Abstract
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is currently one of the commonest obesity procedures performed worldwide. Initially described as the first component of more complex procedures, it is now accepted as a stand-alone intervention. Although theoretically a simple procedure, it can be followed by life-threatening complications. Prevention and management of these complications require the adoption of a standardized perioperative protocol and timely interpretation of abnormal postoperative findings. Deviation from the normal postoperative clinical course or abnormal blood tests (elevation of inflammatory parameters or decrease in hemoglobin) should raise the suspicion of complications. An integrated teamwork approach is necessary to interpret abnormal signs, blood or radiology results, and to instigate prompt management. Diagnostic laparoscopy yields highly specific results.
Postoperative complications can present either early or late. Early complications include staple line leakage and bleeding. Endoscopic stenting and/or surgical revision are usually required to manage staple line leakage. Hemodynamic instability secondary to staple line bleeding necessitates surgical revision. Late postoperative complications include leakage (which may present as free intraperitoneal leakage, abscess formation, or development of fistula), sleeve stenosis (which may be associated with other complications including leakage), or perigastric hematoma. Late leakage may respond to endoscopic stenting, drainage, or conversion to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Stenosis can be managed with dilatation and/or conversion to RYGB. Malnutrition after LSG is another serious complication.
This chapter will analyze post-LSG complications within 30 days, highlighting the standardized perioperative protocol to prevent, diagnose, and manage complications in a timely manner. Relevant algorithms are also discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Marceau P, Biron S, Bourque RA, Potvin M, Hould FS, Simard S. Biliopancreatic diversion with a new type of gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 1993;3(1):29–35. https://doi.org/10.1381/096089293765559728.
Scopinaro N, Gianetta E, Civalleri D, Bonalumi U, Bachi V. Bilio-pancreatic bypass for obesity: II. Initial experience in man. Br J Surg. 1979;66(9):618–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800660906.
Ren CJ, Patterson E, Gagner M. Early results of laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch: a case series of 40 consecutive patients. Obes Surg. 2000;10(6):514–24. https://doi.org/10.1381/096089200321593715.
Hutter MM, Schirmer BD, Jones DB, Ko CY, Cohen ME, Merkow RP, et al. First report from the American College of Surgeons Bariatric Surgery Center Network: laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy has morbidity and effectiveness positioned between the band and the bypass. Ann Surg. 2011;254(3):410–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31822c9dac.
Birkmeyer NJ, Dimick JB, Share D, Hawasli A, English WJ, Genaw J, et al. Hospital complication rates with bariatric surgery in Michigan. JAMA. 2010;304(4):435–42. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1034.
DeMaria EJ, Pate V, Warthen M, Winegar DA. Baseline data from American Society for Metabolic and bariatric surgery-designated bariatric surgery centers of excellence using the bariatric outcomes longitudinal database. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6(4):347–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2009.11.015.
Weiner RA, El-Sayes IA, Theodoridou S, Weiner SR, Scheffel O. Early postoperative complications: incidence, management, and impact on length of hospital stay. A retrospective comparison between laparoscopic gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2013;23(12):2004–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-013-1022-z.
Weiner R, Peterli R. Nodal points. In: Immenroth M, Brenner J, editors. Laparoscopic gastric sleeve, vol. 11. Springer, Operation Primer; 2012. p. 32–58.
Daskalakis M, Berdan Y, Theodoridou S, Weigand G, Weiner RA. Impact of surgeon experience and buttress material on postoperative complications after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(1):88–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-010-1136-5.
Aasheim ET. Wernicke encephalopathy after bariatric surgery: a systematic review. Ann Surg. 2008;248(5):714–20. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181884308.
Sajid MS, Khatri K, Singh K, Sayegh M. Use of staple-line reinforcement in laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery: a meta-analysis. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(9):2884–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-011-1637-x.
Aggarwal S, Bhattacharjee H, Misra MC. Practice of routine intraoperative leak test during laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy should not be discarded. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2011;7(5):e24–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2011.03.013.
Ferrer-Márquez M, Belda-Lozano R, Ferrer-Ayza M. Technical controversies in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2012;22(1):182–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-011-0492-0.
Diamantis T, Alexandrou A, Pikoulis E, Diamantis D, Griniatsos J, Felekouras E, et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity with intra-operative endoscopic guidance. Immediate peri-operative and 1-year results after 25 patients. Obes Surg. 2010;20(8):1164–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-010-0176-1.
Frezza EE, Barton A, Herbert H, Wachtel MS. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with endoscopic guidance in morbid obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008;4(5):575–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2007.12.013.
Casella G, Soricelli E, Rizzello M, Trentino P, Fiocca F, Fantini A, et al. Nonsurgical treatment of staple line leaks after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2009;19(7):821–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-009-9840-8.
McCarty TM, Arnold DT, Lamont JP, Fisher TL, Kuhn JA. Optimizing outcomes in bariatric surgery: outpatient laparoscopic gastric bypass. Ann Surg. 2005;242(4):494–501. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000183354.66073.4c.
Lancaster RT, Hutter MM. Bands and bypasses: 30-day morbidity and mortality of bariatric surgical procedures as assessed by prospective, multi-center, risk-adjusted ACS-NSQIP data. Surg Endosc. 2008;22(12):2554–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-008-0074-y.
Dallal RM, Datta T, Braitman LE. Medicare and medicaid status predicts prolonged length of stay after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2007;3(6):592–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2007.08.009.
Albanopoulos K, Alevizos L, Natoudi M, Dardamanis D, Menenakos E, Stamou K, et al. C-reactive protein, white blood cells, and neutrophils as early predictors of postoperative complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Endosc. 2013;27(3):864–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-012-2526-7.
Herron D, Roohipour R. Complications of roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. Abdom Imaging. 2012;37(5):712–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-012-9866-6.
Gagnière J, Slim K. Don’t let obese patients be discharged with tachycardia after sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2012;22(9):1519–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-012-0712-2.
Cottam D, Qureshi FG, Mattar SG, Sharma S, Holover S, Bonanomi G, et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy as an initial weight-loss procedure for high-risk patients with morbid obesity. Surg Endosc. 2006;20(6):859–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-005-0134-5.
De Aretxabala X, Leon J, Wiedmaier G, Turu I, Ovalle C, Maluenda F, et al. Gastric leak after sleeve gastrectomy: analysis of its management. Obes Surg. 2011;21(8):1232–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-011-0382-5.
Car Peterko A, Kirac I, Gaurina A, Diklić D, Bekavac-Bešlin M. Diagnosis and management of acute and early complications of/ after bariatric surgery. Dig Dis. 2012;30(2):178–81. https://doi.org/10.1159/000336677.
Silecchia G, Catalano C, Gentileschi P, Elmore U, Restuccia A, Gagner M, et al. Virtual gastroduodenoscopy: a new look at the bypassed stomach and duodenum after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Obes Surg. 2002;12(1):39–48. https://doi.org/10.1381/096089202321144568.
Triantafyllidis G, Lazoura O, Sioka E, Tzovaras G, Antoniou A, Vassiou K, et al. Anatomy and complications following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: radiological evaluation and imaging pitfalls. Obes Surg. 2011;21(4):473–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-010-0236-6.
Mittermair R, Sucher R, Perathoner A. Results and complications after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Today. 2014;44(7):1307–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-013-0688-0.
Rosenthal RJ, International Sleeve Gastrectomy Expert Panel, Diaz AA, Arvidsson D, Baker RS, Basso N, et al. International sleeve gastrectomy expert panel consensus statement: best practice guidelines based on experience of >12,000 cases. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8(1):8–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2011.10.019.
Márquez MF, Ayza MF, Lozano RB, Mdel M, Díez JM, Poujoulet RB. Gastric leak after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2010;20(9):1306–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-010-0219-7.
Gagner M, Deitel M, Kalberer TL, Erickson AL, Crosby RD. The second international consensus summit for sleeve gastrectomy, March 19–21, 2009. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2009;5(4):476–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2009.06.001.
Basso N, Casella G, Rizzello M, Abbatini F, Soricelli E, Alessandri G, et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy as first stage or definitive intent in 300 consecutive cases. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(2):444–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-010-1187-7.
Gagner M, Deitel M, Erickson AL, Crosby RD. Survey on laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) at the fourth international consensus summit on sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2013;23(12):2013–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-013-1040-x.
Sakran N, Goitein D, Raziel A, Keidar A, Beglaibter N, Grinbaum R, et al. Gastric leaks after sleeve gastrectomy: a multicenter experience with 2,834 patients. Surg Endosc. 2013;27(1):240–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-012-2426-x.
Aurora AR, Khaitan L, Saber AA. Sleeve gastrectomy and the risk of leak: a systematic analysis of 4,888 patients. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(6):1509–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-011-2085-3.
Chour M, Alami RS, Sleilaty F, Wakim R. The early use of Roux limb as surgical treatment for proximal postsleeve gastrectomy leaks. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10(1):106–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2013.08.017.
Eubanks S, Edwards CA, Fearing NM, Ramaswamy A, de la Torre RA, Thaler KJ, et al. Use of endoscopic stents to treat anastomotic complications after bariatric surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206(5):935–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.02.016.
Eisendrath P, Cremer M, Himpens J, Cadière G-B, Le Moine O, Devière J. Endotherapy including temporary stenting of fistulas of the upper gastrointestinal tract after laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Endoscopy. 2007;39(7):625–30. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-966533.
Tan JT, Kariyawasam S, Wijeratne T, Chandraratna HS. Diagnosis and management of gastric leaks after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity. Obes Surg. 2010;20(4):403–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-009-0020-7.
Deitel M, Gagner M, Erickson AL, Crosby RD. Third international summit: current status of sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2011;7(6):749–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2011.07.017.
Parikh M, Issa R, McCrillis A, Saunders JK, Ude-Welcome A, Gagner M. Surgical strategies that may decrease leak after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 9991 cases. Ann Surg. 2013;257(2):231–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31826cc714.
Pequignot A, Fuks D, Verhaeghe P, Dhahri A, Brehant O, Bartoli E, et al. Is there a place for pigtail drains in the management of gastric leaks after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy? Obes Surg. 2012;22(5):712–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-012-0597-0.
Serra C, Baltasar A, Andreo L, Pérez N, Bou R, Bengochea M, et al. Treatment of gastric leaks with coated self-expanding stents after sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2007;17(7):866–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-007-9161-8.
Papavramidis TS, Kotzampassi K, Kotidis E, Eleftheriadis EE, Papavramidis ST. Endoscopic fibrin sealing of gastrocutaneous fistulas after sleeve gastrectomy and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23(12):1802–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05545.x.
Conio M, Blanchi S, Repici A, Bastardini R, Marinari GM. Use of an over-the-scope clip for endoscopic sealing of a gastric fistula after sleeve gastrectomy. Endoscopy. 2010;42(Suppl 2):E71–2. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1215199.
Bakhos C, Alkhoury F, Kyriakides T, Reinhold R, Nadzam G. Early postoperative hemorrhage after open and laparoscopic roux-en-y gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2009;19(2):153–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-008-9580-1.
Schauer PR, Ikramuddin S, Gourash W, Ramanathan R, Luketich J. Outcomes after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Ann Surg. 2000;232(4):515–29. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-200010000-00007.
Hamad GG, Choban PS. Enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery: findings of the prophylaxis against VTE outcomes in bariatric surgery patients receiving enoxaparin (PROBE) study. Obes Surg. 2005;15(10):1368–74. https://doi.org/10.1381/096089205774859245.
Gugliotti DV. What is the optimal venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for patients undergoing bariatric surgery? IMPACT consults. Proceedings of the 2nd annual Cleveland clinic perioperative medicine summit. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006;73(Electronic Suppl 1):S17–8. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.73.electronic_suppl_1.s17.
Burgos AM, Csendes A, Braghetto I. Gastric stenosis after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg. 2013;23(9):1481–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-013-0963-6.
Gagner M, Kemmeter P. Comparison of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy leak rates in five staple-line reinforcement options: a systematic review. Surg Endosc. 2020;34(1):396–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-019-06782-2.
Warner DL, Sasse KC. Technical details of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy leading to lowered leak rate: discussion of 1070 consecutive cases. Minim Invasive Surg Nurs. 2017;2017:4367059. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4367059.
Lynn W, Ilczyszyn A, Aguilo R, Agrawal S. Standardised sleeve gastrectomy without reinforcement. JSLS. 2018;22(3):e2018.00015. https://doi.org/10.4293/JSLS.2018.00015.
Gagner M, Huang RY. Comparison between orogastric tube/bougie and a suction calibration system for effects on operative duration, staple-line corkscrewing, and esophageal perforation during laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Endosc. 2016;30(4):1648–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-015-4399-z.
Zafar SN, Felton J, Miller K, Wise ES, Kligman M. Staple line treatment and bleeding after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. JSLS. 2018;22(4):e2018.00056. https://doi.org/10.4293/JSLS.2018.00056.
Pilone V, Tramontano S, Renzulli M, Romano M, Monda A, Albanese A, et al. Omentopexy with Glubran®2 for reducing complications after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: results of a randomized controlled study. BMC Surg. 2019;19(Suppl 1):56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12893-019-0507-7.
Ortega CB, Guerron AD, Yoo JS. The use of fluorescence angiography during laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. JSLS. 2018;22(2):e2018.00005. https://doi.org/10.4293/JSLS.2018.00005.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Weiner, R.A., Weiner, S. (2023). Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: Early Complications. In: Agrawal, S. (eds) Obesity, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60596-4_83
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60596-4_83
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-60595-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-60596-4
eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine