Abstract
In view of negative reactions to the use of economic sanctions during the 1990s, the UN developed targeted, “smart” sanctions. This meant a focus on particular individuals or commodities, rather than whole countries. In this unique study, published in 2012, nearly 450 individuals listed by the UN Security Council are categorized to understand the policy of targeting. The sanctions include freezing of assets and travel bans. The authors conclude the study with a discussion on the targeting of individuals.
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Notes
- 1.
This chapter reproduces with permission Wallensteen, Peter and Helena Grusell 2012. “Targeting the Right Targets? The UN Use of Individual Sanctions”. Global Governance 18 (2): 207–230. Valuable comments from Loraine Richard-Martin are acknowledged, but the authors remain solely responsible for the content. It represents a study from SPITS, the Special Program on International Targeted Sanctions, https://pcr.uu.se/research/smartsanctions/.
- 2.
David Cortright and George Lopez. Smart Sanctions: Targeting Economic Statecraft, Landham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. Peter Wallensteen. A Century of Economic Sanctions: A Field Revisited. Uppsala Peace Research Papers No. 1, Uppsala University: Department of Peace and Conflict Research 2000. Aaron Griffiths with Catherine Barnes (eds) Power of Persuasion. Incentives, sanctions and conditionality in peacemaking. Accord. London: Conciliation Resources, 2008.
- 3.
T.J. Bierstecker, S.E. Eckert, A. Halegua, N. Reid, and P. Romaniuk. Targeted Financial Sanctions: A Manual for Design and Implementation – Contributions from the Interlaken Process. Brown University: Watson Institute for International Studies, 2001. Michael Brzoska (ed), Design and Implementation of Arms Embargoes and Travel and Aviation Related Sanctions: Results of the ‘Bonn-Berlin Process’: Bonn: International Center for Conversion, 2001. Peter Wallensteen, Carina Staibano, Mikael Eriksson. Making Targeted Sanctions Effective. Guidelines for the Implementation of UN Policy Options. Report from The Stockholm Process, Uppsala 2003. Peter Wallensteen and Carina Staibano (eds). International Sanctions. Between words and wars in the global system. New York, London: Routledge/Frank Cass. 2005.
- 4.
David Cortright. Patterns of Implementation. Do Listing Practices Impede Compliance with UN Sanctions? A Critical Assessment. Policy Brief. Sanctions and Security Research Program, Fourth Freedom Foundation and Kroc Institute of International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame 2009.
- 5.
Ibid.
- 6.
G. Hogg and M.A. Vaughan. Introduction to Social Psychology, French Forest, Sydney, Australia; Pearson Education Australia 2005. B.S. Frey. Dealing with Terrorism: Stick or Carrot? Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. 2004.
- 7.
Johan Galtung. “On the Effects of International Economic Sanctions: With Examples from the Case of Rhodesia.” World Politics 1967. 19 (3): 378–416. Tom R. Tyler. Why People Obey the Law. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 2006. Soren C. Winter and Peter J. May. “Motivation for Compliance with Environmental Regulations”, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2001 20(4): 675–698.
- 8.
Peter Verboon and Marius van Dijke, “When Do Severe Sanctions Enhance Compliance? The Role of Procedural Fairness”, Journal of Economic Psychology 32 (2011): 120–130; Tom R. Tyler “Psychological Perspectives on Legitimacy and Legitimations”, Annual Review of Psychology 57 (2006): 375–400.
- 9.
Douglas D. Heckathorn. “Collective Sanctions and Compliance Norms: A Formal Theory of Group-Mediated Formal Control” American Sociological Review, 1990, Vol. 55 (June) 366-384.
- 10.
Erica Cosgrove. “Examining Targeted Sanctions: Are Travel Bans Effective?” in Peter Wallensteen and Carina Staibano ibid, pp 207–228.
- 11.
Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson and Daniel Strandow. Sanctions for Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding. Lessons Learned from Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia. Department of Peace and Conflict Research: Uppsala University 2006. Mikael Eriksson, Rethinking Targeted Sanctions. Ph.D. Dissertation, Florence: European University Institute 2009. Mikael Eriksson. Targeting the Leadership of Zimbabwe. A Path to Democracy and Normalization? Uppsala University: SPITS 2007, for website, see Footnote 1.
- 12.
Frontline, June 23, 2010. “Grave ‘Injustice’: Women Press for Sanctions Lift on Taylor's Ex, Jewel”.
- 13.
Cosgrove, “Examining Targeted Sanctions”.
- 14.
Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, and Daniel Strandow, Sanctions for Conflict Prevention and Peace Building: Lessons Learned from Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia (Uppsala University, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, 2006); UN Security Council Sanction Committees, https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/information.
- 15.
Winter and May, ibid.
- 16.
Cosgrave ibid. and Wallensteen et al. ibid. 2006 give examples of this.
- 17.
Wallensteen et al. ibid. 2006.
- 18.
In March 2011, the Security Council imposed sanctions on President Laurent Gbagbo together with four others, but by then the situation had already deteriorated into an armed conflict. UN Security Council Resolution, 30 March 2011, No. 1975.
- 19.
Peter Wallensteen, Erik Melander and Frida Möller 2012. “Preventing Genocide: The International Response” in Mark Anstey, Paul Meerts and I. William Zartman (eds) Reducing Identity Conflicts and Preventing Genocide, Oxford University Press, pp. 280–305 (see below chapter 20).
- 20.
Cosgrove, “Examining Targeted Sanctions”, op.cit.
- 21.
There are continuous rumors around this person. See, for instance, https://standardtimespress.org/?p=7682.
- 22.
The targeting of President Gbagbo in March 2011 does not change this trend, as the sanctions were imposed at a time when his standing was already severely undermined.
- 23.
On June 7, 2006 a Dutch court found the 63-year old timber merchant guilty of breaking the UN arms embargo on Liberia. He was sentenced to eight years in prison but was acquitted of war crimes charges (‘Gus Gets 8 Years’, 8 June 2006, All Africa).
- 24.
S/2003/937, §55–80.
- 25.
S/2005/360 §187–188 and < >.
- 26.
“Liberia: Gloomy Day for 4 Lawmakers,” All Africa/The Analyst, 3 January 2006; “AAGM: Taylor Appears in Court Monday,” The News (Nigeria), 3 April 2006; Interview with Jewel Howard Taylor by Mikael Ericsson, Monrovia, Liberia, personal communication, 8 June 2006.
- 27.
D. Farah and S. Braun, Merchant of Death: Money, Gun, Planes, and the Man Who Makes War Possible. John Wiley & Son, Inc. 2007. “Thailand: Court Turns Over Russian Arms Dealer to US,” Thai News Service, 23 August 2010; “Russian Victor Bout Convicted over Colombian Arms Deal,” The Guardian, 11 November 2011.
- 28.
On A.Q. Khan see transcript from Pakistani TV interview on August 31, 2009: https://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/aqkhan-083109.pdf.
- 29.
- 30.
Angola: Press Release SC/7162 Security Council Committee on Sanctions Against UNITA Issues; Revised List of UNITA Officials and Adult Members of Their Immediate Families. Liberia: Revised UN Travel Ban List: The Perspective December 31, 2001; List of Individuals Subject to the Measures Imposed by Paragraph 4 of Security Council Resolution 1521 (2003). Concerning Liberia (last updated on 23 December 2011); https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/repertoire/sanctions-and-other-committees.
- 31.
“Reflections of a Smug Woman,” All Africa/The Analyst, 21 March 2005.
- 32.
“AAGM: Taylor Appears in Court Monday,” The News (Nigeria), 3 April 2006.
- 33.
Frontline, June 23, 2010 ibid.
- 34.
In her account of these events, Nilsson does not give emphasis to this, for instance, see Desirée Nilsson, Crafting a Secure Peace: Evaluating Liberia’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement 2003, Uppsala University: Department of Peace and Conflict Research 2009.
- 35.
- 36.
- 37.
Peter Wallensteen, “Characteristics of Economic Sanctions”. Journal of Peace Research 1968. 5 (3): 248–267, also Chapter 6 in this volume; Kimberly Ann Elliott “Trends in economic sanctions policy: challenges to conventional wisdom”, in Wallensteen and Staibano ibid, pp. 3–14.
- 38.
Damien Fruchart, Paul Holtom, Siemon T. Wezeman, Daniel Strandow, and Peter Wallensteen, United Nations Arms Embargoes: Their Impact on Arms Flows and Target Behavior (Solna: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and Uppsala University, 2007), https://pcr.uu.se/research/smartsanctions/.
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Wallensteen, P., Grusell, H. (2021). Targeting the Right Targets? The UN Use of Individual Sanctions. In: Peter Wallensteen: A Pioneer in Making Peace Researchable. Pioneers in Arts, Humanities, Science, Engineering, Practice, vol 30. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62848-2_7
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