Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cadaveric Models

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Anatomy for Urologic Surgeons in the Digital Era

Abstract

Surgical anatomy is the cornerstone of education for medical professionals especially for the surgeons. The use of human material provides an excellent teaching tool that has been used since the beginning of medicine. The human cadaver is perhaps the best training model for all kinds of surgery, from open to endoscopic, laparoscopic, and robotic. The human cadaver can be used fresh, a human cadaver that has not been chemically treated (embalmed) or as an embalmed cadaver. Since the beginning anatomists tried to find an embalming technique that allows to preserve the human body indefinitely, to accurately resemble living tissue, and to reduce health risk concerns related to working with cadavers. There are several embalming techniques from formalin-based solutions to non-formalin, from hard fixed to soft preserved cadavers. The Nova Medical School perfusion technique of cadaveric embalming seems to be one of the best because is formalin free, produces no toxic vapours at room temperature, is not harmful at touch, seems like real tissue and allows natural dissection similar to real surgery. In the twenty-first Century, medical schools and specially surgeons need an embalming technique that preserves the human body in a realistic manner, allowing the return of surgeons to the dissection room for surgical training.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Balta J, Cronin M, Cryan J. Human preservation techniques in anatomy: a 21st -century medical education perspective. Clin Anat. 2015;28:725–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. McLachlan JC, Bligh J, Bradley P, Searle J. Teaching anatomy without cadavers. Med Educ. 2004;38:418–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Turner AJ, Mellington A, Ali F. Fresh cadaver dissection for training in plastic surgery. Br J Plast Surg. 2005;58:742–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Weiglein AH. Preservation and plastination. Clin Anat. 2002;15:445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Jones D. Anatomy departments and anatomy education: reflections and myths. Clin Anat. 1997;10:34–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bradbury SA, Hoshino K. An improved embalming procedure for long-lasting preservation of the cadaver for anatomical study. Acta Anat (Basel). 1978;101:97–103.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Coleman R, Kogan I. An improved low-formaldehyde embalming fluid to preserve cadavers for anatomy teaching. J Anat. 1998;192:443–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Reznick R, MacRae H. Teaching surgical skills — changes in the wind. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2664–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wolff KD, Kesting M, Mücke T, Rau A, Hölzle F. Thiel embalming technique: a valuable method for microvasular exercice and teaching of flap raising. Microsurgery. 2008;28:273–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Duchene DA, Rosso F, Clayman R, McDougall EM, Winfield HN. Current minimally invasive practice patterns among postgraduate urologists. J Endourol. 2011;25:1797–804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Oliveira T, Cleynenbreugel B, Palmas A, Domingues N. Laparoscopic training in urology residency programs: a systematic review. Curr Urol. 2018;12:121–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Giger U, Frésard I, Häfliger A, Bergmann M, Krähenbühl L. Laparoscopic training on Thiel human cadavers: a model to teach advanced laparoscopic procedures. Surg Endosc. 2007;22:901–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Partin AW, Peters CA. Campbell-Walsh urology. 11th ed. Elsevier; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Aguilera Bazán A, Gómez Rivas J, Linares-Espinós E, Alvarez-Maestro M, Martínez-Piñeiro L. Training program in urological laparoscopic surgery. Future perspective. Arch Esp Urol. 2018;71:85–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Brenner E. Human body preservation–old and new techniques. J Anat. 2014;224(3):316–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12160.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Kaiserling C. Ueber Konservierung und Aufstellung pathologisch-anatomischer Praparate fur Schau-und Lehrsamm- lungen. Verhandl Deutsch Pathol Gesel. 1900;2:203–17.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Jores L. Ueber eine verbesserte methode der konservierung anatomischer objekte. Munch Med Wschr. 1913;60:976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Tutsch H, Stahl G, Morike KD, Guckes H, Arnold M. Zur Aufbewahrung anatomischer Praparierobjekte, vol. 17. Bochum: Der Präparator; 1971. p. 85–95.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Neumann HG. Untersuchungen uber die Anwendungsmog-lichkeiten von, “Merphen” als Konservierungsmittel anatomischer Praparate, vol. 20. Bochum: Der Präparator; 1974. p. 30–5.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hayashi S, Homma H, Naito M, Oda J, Nishiyama T, Kawamoto A, Kawata S, Sato N, Fukuhara T, Taguchi H, Mashiko K, Azuhata T, Ito M, Kawai K, Suzuki T, Nishizawa Y, Araki J, Matsuno N, Shirai T, Qu N, Hatayama N, Hirai S, Fukui H, Ohseto K, Yukioka T, Itoh M. Saturated salt solution method: a useful cadaver embalming for surgical skills training. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014;93:e196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Jaung R, Cook P, Blyth P. A comparison of embalming fluids for use in surgical workshops. Clin Anat. 2011;24:155–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Genelyn. Material safety data sheet. 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Norton-old KJ, Schache AG, Barker PJ, Clark RA, Harrison SM, Briggs CA. Anatomical and mechanical relationship between the proximal attachment of adductor longus and the distal rectus sheath. Clin Anat. 2013;26:522–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Belavy D, Ruitenberg MJ, Brijball RB. Feasibility study of real- time three−/four-dimensional ultrasound for epidural catheter insertion. Brit J Anaesth. 2011;107:438–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Thiel W. The preservation of the whole corpse with natural color. Ann Anat. 1992;174:185–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Eisma R, Lamb C, Soames RW. From formalin to Thiel embalming: what changes? One anatomy department’s experiences. Clin Anat. 2013;26:564–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Fessel G, Frey K, Schweizer A, Calcagni M, Ullrich O, Snedeker JG. Suitability of Thiel embalmed tendons for biomechanical investigation. Ann Anat. 2011;193:237–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Benkhadra M, Gerard J, Genelot D, Trouilloud P, Girard C, Anderhuber F, Feigl G. Is Thiel’s embalming method widely known? A world survey about its use. Surg Radiol Anat. 2011;33:359–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Unger S, Blauth M, Schmoelz W. Effects of three different preservation methods on the mechanical properties of human and bovine cortical bone. Bone. 2010;47:1048–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Wolff KD, Kesting M, Mucke T, Rau A, Holzle F. Thiel embalming technique: a valuable method for microvascular exercise and teaching of flap raising. Microsurgery. 2008;28:273–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Janczyk P, Weigner J, Luebke-Becker A, Kaessmeyer S, Plendl J. Nitrite pickling salt as an alternative to formaldehyde for embalming in veterinary anatomy–a study based on histo- and microbiological analyses. Ann Anat. 2011;193:71–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Messmer C, Kellogg RT, Zhang Y, Baiak A, Leiweke C, Marcus JR, Levin LS, Zenn MR, Erdmann D. A technique to perfuse cadavers that extends the useful life of fresh tissues: the Duke experience. Anat Sci Educ. 2010;3:191–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. ESCO TESC. 2012. Material Safety Data Sheet. In European Commision. 2013. Guidance document on the evaluation of efficacy of embalming products (PT22). In: Environment, editor.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Goyri-O’Neill J, Pais D, Freire de Andrade F, Ribeiro P, Belo A, O’Neill A, Ramos S. Neves marques C. improvement of the embalming perfusion method: the innovation and the results by light and scanning electron microscopy. Acta Medica Port. 2013;26:188–94.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Brent J, McMartin K, Phillips S, Burkhart KK, Donovan JW, Wells M, et al. Fomepizole for the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:832–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. O’Brien KL, Selanikio JD, Hecdivert C, Placide M-F, Louis M, Barr DB, et al. Epidemic of pediatric deaths from acute renal failure caused by diethylene glycol poisoning. JAMA. 1998;279:1175–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Temple WA, Beasley DM. Diethylene glycol poisoning. Clin Toxicol. 2009;47:525–35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Sigma-Aldrich ®–Safety Information Diethylene glycol. https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/93171?lang=en&region=GB. Accessed 21 Nov 2019.

  39. Gabrys E, Rybaczuk M, Kedzia A. Blood flow simulation through fractal models of circulatory system. Chaos, Solitons Fractals. 2006;27:1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy, Nova Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

    Nuno Miguel Taipa Leandro Domingues

  2. Hospital de Cascais & CUF Urology Department, Lisbon, Portugal

    Nuno Miguel Taipa Leandro Domingues

  3. Department of Anatomy, Nova Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

    Diogo de Freitas Branco Pais & João Erse de Goyri O’Neill

Authors
  1. Nuno Miguel Taipa Leandro Domingues
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Diogo de Freitas Branco Pais
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. João Erse de Goyri O’Neill
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

    Emre Huri

  2. Grande Ospedale Metropolitano, Reggio Calabria, Italy

    Domenico Veneziano

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Domingues, N.M.T.L., de Freitas Branco Pais, D., de Goyri O’Neill, J.E. (2021). Cadaveric Models. In: Huri, E., Veneziano, D. (eds) Anatomy for Urologic Surgeons in the Digital Era. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59479-4_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59479-4_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-59478-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-59479-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation