growth by inducing G2 arrest. Adv Pharm Bull 9(4):685

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rastogi N, Gara RK, Trivedi R, Singh A, Dixit P, Maurya R et al (2014) (6)-Gingerolinduced myeloid leukemia cell death is initiated by reactive oxygen species and activation of miR-27b expression. Free Radic Biol Med 68:288–301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rastogi N, Duggal S, Singh SK, Porwal K, Srivastava VK, Maurya R et al (2015) Proteasome inhibition mediates p53 reactivation and anti-cancer activity of 6-gingerol in cervical cancer cells. Oncotarget 6(41):43310

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Romero-Arias AC, Sequeda-Castañeda LG, Aristizábal-Pachón AF, Morales L (2019) Effect of 6-shogaol on the glucose uptake and survival of HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells. Pharmaceuticals 12(3):131

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Saha A, Blando J, Silver E, Beltran L, Sessler J, DiGiovanni J (2014) 6-Shogaol from dried ginger inhibits growth of prostate cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo through inhibition of STAT3 and NF-κB signaling. Cancer Prev Res 7(6):627–638

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sang S, Hong J, Wu H, Liu J, Yang CS, Pan M-H et al (2009) Increased growth inhibitory effects on human cancer cells and anti-inflammatory potency of shogaols from Zingiber officinale relative to gingerols. J Agric Food Chem 57(22):10645–10650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Santos P, Avanço G, Nerilo S, Marcelino R, Janeiro V, Valadares M et al (2016) Assessment of cytotoxic activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), and ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) essential oils in cervical cancer cells (HeLa). Sci World J 2016:9273078

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savinova OV, Hoffmann A, Ghosh G (2009) The Nfkb1 and Nfkb2 proteins p105 and p100 function as the core of high-molecular-weight heterogeneous complexes. Mol Cell 34(5):591–602

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sel M, Erbaş O (2018) Polifenolden zengin bitki ürünlerinin nükleer faktör-kappa B yolağı üzerine etkileri. İstanbul Bilim Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Tıp Dergisi 4(4):208–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma S, Kochupillai V, Gupta S, Seth S, Gupta Y (1997) Antiemetic efficacy of ginger (Zingiber officinale) against cisplatin-induced emesis in dogs. J Ethnopharmacol 57(2):93–96

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla Y, Singh M (2007) Cancer preventive properties of ginger: a brief review. Food Chem Toxicol 45(5):683–690

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silva J, Teixeira L, Bellini M (2020) [6]-Gingerol decreases clonogenicity and radioresistance of human prostate cancer cells. Clin Oncol Res 2(5):1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Sohn Y, Han N-Y, Lee MJ, Cho H-J, Jung H-S (2013) [6]-Shogaol inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines via regulation of NF-κB and phosphorylation of JNK in HMC-1 cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 35(4):462–470

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tahir AA, Sani NFA, Murad NA, Makpol S, Ngah WZW, Yusof YAM (2015) Combined ginger extract & Gelam honey modulate Ras/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathway genes in colon cancer HT29 cells. Nutr J 14(1):31

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiber PM, Sevinc SK, Kilinc O, Orun O (2019) Biological effects of whole Z. officinale extract on chronic myeloid leukemia cell line K562. Gene 692:217–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuntiwechapikul W, Taka T, Songsomboon C, Kaewtunjai N, Imsumran A, Makonkawkeyoon L et al (2010) Ginger extract inhibits human telomerase reverse transcriptase and c-Myc expression in A549 lung cancer cells. J Med Food 13(6):1347–1354

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C-x, Wang L-x, Li C-y, Hu C, Zhao S-h (2020) Anti-proliferation activities of three bioactive components purified by high-speed counter-current chromatography in essential oil from ginger. Eur Food Res Technol 246:795–805

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wani NA, Zhang B, Teng K-y, Barajas JM, Motiwala T, Hu P et al (2018) Reprograming of glucose metabolism by zerumbone suppresses hepatocarcinogenesis. Mol Cancer Res 16(2):256–268

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weng CJ, Chou CP, Ho CT, Yen GC (2012) Molecular mechanism inhibiting human hepatocarcinoma cell invasion by 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol. Mol Nutr Food Res 56(8):1304–1314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White B (2007) Ginger: an overview. Am Fam Physician 75(11):1689–1691

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu S, Zhang H, Liu T, Yang W, Lv W, He D et al (2020) 6-Gingerol induces cell-cycle G1-phase arrest through AKT–GSK 3β–cyclin D1 pathway in renal-cell carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 85(2):379–390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimi N, Wang A, Morishita Y, Tanaka T, Sugie S, Kawai K et al (1992) Modifying effects of fungal and herb metabolites on azoxymethane-induced intestinal carcinogenesis in rats. Jpn J Canc Res 83(12):1273–1278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yusof Y, Ahmad N, Das S, Sulaiman S, Murad N (2009) Chemopreventive efficacy of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in ethionine induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 6(1):87–93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang F, Zhang J-G, Qu J, Zhang Q, Prasad C, Wei Z-J (2017a) Assessment of anti-cancerous potential of 6-gingerol (Tongling White Ginger) and its synergy with drugs on human cervical adenocarcinoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 109:910–922

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang F, Thakur K, Hu F, Zhang J-G, Wei Z-J (2017b) 10-Gingerol, a phytochemical derivative from “tongling white ginger”, inhibits cervical cancer: insights into the molecular mechanism and inhibitory targets. J Agric Food Chem 65(10):2089–2099

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zick SM, Ruffin MT, Lee J, Normolle DP, Siden R, Alrawi S et al (2009) Phase II trial of encapsulated ginger as a treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Support Care Cancer 17(5):563–572

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zick SM, Turgeon DK, Vareed SK, Ruffin MT, Litzinger AJ, Wright BD et al (2011) Phase II study of the effects of ginger root extract on eicosanoids in colon mucosa in people at normal risk for colorectal cancer. Cancer Prev Res 4(11):1929–1937

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Köngül Şafak, E., Şeker Karatoprak, G. (2021). Ginger (Gingerols and 6-Shogaol) Against Cancer. In: Jafari, S.M., Nabavi, S.M., Silva, A.S. (eds) Nutraceuticals and Cancer Signaling. Food Bioactive Ingredients. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74035-1_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics