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Morpho-anatomical, Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Responses of Plants to Air Pollution

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Harsh Environment and Plant Resilience

Abstract

Air pollution comprises a range of substances derived from various sources and chemical reactions inside the atmosphere, which are injurious to humans, plants, microbes and natural ecosystems. The composition of major air pollutants includes oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, ozone, volatile organic carbons, carbon monoxide, fluorides, particulate matters and so on. Plants are sessile in nature, and thus interact and develop different approaches under challenging environmental conditions. Plants’ response to air pollution exhibited acute or chronic injury, which depends on the concentration of pollutants, exposure duration, season and plant genotype. These pollutants have altered plant growth, gas exchange parameters, biochemical attributes, antioxidant activity, gene expression and yield attributes. More specifically, quite often, they have shown changes in foliar feature and photosynthetic processes, and accelerate the production of reactive oxygen species (hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide) which are harmful to the physiological, biochemical and metabolic activities of the plants. Neutralization of free radicals depends on the production and combined operation of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. Overall, some plant species have shown tolerance and avoidance mechanisms, and/or substantial degree of damage under pollution load. At the same time, some kinds of adaptation have also been noticed at the physiological, biochemical and genotoxic levels. This chapter highlights the current advances in the development of plant response to major air pollutants, with special reference to structural, functional, biochemical/metabolic responses, gene expression and yield attributes.

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Husen, A. (2021). Morpho-anatomical, Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Responses of Plants to Air Pollution. In: Husen, A. (eds) Harsh Environment and Plant Resilience. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65912-7_9

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