Abstract
Despite the existence of strict budgetary frameworks and fiscal equalisation systems, municipal budget crisis has been a phenomenon in Germany for decades. As an institutional response, most German states implemented bailouts to restore local public finances. This chapter gives a brief description of the history of municipal bailouts in Germany. We begin with the first small bailout programme in North Rhine-Westphalia during the 1980s. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2008/2009, bailouts reached their peak with a broad diffusion of programmes reacting to persistent budget deficits and escalating local debt. States designed those programmes as conditional bailouts, as they were aware of the moral hazard risks. In a second step, we explain the different institutional designs, timing and impacts of these bailouts. Regarding design, we categorise bailouts by two basic goals, different instruments and scopes. We find different explanations for designs and timing regarding the political attitudes, financial market pressure and state fiscal capacities. Finally, we assess the impacts of bailouts on municipal fiscal performance, state-local relationships and local democracy.
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Notes
- 1.
This definition does not cover financial assistance provided to address fiscal imbalances that do not result from endogenous decisions of the receiver, but from exogenous shocks outside the recipient’s scope of action.
- 2.
We conducted this analysis by using the parliamentary archive online databases of each of the 13 German states (without city states). We searched for the minutes of parliamentary sessions, the minutes of parliamentary committees, draft laws and special reports dealing with the situation of local public finances in general, local debt and local equalisation schemes, as well as bailout grants and programmes. The period covered spanned from 1980 to 2019.
- 3.
Besides the option of voluntary participation, North Rhine-Westphalia obliged some municipalities with particularly disastrous budgets to participate.
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Person, C., Geissler, R. (2021). Four Decades of Municipal Bailouts in Germany. In: Geissler, R., Hammerschmid, G., Raffer, C. (eds) Local Public Finance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67466-3_13
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