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Abstract

Sir John Major has the unfortunate distinction of being largely forgotten. That is not due to his time in office, where he racked up an impressive seven years and an unexpected general election win. Nor is it due to a lack of divisive policy or international disturbance. In that regard, the Major years were alive with activity, from the Gulf war to the genocide in Rwanda, the fallout from the end of the Cold War and the collapse of Yugoslavia plus the ratification of the Maastricht treaty and the Conservative “bastards.” The Major years are largely overlooked simply because they were sandwiched between two political titans. Major, when he is considered within more general studies of British politics, is usually written off as a political continuation of the Thatcher years before the Blair years swept aside a broken and corrupted Conservative Party. However, as so often happens, there has been a renaissance of study on Major and his whole premiership is being revisited and his reputation is perhaps being viewed more positively in the light of twenty-first-century British politics.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    John Harris, “Why are Former Conservative Prime Ministers so Reluctant to Keep Quiet?,” Guardian, 23 October 2013.

  2. 2.

    The EC (or European Community) remained the official title of the European group until the Maastricht Treaty was signed, which adapted the name of the organisation to the EU (European Union) to reflect its widening actions and areas of co-operation.

  3. 3.

    Margaret Thatcher, “Speech to the College of Europe” (www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107332).

  4. 4.

    For example, her relationship with Helmut Kohl was very difficult. Alan Watson, “Europe’s Odd Couple,” Prospect, 20 July 1996.

  5. 5.

    Bruce Anderson, John Major: The Making of the Prime Minister (London: Fourth Estate, 1991), 297–8.

  6. 6.

    Mark Garnett, “Foreign and Defence Policy” in Kevin Hickson and Ben Williams (eds.), John Major: An Unsuccessful Prime Minister? (London: Biteback Publishing, 2017), 188.

  7. 7.

    Peter Riddell, Hug Them Close: Blair, Clinton, Bush and the “Special Relationship” (London: Politico’s Publishing, 2003), 52.

  8. 8.

    Garnett, “Foreign and Defense Policy,” 189.

  9. 9.

    John Major, The Autobiography (London: Harper Collins, 1999), 225.

  10. 10.

    Riddell, Hug Them Close, 52.

  11. 11.

    Martin Rosenbaum, “Revealed: The Bush-Major Conversations” BBC (www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36216768).

  12. 12.

    William Wallace, “Foreign Policy” in Dennis Kavanagh and Anthony Seldon (eds.), The Major Effect (London: Papermac, 1994), 285.

  13. 13.

    Garnett, “Foreign and Defence Policy,” 188–9.

  14. 14.

    Major, Autobiography, 225.

  15. 15.

    Wallace, “Foreign Policy,” 191.

  16. 16.

    Major, Autobiography, 498.

  17. 17.

    Bill Clinton, My Life (London: Arrow Books, 2005, paperback edition) 433.

  18. 18.

    John Major, Autobiography, 497.

  19. 19.

    Ibid., 499.

  20. 20.

    Bill Clinton, My Life, 583.

  21. 21.

    E. A. Reitan, The Thatcher Revolution: Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair and the Transformation of Modern Britain 1979–2001 (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishing, 2003), 123.

  22. 22.

    Ibid., 123.

  23. 23.

    Ibid., 124.

  24. 24.

    Julian Borger, “Bill Clinton Pushed ‘Appeasement’ of Serbs after Srebrenica Massacre,” Guardian, 26 July 2020.

  25. 25.

    Reitan, Op. Cit., 124.

  26. 26.

    Mark Garnett, The Thatcher Revolution, 192.

  27. 27.

    Linda Melvern “The UK Government and the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda,” Genocide Studies and Prevention 2, no. 3 (2007): 249.

  28. 28.

    Linda Malvern and Paul Williams “Britannia Waived the Rules: The Major Government and the 1994 Rwandan Genocide,” African Affairs 103, no. 410 (January 2004): 11–12.

  29. 29.

    Ibid., 6.

  30. 30.

    Ibid.

  31. 31.

    Ibid., 7.

  32. 32.

    Linda Malvern, “The UK Government and the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda,” 251.

  33. 33.

    Ibid., 249.

  34. 34.

    Ibid., 253.

  35. 35.

    Ibid.

  36. 36.

    Kovanda quoted in Malvern and Williams, “Britannia Waived the Rules,” 10.

  37. 37.

    Ibid., 17.

  38. 38.

    The documentation relating to this is subject to the 30-year rule in the UK, although it could potentially be classified for longer if the government demands it.

  39. 39.

    Chris Norton, “Renewed Hope for Peace? John Major and Northern Ireland” in Peter Dorey (ed.) Major Premiership 1990–1997: Politics and Policies under John Major (London: Palgrave, 1999), 109.

  40. 40.

    William Hazleton, “Clinton and the Good Friday Agreement,” Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 (2000): 108.

  41. 41.

    Ibid., 119.

  42. 42.

    Ibid., 118.

  43. 43.

    Clinton, My Life, 580.

  44. 44.

    Wallace, “Foreign Policy,” 297.

  45. 45.

    Riddell, Hug Them Close, p. 54.

  46. 46.

    Mark Simpson, “Gerry Adams: New York in 1994 Visit ‘Pivotal to Peace,’” BBC News, 01 Feb 2019.

  47. 47.

    Norton, “Renewed Hope for Peace,” 124.

  48. 48.

    Reitan, The Thatcher Revolution, 155.

  49. 49.

    Ibid.

  50. 50.

    Norton, “Renewed Hope for Peace,” 125.

  51. 51.

    ITV News, ‘John Major leads tributes to George Bush senior’, 01 December 2018.

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Honeyman, V. (2022). George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and John Major: A Tale of Two Relationships. In: Cullinane, M.P., Farr, M. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Presidents and Prime Ministers From Cleveland and Salisbury to Trump and Johnson. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72276-0_14

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