Abstract
This chapter aims to provide a contemporary overview of Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)-based magnetometry. As there are many existing, and well-written, resources devoted to SQUID-based magnetometry (Clarke and Braginski. The SQUID Handbook Vol. 1: Fundamentals and Technology of SQUIDs and SQUID Sytems, New York: Wiley, 2004, Clarke and Braginski. The SQUID Handbook, Vol. 2: Applications of SQUIDs and SQUID Systems, New York: Wiley, 2004, Fagaly, Rev. Sci. Instrum 77:101101, 2006), the goal of this chapter is to highlight some of the most recent innovations rather than to repeat much of what has already been published. For example, advances in sample transport, magnet technology, and SQUID detection modes have dramatically improved measurement sensitivity and throughput over the past decade. A discussion on techniques to improve measurement accuracy is also provided near the end of this chapter.
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Notes
- 1.
This is, in fact, the underlying principle of operation for VSM instruments which do not employ SQUID detection.
- 2.
This is sometimes referred to a “fluxon” and has a value of Φ0 = 2.067 · 10−15 Wb.
- 3.
Generally, the system will choose the state which satisfies the quantization condition and requires the least amount of screening current. For this example, while \( {I}_S=-0.75\frac{\Phi_0}{L} \) also satisfies the condition with n = 0, this state requires \( \Delta U=\frac{1}{2}L\left({0.75}^2-{0.25}^2\right){\left(\frac{\Phi_0}{L}\right)}^2=0.25\frac{\Phi_0^2}{L} \) more energy and so is not “preferred.”
- 4.
Though not denoted explicitly in the figures here, it should be mentioned that the bias current is itself modulated (typically at frequencies of a few 100 s of kHz) with some small additional amplitude. This permits lock-in detection of the associated voltage drop across the SQUID junctions, increasing the overall signal-to-noise ratio of the measurement.
References
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Dr. Andreas Amann for fruitful discussions and careful reading of the manuscript.
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Dumas, R.K., Hogan, T. (2021). Recent Advances in SQUID Magnetometry. In: Franco, V., Dodrill, B. (eds) Magnetic Measurement Techniques for Materials Characterization. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70443-8_3
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