Skip to main content

Health Through the Lens of Control: A Different Look at Well-Being and Being Well

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Deconstructing Health Inequity

Abstract

It seems reasonable to suggest that, if any systematic and sustained improvements in the health and equity arena are going to be achieved, a clear idea of what health is might be a necessary starting point. Currently, health inequity is assessed through apparent indicators of health such as infant mortality and life expectancy (Beckfield et al. in Social Theory & Health 13(3–4):227–244, 2015; Bezruchka in Divided: The perils of our growing inequality. The New Press, New York, pp. 190–198, 2014; Blazquez-Fernandez et al. in Global Economic Review: Perspectives on East Asian Economies and Industries 47(4):464–479, 2018). Other indicators include the presence of various diseases and also premature death (Mackenbach in Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 45:113–120, 2017). Despite the way in which health inequity is assessed, there doesn’t seem to be any indication that a preference is developing for referring to “life expectancy inequity” or “disease inequity”. Instead, the term “health inequity” is used consistently.

The habit of an opinion often leads to the complete conviction of its truth, it hides the weaker parts of it, and makes us incapable of accepting the proofs against it. Jons Jacob Berzelius

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Anand, S. (2002). The concern for equity in health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56(7), 485–487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beckfield, J., Bambra, C., Eikemo, T. A., Huijts, T., McNamara, C., & Wendt, C. (2015). An institutional theory of welfare state effects on the distribution of population health. Social Theory & Health, 13(3–4), 227–244. https://doi.org/10.1057/sth.2015.19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bezruchka, S. (2014). Inequality kills. In D. C. Johnston (Ed.), Divided: The perils of our growing inequality (pp. 190–198). New York: The New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bircher, J. (2005). Towards a dynamic definition of health and disease. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 8, 335–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blazquez-Fernandez, C., Cantarero-Prieto, D., & Pascual-Saez, M. (2018). Does rising income inequality reduce life expectancy? New evidence for 26 European countries (1995–2014). Global Economic Review: Perspectives on East Asian Economies and Industries, 47(4), 464–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/1226508X.2018.1526098.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bracken, M. B. (2013). Risk, chance, and causation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, H. (2014). What causes health? Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 44, 103–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, W. (1932). The wisdom of the body. New York: W.W. Norton.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, T. A. (2013). Defining Australian Indigenous wellbeing: Do we really want the answers? Implications for policy and practice. Psychotherapy and Politics International, 11(3), 182–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, T. A. (2016). Health is control. Annals of Behavioural Science, 2(1), 13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, T. A. (2017). Patient-perspective care: A new paradigm for health systems and services. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, T. A., Mansell, W., & Tai, S. J. (2014). A biopsychosocial model based on negative feedback and control. Frontiers of Human Neuroscience, 8, article 94. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00094. http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00094/abstract.

  • Davies, K. J. A. (2016). ‘Adaptive homeostasis’, Molecular Aspects of Medicine (pp. 1–7). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2016.04.007.

  • Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196(4286), 129–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engel, G. L. (1980). The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 535–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, J. (2016). The obesity code: Unlocking the secrets of weight loss. London: Scribe Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galderisi, S., Heinz, A., Kastrup, M., Beezhold, J., & Sartorius, N. (2015). Toward a new definition of mental health. World Psychiatry, 14(2), 231–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, N. (2016). Never enough: Capitalism and the progressive spirit. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haack, P., & Sieweke, J. (2018). The legitimacy of inequality: Integrating the perspectives of system justification and social judgment. Journal of Management Studies, 55(3), 486–516. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hengartner, M. P., & Lehmann, S. N. (2017) Why psychiatric research must abandon traditional diagnostic classification and adopt a fully dimensional scope: Two solutions to a persistent problem. Frontiers in Psychiatry. Frontiers Media S.A., 8(June), p. 101. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00101.

  • Huber, M., Knottnerus, J. A., Green, L., van der Horst, H., Jadad, A. R., Kromhout, D., … Smid, H. (2011). How should we define health? BMJ, 343, d4163. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4163.

  • Huber, M., van Vliet, M., Giezenberg, M., Winkens, B., Heerkens, Y., Dagnelie, P. C., & Knottnerus, J. A. (2016). Towards a ‘patient-centred’ operationalisation of the new dynamic concept of health: A mixed methods study. BMJ Open, 5, e010091. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010091.

  • Jablensky, A. (2016). Psychiatric classifications: Validity and utility. World Psychiatry, 15(1), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20284. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koplan, J. P., Bond, T. C., Merson, M. H., Reddy, K. S., Rodriguez, M. H., Sewankambo, N. K., & Wasserheit, J. N. (2009). Towards a common definition of global health. Lancet, 373, 1993–1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kragten, N., & Rozer, J. (2017). The income inequality hypothesis revisited: Assessing the hypothesis using four methodological approaches. Social Indicators Research, 131, 1015–1033.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lancet Editorial. (2009, March 7). What is health? The ability to adapt. The Lancet, 373, p. 781.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackenbach, J. P. (2017). Persistence of social inequalities in modern welfare states: Explanation of a paradox. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 45, 113–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marken, R. S., & Carey, T. A. (2015). Controlling people: The paradoxical nature of being human. Brisbane: Australian Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, D. F. (2018). A general theory of behaviour. London: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Marmot, M. (2006). Health in an unequal world: Social circumstances, biology and disease. Clinical Medicine, 6(6), 559–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marmot, M. (2015). The health gap: The challenge of an unequal world. London: Bloomsbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaren, N. (1998). A critical review of the biopsychosocial model. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 86–92. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048679809062712.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moynihan, R., & Cassels, A. (2005). Selling Sickness: How the world’s biggest pharmaceutical companies are turning us all into patients. New York: Nation Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Health Strategy Working Party. (1989). A national Aboriginal health strategy 1989. Canberra, Australia: Office of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2008). Growing unequal? Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries. Paris: OECD Publishing. Accessed 12 September 2020. https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/growingunequalincomedistributionandpovertyinoecdcountries.htm.

  • Powers, W. T. (1973). Behavior: The control of perception. Chicago: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powers, W. T. (1992). CT psychology and social organizations. In W. T. Powers (Ed.), Living control systems II: Selected papers of William T. Powers (pp. 91–127). Gravel Switch, KY: Control Systems Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powers, W. T. (2005). Behavior: The control of perception (2nd ed.). New Canaan, CT: Benchmark.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saini, V., Garcia-Armesto, S., Klemperer, D., Paris, V., Elshaug, A. G., Brownlee, S., … Fisher, E. S. (2017). Drivers of poor medical care. Lancet, Published online 8 January. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30947-3.

  • Saracci, R. (1997). The World Health Organisation needs to reconsider its definition of health. BMJ, 314, 1409–1410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saylor, C. (2004). The circle of health: A health definition model. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 22(2), 98–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solar, O., & Irwin, A. (2010). A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. Social Determinants of Health Discussion Paper 2 (Policy and Practice). Geneva: World Health Organization. Accessed 12 September 2020. https://www.who.int/sdhconference/resources/ConceptualframeworkforactiononSDH_eng.pdf.

  • Stiglitz, J. (2011). Of the 1%, by the 1%, for the 1%. Vanity Fair, March 31. Accessed 12 September 2020. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/05/top-one-percent-201105.

  • Timimi, S. (2014). No more psychiatric labels: Why formal psychiatric diagnostic systems should be abolished. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 14, 208–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vernon, D., Lowe, R., Thill, S., & Ziemke, T. (2015). Embodied cognition and circular causality: On the role of constitutive autonomy in the reciprocal coupling of perception and action. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitaker, R., & Cosgrove, L. (2015). Psychiatry under the influence: Institutional corruption, social injury, and prescription for reform. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2018). The Inner level: How more equal societies reduce stress, restore sanity and improve everyone’s well-being. London: Penguin Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (1946). Constitution of the World Health Organization. Accessed 12 September 2020. https://apps.who.int/gb/bd/PDF/bd47/EN/constitution-en.pdf?ua=1.

  • WHO. (2017). Health is a fundamental human right. Accessed 12 September 2020. https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/fundamental-human-right/en/.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Carey, T.A., Tai, S.J., Griffiths, R. (2021). Health Through the Lens of Control: A Different Look at Well-Being and Being Well. In: Deconstructing Health Inequity. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68053-4_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics